{"id":100487,"date":"2021-06-09T22:22:34","date_gmt":"2021-06-09T20:22:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/alpaca-novaya-tehnika-mitm-atak-na-https"},"modified":"2021-06-09T22:22:34","modified_gmt":"2021-06-09T20:22:37","slug":"alpaca-novaya-tehnika-mitm-atak-na-https","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/it\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/alpaca-novaya-tehnika-mitm-atak-na-https","title":{"rendered":"ALPACA \u2014 una nuova tecnica di attacco MITM su HTTPS","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Un gruppo di ricercatori di diverse universit\u00e0 tedesche ha sviluppato un nuovo metodo di attacco MITM su HTTPS, che consente di estrarre cookie con identificatori di sessione e altri dati sensibili, oltre a ottenere l'esecuzione di codice JavaScript arbitrario nel contesto di un altro sito. L'attacco \u00e8 stato chiamato ALPACA e pu\u00f2 essere applicato ai server TLS che implementano diversi protocolli applicativi (HTTPS, SFTP, SMTP, IMAP, POP3), ma utilizzano certificati TLS comuni.      <\/p>\n<p>L'essenza dell'attacco \u00e8 che, avendo il controllo su un gateway di rete o su un punto di accesso wireless, l'attaccante pu\u00f2 reindirizzare il traffico web su un'altra porta di rete e stabilire una connessione con un server FTP o di posta elettronica che supporta la crittografia TLS e utilizza un certificato TLS comune con il server HTTP. Il browser dell'utente sar\u00e0 portato a credere di aver stabilito una connessione con il server HTTP richiesto. Poich\u00e9 il protocollo TLS \u00e8 universale e non \u00e8 legato ai protocolli di livello applicativo, l'installazione di una connessione crittografata per tutti i servizi \u00e8 identica, e l'errore di invio della richiesta al servizio sbagliato pu\u00f2 essere determinato solo dopo l'installazione della sessione crittografata durante l'elaborazione dei comandi della richiesta inviata.     <\/p>\n<p>Pertanto, se, ad esempio, si reindirizza una connessione utente originariamente indirizzata a HTTPS a un server di posta che utilizza un certificato condiviso con il server HTTPS, la connessione TLS sar\u00e0 stabilita con successo, ma il server di posta non sar\u00e0 in grado di elaborare i comandi HTTP inviati e restituir\u00e0 una risposta con codice di errore. Questa risposta sar\u00e0 interpretata dal browser come la risposta del sito richiesto, trasmessa all'interno di un canale di comunicazione criptato correttamente stabilito.        <\/p>\n<p>Sono stati proposti tre tipi di attacco:   <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> &#171;Upload&#187; \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f Cookie \u0441 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u0443\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043c, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0439 TLS-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c FTP-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435. \u0412 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435 \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e HTTP-\u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 Cookie, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 FTP-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u043b\u043e\u0443\u043c\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0443  \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c-\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0437\u0432\u043b\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0451\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0435. \u0410\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u043a Proftpd, Microsoft IIS, vsftpd, filezilla \u0438 serv-u.\n<li class=\"l\"> &#171;Download&#187; \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0430 (XSS).  \u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0443\u043c\u0435\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445-\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0435, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0439 <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/it\/ssl-sertifikat\/\"   title=\"un certificato TLS\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"943\">un certificato TLS<\/a>, che possono poi essere restituiti in risposta a una richiesta dell'utente. L'attacco \u00e8 applicabile ai server FTP, ai server IMAP e ai server POP3 sopra menzionati (courier, cyrus, kerio-connect e zimbra).\n<li class=\"l\"> &#171;Reflection&#187; \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430 JavaScript \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430. \u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0443 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c JavaScript-\u043a\u043e\u0434. \u0410\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430 \u043a  \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c FTP-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c, IMAP-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c  cyrus, kerio-connect \u0438 zimbra, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043a SMTP-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0443 sendmail.    <\/ul>\n<p>      <center><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"ALPACA - una nuova tecnica di attacco MITM su HTTPS.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/95266e6e295fe69ffbcd79d55086425f.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/center>      <\/p>\n<p>\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c, \u0441 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 \u0441 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430, \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0443\u0447\u0451\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, bank.com). \u0412 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 MITM-\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441, \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 web-\u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0443 bank.com,  \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440, \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0441 bank.com TLS-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0430\u043d\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438, \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a &#171;POST \/ HTTP\/1.1&#187; \u0438 &#171;Host:&#187;, \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d\u044b \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b (\u043f\u043e\u0447\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0451\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043a &#171;500 unrecognized command&#187;).     <\/p>\n<p>Il server di posta non interpreta le specifiche del protocollo HTTP e pertanto le intestazioni di servizio e il blocco dati di una richiesta POST vengono trattati allo stesso modo, per cui nel corpo della richiesta POST si pu\u00f2 specificare una stringa con un comando per il server di posta. Ad esempio, si pu\u00f2 inviare: MAIL FROM:  a cui il server di posta risponder\u00e0 con un messaggio di errore 501 : malformed address: alert(1); may not follow      <\/p>\n<p>Questa risposta sar\u00e0 ricevuta dal browser dell'utente che eseguir\u00e0 il codice JavaScript nel contesto di un sito non originariamente aperto dall'attaccante, ma del sito bank.com, al quale \u00e8 stata inviata la richiesta, poich\u00e9 la risposta \u00e8 pervenuta all'interno di una corretta sessione TLS, il cui certificato ha confermato l'autenticit\u00e0 della risposta di bank.com.     <center><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"ALPACA - una nuova tecnica di attacco MITM su HTTPS.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/a4406c142f7592950a34b82cf608d07a.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/center>    <\/p>\n<p>Una scansione della rete globale ha rivelato che circa 1,4 milioni di server web sono vulnerabili a problemi di attacco di mescolamento delle richieste attraverso diversi protocolli. La possibilit\u00e0 di un reale attacco \u00e8 stata identificata per 119.000 server web, per i quali esistevano server TLS corrispondenti basati su altri protocolli applicativi.        <\/p>\n<p>Esempi di exploit sono stati preparati per server FTP come pureftpd, proftpd, microsoft-ftp, vsftpd, filezilla e serv-u, server IMAP e POP3 come dovecot, courier, exchange, cyrus, kerio-connect e zimbra, e server SMTP come postfix, exim, sendmail, mailenable, mdaemon e opensmtpd. I ricercatori hanno esaminato la possibilit\u00e0 di attacco solo in combinazione con server FTP, SMTP, IMAP e POP3, e non si esclude che il problema possa manifestarsi anche per altri protocolli applicativi che utilizzano TLS.     <center><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"ALPACA - una nuova tecnica di attacco MITM su HTTPS.\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/91a1a7bf6caf28311bf927be85adb4ef.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/center>    <\/p>\n<p>Per bloccare un attacco, si consiglia di utilizzare l'estensione ALPN (Application Layer Protocol Negotiation) per negoziare la sessione TLS tenendo conto del protocollo applicativo e l'estensione SNI (Server Name Indication) per legare il nome host quando si utilizzano certificati TLS che coprono pi\u00f9 di un nome. <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/it\/domain\/\"   title=\"di nomi di dominio\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"909\">di nomi di dominio<\/a>Sul lato delle applicazioni, si raccomanda di limitare il numero di errori durante l'elaborazione dei comandi, oltre il quale interrompere la connessione. Il processo di sviluppo di misure per bloccare l'attacco \u00e8 iniziato gi\u00e0 nell'ottobre dello scorso anno. Misure simili per la protezione sono state gi\u00e0 adottate in Nginx 1.21.0 (mail proxy), Vsftpd 3.0.4, Courier 5.1.0, Sendmail, FileZilla, crypto\/tls (Go) e Internet Explorer.<br \/>\n<br \/>Fonte: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=55307\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0413\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0413\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 MITM-\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 HTTPS, \u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 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