{"id":106208,"date":"2022-12-21T09:36:41","date_gmt":"2022-12-21T07:36:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/vypusk-gnupg-2-4-0"},"modified":"2022-12-21T09:36:41","modified_gmt":"2022-12-21T07:36:41","slug":"vypusk-gnupg-2-4-0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/it\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/vypusk-gnupg-2-4-0","title":{"rendered":"Rilascio di GnuPG 2.4.0","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Dopo cinque anni di sviluppo, viene presentato il rilascio dell'utility GnuPG 2.4.0 (GNU Privacy Guard), compatibile con gli standard OpenPGP (RFC-4880) e S\/MIME, offrendo strumenti per la crittografia dei dati, la gestione delle firme elettroniche, la gestione delle chiavi e l'accesso ai repository pubblici di chiavi.     <\/p>\n<p>GnuPG 2.4.0 \u00e8 posizionato come il primo rilascio del nuovo ramo stabile, che incorpora le modifiche accumulate durante la preparazione dei rilasci 2.3.x. Il ramo 2.2 \u00e8 stato qualificato come ramo stabile obsoleto, che sar\u00e0 supportato fino alla fine del 2024. Il ramo GnuPG 1.4 continua a essere mantenuto come serie classica, che consuma risorse minime, adatta per sistemi embedded e compatibile con algoritmi di crittografia obsoleti.         <\/p>\n<p>Modifiche chiave in GnuPG 2.4 rispetto al ramo stabile precedente 2.2:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u0414\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0444\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441  \u0441 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0439, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414 SQLite \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0438\u0441\u043a \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0439. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0430 \u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432 common.conf \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044e &#171;use-keyboxd&#187;.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00c8 stato aggiunto un processo in background tpm2d, che consente di utilizzare i chip TPM 2.0 per proteggere le chiavi private e per eseguire operazioni di crittografia o generazione di firme digitali sul modulo TPM.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00c8 stata aggiunta una nuova utility gpg-card, che pu\u00f2 essere utilizzata come un'interfaccia flessibile per tutti i tipi di smart card supportati.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00c8 stata aggiunta una nuova utility gpg-auth per l'autenticazione.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00c8 stato aggiunto un nuovo file di configurazione comune common.conf, utilizzato per attivare il processo in background keyboxd senza dover aggiungere separatamente le impostazioni in gpg.conf e gpgsm.conf.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00c8 stata garantita la compatibilit\u00e0 con la quinta versione delle chiavi e delle firme digitali, che utilizza l'algoritmo SHA256 anzich\u00e9 SHA1.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Sono stati adottati come algoritmi predefiniti per le chiavi pubbliche ed25519 e cv25519.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00c8 stato aggiunto il supporto per i modi di crittografia a blocchi AEAD OCB e EAX.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00c8 stata aggiunta la supporto per le curve ellittiche X448 (ed448, cv448).\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00c8 consentito l'uso di nomi di gruppi nelle liste delle chiavi.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u0412 gpg, gpgsm, gpgconf, gpg-card \u0438 gpg-connect-agent \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f &#171;&#8212;chuid&#187; \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044b \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f.\n<li class=\"l\"> Sulla piattaforma Windows \u00e8 stato implementato il supporto completo per Unicode nella riga di comando.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u0414\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f &#171;&#8212;with-tss&#187; \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0431\u0438\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043a\u0438 TSS.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u0412 gpgsm \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 ECC  \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432  EdDSA.  \u0414\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0437\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043b\u044f. \u0414\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 AES-GCM. \u0414\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 &#171;&#8212;ldapserver&#187; \u0438 &#171;&#8212;show-certs&#187;.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u0412 \u0430\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435  \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f &#171;Label:&#187;  \u0432 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 PIN-\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u0420\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 ssh-agent \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0414\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u044d\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0438\u044f  Win32-OpenSSH \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 gpg-agent. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f  fingerprint-\u043e\u0442\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432  SSH-\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0430\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c   SHA-256. \u0414\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 &#171;&#8212;pinentry-formatted-passphrase&#187; \u0438 &#171;&#8212;check-sym-passphrase-pattern&#187;.    <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u0412  scd \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u0420\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0439. \u0414\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442 PIV, Telesec Signature Cards v2.0 \u0438  Rohde&#038;Schwarz Cybersecurity. \u0414\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 &#171;&#8212;application-priority&#187; \u0438 &#171;&#8212;pcsc-shared&#187;.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u0412 \u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0443 gpgconf \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f &#171;&#8212;show-configs&#187;.\n<li class=\"l\"> Modifiche in gpg:\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u0414\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440  &#171;&#8212;list-filter&#187; \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0439, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 &#171;gpg -k &#8212;list-filter &#8216;select=revoked-f &#038;&#038; sub\/algostr=ed25519&#8242;&#187;.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u0414\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u044b \u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438: &#171;&#8212;quick-update-pref&#187;, &#171;show-pref&#187;, &#171;show-pref-verbose&#187;, &#171;&#8212;export-filter export-revocs&#187;, &#171;&#8212;full-timestrings&#187;, &#171;&#8212;min-rsa-length&#187;, &#171;&#8212;forbid-gen-key&#187;, &#171;&#8212;override-compliance-check&#187;, &#171;&#8212;force-sign-key&#187;  \u0438 &#171;&#8212;no-auto-trust-new-key&#187;.\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00c8 stato aggiunto il supporto per l'importazione di elenchi arbitrari di certificati revocati.\n<li class=\"l\"> La verifica delle firme digitali \u00e8 accelerata di oltre 10 volte.\n<li class=\"l\">  \u0420\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u044f\u0442 \u043e\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u0438 &#171;&#8212;sender&#187; \u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438.\n<li class=\"l\"> Aggiunta la possibilit\u00e0 di esportare chiavi Ed448 per SSH.\n<li class=\"l\"> Consentito l'uso della modalit\u00e0 OCB solo con la crittografia AEAD.\n<li class=\"l\"> Consentita la decrittazione senza chiave pubblica in presenza di una smartcard inserita.\n<li class=\"l\"> Per gli algoritmi ed448 e cv448 ora \u00e8 obbligatorio generare chiavi di quinta versione.\n<li class=\"l\"> Durante l'importazione da <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/it\/server\/dts-los-angeles\/\"   title=\"server\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"3882\">server<\/a> LDAP, l'applicazione dell'opzione self-sigs-only \u00e8 disabilitata di default.  <\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u0412 gpg \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0430\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0432 64 \u0431\u0438\u0442\u0430. \u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 3DES \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043e, \u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d AES. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044e &#171;&#8212;allow-old-cipher-algos&#187;.  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Rimossa l'utility symcryptrun (interfaccia obsoleta sopra l'utility esterna Chiasmus).  <\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00c8 stata interrotta la supporto del metodo obsoleto di rilevamento delle chiavi PKA e rimosse le opzioni correlate.          <\/ul>\n<p>Fonte: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=58365\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f GnuPG 2.4.0 (GNU Privacy Guard), \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 OpenPGP (RFC-4880) \u0438 S\/MIME, \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0441 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u043a \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0430\u043c \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0439. GnuPG 2.4.0 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0432 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-106208","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-novosti-interneta"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.10 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f GnuPG 2.4.0 (GNU Privacy Guard), \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 OpenPGP (RFC-4880) \u0438 S\/MIME, \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0441 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u043a \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0430\u043c \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0439. 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