{"id":33494,"date":"2019-10-31T21:52:52","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:52:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/sem-neozhidannyh-peremennyh-bash\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:52:52","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:52:52","slug":"sem-neozhidannyh-peremennyh-bash","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/it\/blog\/administrirovanie\/sem-neozhidannyh-peremennyh-bash","title":{"rendered":"Sette variabili Bash sorprendenti","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Continuando la serie di appunti su <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/zwischenzugs.com\/2019\/04\/03\/eight-obscure-bash-options-you-might-want-to-know-about\/\">funzioni meno conosciute<\/a><\/noindex> <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/zwischenzugs.com\/2019\/02\/27\/bash-startup-explained\/\">bash, vi mostrer\u00f2 sette variabili di cui potreste non essere a conoscenza.<\/a><\/noindex> PROMPT_COMMAND<\/p>\n<h4>1) <code>COMANDO_DEL_PROMPT<\/code><\/h4>\n<p>\nForse gi\u00e0 sapete come manipolare il prompt per visualizzare informazioni utili, ma non tutti sanno che ad ogni volta che il prompt viene mostrato, \u00e8 possibile eseguire un comando della shell.<\/p>\n<p>In realt\u00e0, molti sofisticati manipolatori del prompt utilizzano questa variabile per eseguire comandi che raccolgono informazioni da visualizzare nel prompt.<\/p>\n<p>Provate a eseguire questo in una nuova shell e vedrete cosa succede alla sessione:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ PROMPT_COMMAND='echo -n \"scrivendo il prompt a \" &amp;&amp; date'<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h4>2) <code>HISTTIMEFORMAT<\/code><\/h4>\n<p>\nSe eseguite <code>history<\/code> nella console, otterrete un elenco di comandi precedentemente eseguiti sotto il vostro account.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ HISTTIMEFORMAT='Ho eseguito questo il: %d\/%m\/%y %T '<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nUna volta impostata questa variabile, i nuovi record registrano il tempo insieme al comando, quindi l'output apparir\u00e0 cos\u00ec:<\/p>\n<pre>1871  Ho eseguito questo il: 01\/05\/19 13:38:07 cat \/etc\/resolv.conf\n1872  Ho eseguito questo il: 01\/05\/19 13:38:19 curl bbc.co.uk\n1873  Ho eseguito questo il: 01\/05\/19 13:38:41 sudo vi \/etc\/resolv.conf\n1874  Ho eseguito questo il: 01\/05\/19 13:39:18 curl -vvv bbc.co.uk\n1876  Ho eseguito questo il: 01\/05\/19 13:39:25 sudo su -<\/pre>\n<p>\nIl formato corrisponde ai simboli di <code>man date<\/code>.<\/p>\n<h4>3) <code>CDPATH<\/code><\/h4>\n<p>\nPer risparmiare tempo nella riga di comando, puoi utilizzare questa variabile per cambiare directory con la stessa facilit\u00e0 con cui chiami i comandi.<\/p>\n<p>Come <code>PATH<\/code>, la variabile <code>CDPATH<\/code> rappresenta un elenco di percorsi separati da due punti. Quando esegui un comando <code>cd<\/code> con un percorso relativo (cio\u00e8 senza slash all'inizio), la shell cerca per impostazione predefinita i nomi corrispondenti nella tua cartella locale. <code>CDPATH<\/code> cercher\u00e0 nei percorsi che hai fornito per la directory a cui desideri accedere.<\/p>\n<p>Se imposti <code>CDPATH<\/code> in questo modo:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ CDPATH=\/:\/lib<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\ne poi inserisci:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ cd \/home\n$ cd tmp<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nallora arriverai sempre a <code>\/tmp<\/code> indipendentemente da dove ti trovi.<\/p>\n<p>Tuttavia, fai attenzione, perch\u00e9 se non inserisci la directory locale nella lista (<code>.<\/code>) non potrai creare nessun'altra cartella <code>tmp<\/code> e accedervi come al solito:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ cd \/home\n$ mkdir tmp\n$ cd tmp\n$ pwd\n\/tmp<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nOps!<\/p>\n<p>Sembra una confusione, che ho provato quando ho capito che la cartella locale non era stata inclusa nella variabile pi\u00f9 familiare <code>PATH<\/code>\u2026 ma devi farlo nella variabile PATH, perch\u00e9 potresti essere ingannato eseguendo un comando falso da qualche codice scaricato.<\/p>\n<p>Il mio si imposta come punto di partenza:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">CDPATH=.:\/space:\/etc:\/var\/lib:\/usr\/share:\/opt<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><\/p>\n<h4>4) <code>SHLVL<\/code><\/h4>\n<p>\nHai mai pensato che il comando <code>exit<\/code> ti porter\u00e0 fuori dall'attuale shell bash in un'altra shell \"genitore\" o semplicemente chiuder\u00e0 completamente la finestra del terminale?<\/p>\n<p>Questa variabile tiene traccia di quanto sei profondo nella shell bash. Se crei un nuovo terminale, \u00e8 impostata su 1:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ echo $SHLVL\n1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nPoi, se lanci un altro processo della shell, il numero aumenta:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ bash\n$ echo $SHLVL\n2<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nQuesto pu\u00f2 essere molto utile negli script, dove non sei sicuro se uscire o meno, o per tenere traccia di dove ti trovi nella gerarchia.<\/p>\n<h4>5) <code>LINENO<\/code><\/h4>\n<p>\nLa variabile utile per analizzare lo stato attuale e il debugging \u00e8 <code>LINENO<\/code>, che indica il numero di comandi eseguiti nella sessione fino ad ora:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ bash\n$ echo $LINENO\n1\n$ echo $LINENO\n2<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nQuesto \u00e8 pi\u00f9 frequentemente usato durante il debugging degli script. Inserendo righe come <code>echo DEBUG:$LINENO<\/code>, puoi rapidamente determinare dove ti trovi nello script (o meno).<\/p>\n<h4>6) <code>REPLY<\/code><\/h4>\n<p>\nSe, come me, di solito scrivi codice del genere:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ read input\necho do something with $input<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\npotrebbe sorprenderti che non devi preoccuparti di creare una variabile:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ read\necho do something with $REPLY<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nQuesto fa la stessa cosa.<\/p>\n<h4>7) <code>TMOUT<\/code><\/h4>\n<p>\nPer non rimanere troppo a lungo sui server di produzione a scopo di sicurezza o per non avviare accidentalmente qualcosa di rischioso nel terminale sbagliato, l'impostazione di questa variabile funge da protezione.<\/p>\n<p>Se non viene digitato nulla per un numero preimpostato di secondi, avviene l'uscita dalla shell.<\/p>\n<p>Cio\u00e8, \u00e8 un'alternativa <code>sleep 1 &amp;&amp; exit<\/code>:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">$ TMOUT=1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>Fonte: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/451492\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043a \u043e \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 bash, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0443 \u0432\u0430\u043c \u0441\u0435\u043c\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c. 1) PROMPT_COMMAND \u0412\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e, \u0432\u044b \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0435, \u043a\u0430\u043a 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property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-10-31T18:52:52+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-10-31T18:52:52+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster\" \/>\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO -->\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Sette variabili Bash sorprendenti | ProHoster","description":"Proseguendo con la serie di appunti su funzioni meno conosciute di bash, vi mostrer\u00f2 sette variabili di cui potreste non essere a conoscenza. 1) PROMPT_COMMAND Forse gi\u00e0 sapete come manipolare il prompt per mostrare diverse informazioni utili, ma non tutti sanno che ogni volta che viene mostrato il prompt, \u00e8 possibile eseguire un comando della shell. In realt\u00e0, molti manipolatori complessi del prompt.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/it\/blog\/administrirovanie\/sem-neozhidannyh-peremennyh-bash","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"it_IT","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u0421\u0435\u043c\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 Bash | ProHoster","og:description":"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043a \u043e 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