{"id":29874,"date":"2019-10-31T21:32:25","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:32:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/primenenie-linux-i-spo-v-nashem-uchebnom-zavedenii-byt-ili-ne-byt\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:32:25","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:32:25","slug":"primenenie-linux-i-spo-v-nashem-uchebnom-zavedenii-byt-ili-ne-byt","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/it\/blog\/primenenie-linux-i-spo-v-nashem-uchebnom-zavedenii-byt-ili-ne-byt","title":{"rendered":"Utilizzare Linux e software open source nella nostra istituzione: essere o non essere?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Buongiorno, cari utenti di Habr. Ultimamente, mi sono posto una domanda: quanto a lungo continuer\u00e0 il monopolio di Microsoft nel settore della fornitura di software per molte istituzioni educative del nostro paese (fatto che ha interessato l'azienda sin dagli anni '90<\/a><\/noindex>). <\/p>\n

Prendo come esempio specifico un relativamente popolare circolo IT per studenti delle superiori presso l'universit\u00e0 locale N (questo ateneo \u00e8 abbastanza prestigioso nella mia citt\u00e0), dove studiamo diverse materie:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u00abFondamenti di informatica e tecnologie computazionali\u00bb (gi\u00e0 completato).<\/li>\n
  2. \u00abStruttura dei computer\u00bb: sistemi operativi, \u00abcomponenti\u00bb del PC (completato).<\/li>\n
  3. \u00abUtilizzo dei computer\u00bb : basi di Windows Explorer, CMD, MS Office (appena terminato).<\/li>\n
  4. \u00abFondamenti di programmazione\u00bb: PascalABC.NET (grazie al cielo, perlomeno non Turbo Pascal).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \nE ora la critica riguardo ai vari punti:<\/a><\/noindex>
    \n1. Probabilmente l'unica disciplina che mi ha soddisfatto pi\u00f9 o meno. Sistemi di numerazione, logica binaria, ecc. Qui ci siamo mossi senza l'uso di alcun sistema operativo o software, quindi non \u00e8 direttamente correlato al mio post.<\/p>\n

    2. Qui inizia la parte pi\u00f9 interessante. In primo luogo, quasi tutto ci\u00f2 che abbiamo trattato riguarda la storia e le funzionalit\u00e0 di MS-DOS e Windows (di tutte le versioni, anche di Windows XP, poich\u00e9 la presentazione \u00e8 stata realizzata all'inizio degli anni 2000), accennando brevemente all'esistenza di sistemi come GNU\/Linux, *nix e... basta. Non ho visto una storia chiara o le funzionalit\u00e0 di *nix in questa presentazione. In secondo luogo, in aula abbiamo discusso a lungo delle differenze tra Windows 3.11, 95 e 98; abbiamo ricordato l'esistenza della modalit\u00e0 IDE; abbiamo conosciuto FAT12\/16\/32 e NTFS (anche se il relatore ha detto poco, tranne per spiegare l'abbreviazione \"NTFS\"), ma non ho sentito nemmeno una parola su EXT2\/3\/4, BTRFS, UDF, nemmeno sulla partizione del disco \u2014 silenzio! La stessa situazione si \u00e8 verificata riguardo al BIOS: \u00e8 stata spiegata la funzione Legacy-BIOS, ma hanno dimenticato anche di UEFI, senza parlare di Coreboot e di altre implementazioni del BIOS. Nel frattempo, i docenti ci hanno parlato della \"potenza dei nuovi\" Pentium 4 e DDR2, dell'obsolescenza graduale dei dischetti e del vantaggio di Windows XP rispetto a ME e 98 (ancora una presentazione del 2003-2005).<\/p>\n

    3. Qui tutto \u00e8 piuttosto chiaro: tutto \u00e8 obsoleto e\/o proprietario. Non critico le specifiche dei PC stessi: 0,5-2 GB di RAM e Pentium 4\/D sono sufficienti per un computer client, proprio come abbiamo Windows XP e un server centrale per i file, che allevia parzialmente il carico sull'HDD di sistema. Tuttavia, sono riuscito a trovare solo un paio di programmi gratuiti su questi PC: Notepad++ e una versione molto datata di OpenOffice. Tutto il resto: Google Chrome, MS Office 2007\/2010 (non attivato), Adobe PDF Reader, antivirus, compilatori proprietari, Turbo Pascal\u2026 A proposito, su alcune macchine (con almeno 1 GB di RAM) \u00e8 installata Kubuntu 14.04.x, che da quando \u00e8 stata installata non \u00e8 mai stata aggiornata n\u00e9 il sistema n\u00e9 i repository. E, a dirla tutta, \u00e8 stato installato solo per avere un timbro: non ho mai visto uno studente usare Linux. Inoltre, le persone che hanno installato la distribuzione non hanno specificato la password per root e per il bootloader. <\/p>\n

    \u00c8 quindi facile trovare l'opzione Rescue Mode in GRUB2, ottenere automaticamente i diritti di root, rimontare la radice in read\/write ed eseguire passwd. Infatti, \u00e8 esattamente ci\u00f2 che ho fatto due volte. Cos\u00ec ho accesso completo a tutto il sistema operativo. A questo punto, qual \u00e8 il senso di proteggere Windows con password, installare antivirus e configurare proxy, se tutta questa \"protezione\" non vale nemmeno un uovo? Inoltre, quando ho raccontato al mio insegnante di questa vulnerabilit\u00e0, mi ha risposto che non gli interessava affatto. Ma come \u00e8 possibile? Da una parte vietano l'uso di chiavette USB senza scansione antivirus, dall'altra ignorano un problema cos\u00ec evidente. A proposito, su questi Kubuntu non c'\u00e8 praticamente alcun software. N\u00e9 gcc, n\u00e9 g++, n\u00e9 fpc, nulla, a parte il sistema di base.<\/p>\n

    Parlando dell'ufficio, l'uso di LibreOffice e degli standard aperti per i documenti ha portato al fatto che la maggior parte dei file .odt si apriva in modo scorretto nel prodotto della Microsoft, e viceversa. Sebbene MS Office (a mio parere) sia un prodotto molto comodo, anche LibreOffice, specialmente essendo un progetto gratuito, \u00e8 buono. In sostanza, se non fosse per la propriet\u00e0 e la chiusura di MS Office, il senso dell'esistenza delle sue alternative sarebbe ridotto al minimo (di nuovo, secondo il mio modesto parere). <\/p>\n

    Nonostante io sia d'accordo con A.V. Stolyarov<\/a><\/noindex>, ho la comprensione che alcuni software importanti esistano solo per Windows e nei prossimi anni questo sistema non sar\u00e0 sicuramente sostituito in questi ambiti (per esempio, dalla programmazione di alcuni microcontrollori all'esecuzione di software per la gestione di stazioni di allineamento), ma ogni anno questo tipo di software diventa sempre meno comune. Inoltre, sono direzioni piuttosto rare, e gli *nix non sono considerati buone piattaforme per imparare le basi della programmazione senza motivo.<\/p>\n

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    P.S.:UNIX \u0432 \u0421\u0421\u0421\u0420<\/b> \u041c\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u0434 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043c\u043d\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432 1986-1988 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u043d, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0440\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0423\u041f\u0420\u0426\u0415\u041d\u0422\u0420\u0417\u0410\u041f\u0427\u0410\u0421\u0422\u042c, \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u043b \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0445 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0435 \u0432 \u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u0431\u0446\u0430\u0445 \u0438 \u0432 \u0422\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u041c\u0438\u043d\u0438-\u042d\u0412\u041c \u00ab\u0420\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u00bb \u0438 \u0451\u0449\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445-\u0442\u043e \u042d\u0412\u041c \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c-\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c. \u0421\u0443\u0434\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0438 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0438, \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 Unix, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0451\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438.<\u0441\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043c> \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f *nix \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f.<\/\u0441\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043c> <\/p>\n

    Fonte: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u0414\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0442\u043e\u043a, \u0443\u0432\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0435. \u0412 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441: \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0433\u043e \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 Microsoft \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0430, \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u041f\u041e \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b (\u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 90-\u0445 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432). \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: \u044f \u0445\u043e\u0436\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 it-\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043e\u043a \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u043c […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-29874","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Applicazione di Linux e software libero nella nostra istituzione educativa: esserci o non esserci? | ProHoster","description":"Buon pomeriggio, cari membri di Habr. Ultimamente mi preoccupa la questione: quanto a lungo continuer\u00e0 il monopolio della Microsoft nel settore del mercato dedicato alla fornitura di software nelle scuole del nostro paese (di fatto, \u00e8 stato occupato dalla corporation fin dagli anni '90). Porter\u00f2 un esempio concreto: frequento un circolo IT relativamente popolare per studenti delle superiori presso la locale","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/it\/blog\/primenenie-linux-i-spo-v-nashem-uchebnom-zavedenii-byt-ili-ne-byt","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"it_IT","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 Linux \u0438 \u0421\u041f\u041e \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0431\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438: 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