{"id":54788,"date":"2020-01-04T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-03T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/jpeg-algoritm-szhatiya"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:02:50","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:02:50","slug":"jpeg-algoritm-szhatiya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/it\/blog\/administrirovanie\/jpeg-algoritm-szhatiya","title":{"rendered":"JPEG. Algoritmo di compressione","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

E ciao di nuovo! Ho trovato questo articolo, scritto nel maggio del 2019. Questo \u00e8 un seguito di una serie di articoli su WAVE e JPEG. Ecco prima<\/a><\/noindex>. Questa pubblicazione includer\u00e0 informazioni sull'algoritmo di codifica delle immagini e sul formato stesso.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Un pizzico di storia<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

Un cucchiaio di articolo da Wikipedia:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) \u00e8 uno dei formati grafici raster pi\u00f9 popolari, utilizzato per memorizzare fotografie e immagini simili.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Questo standard \u00e8 stato sviluppato dal Gruppo congiunto di esperti fotografi gi\u00e0 nel 1991 per comprimere le immagini in modo efficace.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Quale percorso seguono le immagini dalla loro forma grezza a JPEG<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

Alcuni pensano che le immagini JPEG siano dati grezzi compressi con il metodo di Huffman, ma non \u00e8 cos\u00ec. Prima della compressione di controllo, i dati seguono un lungo percorso.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Inizialmente, il modello di colore viene cambiato da RGB a YCbCr. A questo proposito, c'\u00e8 anche un algoritmo speciale \u2014 qui<\/a><\/noindex>. Non tocchiamo Y, poich\u00e9 \u00e8 responsabile della luminosit\u00e0 e la sua modifica sarebbe evidente.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

La prima cosa che si fa con l'immagine \u00e8 «\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435»<\/strong> (subcampionamento). \u00c8 semplice da capire: si prende una matrice di pixel 2x2, quindi si prendono Cb e Cr \u2014 i valori medi di ciascuno dei componenti YCbCr di questi 4 pixel. E cos\u00ec, abbiamo guadagnato 6 byte<\/em>, \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e 4 Y, 4 Cb, 4 Cr \u043c\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 4 Y \u0438 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0438\u0445 Cb \u0438 Cr (4 + 4 + 4 = 12; 4 + 1 + 1 = 6; 12 \u2014 6 = 6). \u0412 \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 2×2 \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0441 \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f 2:1 \u0437\u0432\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e. \u0418 \u0442\u0430\u043a \u2014 \u0441\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430. \u0410 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043c\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044e. \u0427\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a \u0441 \u043b\u0435\u0433\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u0432 \u044f\u0440\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0432 \u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0435, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u0443\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044c\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0435 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0438\u044e, 4 \u043f\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0435\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043b\u0438. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0449\u0435. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435.
\nUn'illustrazione chiara del campionamento (Habr non ha permesso di inserire il GIF) \u2014 https:\/\/i.ibb.co\/Rg5Th9H\/150953010617579181.gif<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

La parte principale della preparazione<\/h5>\n

\nDCT<\/p>\n

\u0422\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0440\u044c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u0412\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0431\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438 8×8 (\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430).<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Ora a ciascun blocco viene applicato DCT (Trasformata Discreta del Coseno)<\/strong>. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u044b\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043b\u0438\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0435. \u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044f \u0414\u041a\u041f \u043d\u0430\u0434\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a (8×8) \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0443\u044e-\u043d\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: \u043d\u0435\u0431\u0430, \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u044b; \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e\u043d \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0443 (\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044b, \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044b \u0438 \u0442.\u0434.). \u041b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e 64 \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e 1-\u0438\u043c, \u0442.\u043a. \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d. \u0412\u043e\u0442 \u0432\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0435: 64 \u043a 1.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

La DCT trasforma il blocco in uno spettro, e dove le letture cambiano drasticamente, il coefficiente diventa positivo; pi\u00f9 brusco \u00e8 il cambiamento, pi\u00f9 alto sar\u00e0 il valore d\u2019uscita. Dove il coefficiente \u00e8 pi\u00f9 alto, ci sono transizioni nette nel colore e nella luminosit\u00e0; dove \u00e8 pi\u00f9 basso, ci sono cambiamenti deboli (morbidi) nei valori dei componenti YCbCr nel blocco.<\/p>\n

\nQuantizzazione<\/p>\n

\u0422\u0443\u0442 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u0438\u044f. \u041a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043a\u043e\u044d\u0444\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0446 8×8 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u043e. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u044b \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442\u0435, \u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0435\u0439. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0430\u043c \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c, \u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0435\u0439, \u0442\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 1, \u0438 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0443\u043b\u0435\u0439.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

La quantizzazione viene eseguita per creare opportunit\u00e0 di compressione ancora maggiori. Ecco come appare con la quantizzazione del grafico y = sin(x):<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"JPEG.<\/p>\n

\nCompressione<\/p>\n

Iniziamo a percorrere la matrice a zig-zag:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"JPEG.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Otteniamo un array unidimensionale di numeri. Vediamo che contiene molti zeri, che possono essere rimossi. A questo scopo, invece di una sequenza di molti zeri, scriviamo un solo zero seguito da un numero che rappresenta la loro quantit\u00e0 nella sequenza. In questo modo si pu\u00f2 ridurre fino a 1\/3 della dimensione dell'intero array. Poi, questo array viene compresso usando il metodo di Huffman e inserito nel file stesso.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Dove viene utilizzato<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0412\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0435. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u0438 PNG, JPEG \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445, OS’\u044f\u0445 (\u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, thumbnail’\u043e\u0432) \u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0445, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u044d\u0444\u0444\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Risultato<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

Attualmente, le conoscenze su JPEG sono utili solo a fini educativi, poich\u00e9 \u00e8 gi\u00e0 integrato ovunque e ottimizzato da grandi gruppi di persone, ma la roccia della scienza resta comunque succulenta.<\/p>\n

\nFonti<\/p>\n

Articolo su YCbCr su Wikipedia<\/a><\/noindex>
\nArticolo su JPEG su Wikipedia<\/a><\/noindex>
\nUn po' di informazioni sul DCP dal post di Pikabu<\/a><\/noindex>
\nArticolo sul DCP su Wikipedia<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Fonte: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0418 \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0437\u0434\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0439\u0442\u0435! \u042f \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043b \u044d\u0442\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0435\u0449\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0435 2019-\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u2014 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043e WAVE \u0438 JPEG, \u0412\u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u044f. \u042d\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e \u043e\u0431 \u0430\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u043e \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c. \u0429\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043b\u043e\u0436\u043a\u0443 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0438\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0438: JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) \u2014 \u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-54788","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47JPEG. 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