{"id":107267,"date":"2023-03-14T12:48:14","date_gmt":"2023-03-14T10:48:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/?p=107267"},"modified":"2023-03-15T19:12:55","modified_gmt":"2023-03-15T17:12:55","slug":"vypusk-paketnogo-filtra-nftables-1-0-7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/it\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/vypusk-paketnogo-filtra-nftables-1-0-7","title":{"rendered":"Pubblicato il rilascio del filtro pacchetti nftables 1.0.7","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u00c8 stato pubblicato il rilascio del filtro pacchetti nftables 1.0.7, che unifica le interfacce di filtraggio dei pacchetti per IPv4, IPv6, ARP e ponti di rete (destinato a sostituire iptables, ip6tables, arptables ed ebtables). Il pacchetto nftables comprende componenti del filtro pacchetti che operano nello spazio utente, mentre a livello di kernel \u00e8 responsabile il sottosistema nf_tables, presente nel kernel Linux a partire dalla versione 3.13. A livello di kernel \u00e8 fornito solo un'interfaccia generale, indipendente dal protocollo specifico e che offre funzioni di base per l'estrazione dei dati dai pacchetti, esecuzione delle operazioni sui dati e gestione del flusso.    <\/p>\n<p>Le regole di filtraggio e i gestori specifici per i protocolli vengono compilati in bytecode nello spazio utente, dopo di che questo bytecode viene caricato nel kernel tramite l'interfaccia Netlink e viene eseguito nel kernel in un'area speciale. <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/it\/vps\/abuzoustojchivye-vps\/\"   title=\"macchina virtuale\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"4335\">macchina virtuale<\/a>, che ricorda i BPF (Berkeley Packet Filters). Questo approccio consente di ridurre significativamente la dimensione del codice di filtraggio che opera a livello di kernel, spostando tutte le funzioni di analisi delle regole e la logica di gestione dei protocolli nello spazio utente.    <\/p>\n<p>Principali modifiche:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Per i sistemi con kernel Linux 6.2+ \u00e8 stata aggiunta la supporto per il mapping dei protocolli vxlan, geneve, gre e gretap, che permette di utilizzare espressioni semplici per verificare gli header nei pacchetti incapsulati. Ad esempio, per verificare <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/it\/lir\/ipv4\/\"   title=\"Indirizzi IP\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"711\">Indirizzi IP<\/a> nel'intestazione del pacchetto incapsulato VxLAN, ora \u00e8 possibile utilizzare le regole (senza dover eseguire la decapsulazione dell'intestazione VxLAN e legare il filtro all'interfaccia vxlan0):          &#8230; udp dport 4789 vxlan ip protocol udp        &#8230; udp dport 4789 vxlan ip saddr 1.2.3.0\/24        &#8230; udp dport 4789 vxlan ip saddr . vxlan ip daddr { 1.2.3.4 . 4.3.2.1 }\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00c8 stata implementata la supporto per la fusione automatica dei resti dopo la rimozione parziale di un elemento dalla lista set, che consente di rimuovere un elemento o parte di un intervallo da un intervallo esistente (precedentemente un intervallo poteva essere rimosso solo completamente). Ad esempio, dopo la rimozione dell'elemento 25 dall'insieme con gli intervalli 24-30 e 40-50, nell'elenco rimarranno 24, 26-30 e 40-50. Le correzioni necessarie per il funzionamento della fusione automatica saranno proposte nelle versioni correttive dei rami stabili del kernel 5.10+. # nft list ruleset table ip x { set y { typeof tcp dport flags interval auto-merge elements = { 24-30, 40-50 } } } # nft delete element ip x y { 25 } # nft list ruleset table ip x { set y { typeof tcp dport flags interval auto-merge elements = { 24, 26-30, 40-50 } } }\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00c8 consentito l'uso della contattazione e delle gamme nella mappatura della traduzione degli indirizzi (NAT).      table ip nat {        chain prerouting {            type nat hook prerouting priority dstnat; policy accept;            dnat to ip daddr . tcp dport map { 10.1.1.136 . 80 : 1.1.2.69 . 1024,   10.1.1.10-10.1.1.20 . 8888-8889 : 1.1.2.69 . 2048-2049 } persistent       }    }\n<li class=\"l\"> Aggiunta la supporto per l'espressione &#171;last&#187;, che consente di conoscere il tempo dell'ultimo utilizzo di un elemento della regola o di un set. Questa funzione \u00e8 supportata a partire dal kernel Linux 5.14.        table ip x {        set y {            typeof ip daddr . tcp dport            size 65535            flags dynamic,timeout            last            timeout 1h        }          chain z {            type filter hook output priority filter; policy accept;            update @y { ip daddr . tcp dport }        }    }      # nft list set ip x y    table ip x {        set y {            typeof ip daddr . tcp dport            size 65535            flags dynamic,timeout            last            timeout 1h            elements = { 172.217.17.14 . 443 last used 1s591ms timeout 1h expires 59m58s409ms,                         172.67.69.19 . 443 last used 4s636ms timeout 1h expires 59m55s364ms,                         142.250.201.72 . 443 last used 4s748ms timeout 1h expires 59m55s252ms,                         172.67.70.134 . 443 last used 4s688ms timeout 1h expires 59m55s312ms,                         35.241.9.150 . 443 last used 5s204ms timeout 1h expires 59m54s796ms,                         138.201.122.174 . 443 last used 4s537ms timeout 1h expires 59m55s463ms,                         34.160.144.191 . 443 last used 5s205ms timeout 1h expires 59m54s795ms,                         130.211.23.194 . 443 last used 4s436ms timeout 1h expires 59m55s564ms }           }    }\n<li class=\"l\"> Aggiunta la possibilit\u00e0 di definire le quote nei set. Ad esempio, per definire una quota sul traffico per ciascun indirizzo IP di destinazione, si pu\u00f2 specificare:      table netdev x {        set y {            typeof ip daddr            size 65535            quota over 10000 mbytes        }          chain y {            type filter hook egress device &#171;eth0&#187; priority filter; policy accept;            ip daddr @y drop        }    }      # nft add element inet x y { 8.8.8.8 }    # ping -c 2 8.8.8.8       # nft list ruleset    table netdev x {        set y {            type ipv4_addr            size 65535            quota over 10000 mbytes            elements = { 8.8.8.8 quota over 10000 mbytes used 196 bytes }        }          chain y {            type filter hook egress device &#171;eth0&#187; priority filter; policy accept;            ip daddr @y drop        }    }\n<li class=\"l\"> \u00c8 consentito l'uso di costanti nelle liste set. Ad esempio, utilizzando come chiave della lista l'indirizzo di destinazione e l'identificativo VLAN, puoi specificare direttamente il numero VLAN (daddr . 123):          table netdev t {            set s {                typeof ether saddr . vlan id                size 2048                flags dynamic,timeout                timeout 1m            }              chain c {                type filter hook ingress device eth0 priority 0; policy accept;                ether type != 8021q update @s { ether daddr . 123 } counter            }        }\n<li class=\"l\"> Aggiunta una nuova comando &#171;destroy&#187; per l'eliminazione incondizionata di oggetti (diversamente dal comando delete non genera ENOENT quando si tenta di eliminare un oggetto non esistente). Per funzionare \u00e8 necessario avere almeno il kernel Linux 6.3-rc.         destroy table ip filter        <\/ul>\n<p>Fonte: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=58791\">opennet.ru<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430 nftables 1.0.7, \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044b \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f IPv4, IPv6, ARP \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432 (\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0443 iptables, ip6table, arptables \u0438 ebtables). \u0412 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442 nftables \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f, \u0432 \u0442\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 nf_tables, \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u0430 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-107267","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-novosti-interneta"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.0.1 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430 nftables 1.0.7, \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e 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Il pacchetto nftables include componenti del filtro pacchetti che operano nello spazio utente, mentre a livello di kernel il funzionamento \u00e8 garantito dal sottosistema nf_tables, incluso nel kernel Linux dalla versione","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/it\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/vypusk-paketnogo-filtra-nftables-1-0-7","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"it_IT","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u0412\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0440\u0430 nftables 1.0.7 | 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