{"id":83511,"date":"2020-06-01T07:42:29","date_gmt":"2020-06-01T05:42:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/proizvoditelnost-raspberry-pi-dobavlyaem-zram-i-izmenyaem-parametry-yadra"},"modified":"2020-06-01T07:42:29","modified_gmt":"2020-06-01T05:42:29","slug":"proizvoditelnost-raspberry-pi-dobavlyaem-zram-i-izmenyaem-parametry-yadra","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/it\/blog\/administrirovanie\/proizvoditelnost-raspberry-pi-dobavlyaem-zram-i-izmenyaem-parametry-yadra","title":{"rendered":"Prestazioni del Raspberry Pi: aggiunta di ZRAM e modifica dei parametri del kernel","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Due settimane fa ho pubblicato <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/haydenjames.io\/pinebook-pro-my-first-impressions-and-setup-tips\/\">una recensione del Pinebook Pro<\/a><\/noindex>. Poich\u00e9 anche il Raspberry Pi 4 \u00e8 basato su ARM, alcune delle ottimizzazioni menzionate nel precedente articolo si adattano perfettamente. Vorrei condividere questi trucchi e scoprire se anche voi vedrete miglioramenti delle prestazioni simili.<\/p>\n<p>Dopo aver installato il Raspberry Pi nel mio <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/haydenjames.io\/home-lab-beginners-guide-hardware\/\">server domestico<\/a><\/noindex> , ho notato che nei momenti di carenza di memoria RAM diventava molto poco reattivo e addirittura si bloccava. Per risolvere questo problema, ho aggiunto ZRAM e apportato alcune modifiche alle impostazioni del kernel.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h1>Attivazione di ZRAM su Raspberry Pi<\/h1>\n<p>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Prestazioni del Raspberry Pi: aggiunta di ZRAM e modifica dei parametri del kernel\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/d5e0d7c2e50dd17a97f008c7ee6dfe30.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.kernel.org\/doc\/Documentation\/blockdev\/zram.txt\">ZRAM<\/a><\/noindex> crea uno storage a blocchi in memoria RAM chiamato \/dev\/zram0 (o 1, 2, 3, ecc.). Le pagine scritte vengono compresse e memorizzate in memoria. Questo permette di garantire un input-output molto veloce e liberare memoria tramite la compressione.<\/p>\n<p>Il Raspberry Pi 4 \u00e8 disponibile con 1, 2, 4 o 8 GB di RAM. Utilizzer\u00f2 il modello da 1 GB, quindi regolate le istruzioni in base al vostro modello. Con 1 GB, il file di swap predefinito (lento!) sar\u00e0 utilizzato meno frequentemente. Ho usato questo script <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/foundObjects\/zram-swap\">zram-swap<\/a><\/noindex> per installarlo e configurarlo automaticamente.<\/p>\n<p>Le istruzioni sono disponibili nel repository nel link sopra. Installazione:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">git clone https:\/\/github.com\/foundObjects\/zram-swap.git\ncd zram-swap &amp;&amp; sudo .\/install.sh<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nSe desideri modificare il file di configurazione:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">vi \/etc\/default\/zram-swap<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nInoltre, puoi attivare ZRAM installando <code>zram-tools<\/code>. <b>Se utilizzi questo metodo, assicurati di modificare il file di configurazione<\/b> nel file <code>\/etc\/default\/zramswap<\/code>, e installa circa 1 GB di ZRAM:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">sudo apt install zram-tools<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nDopo l'installazione, puoi visualizzare le statistiche dello storage ZRAM con il seguente comando:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">sudo cat \/proc\/swaps\nFilename\t\t\t\tType\t\tSize\tUsed\tPriority\n\/var\/swap                               file\t\t102396\t0\t-2\n\/dev\/zram0                              partition\t1185368\t265472\t5\npi@raspberrypi:~ $<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><\/p>\n<h1>Aggiungiamo i parametri del kernel per un migliore utilizzo di ZRAM<\/h1>\n<p>\nOra correggiamo il comportamento del sistema quando il Raspberry Pi attua lo swap all'ultimo momento, il che porta spesso a blocchi. Aggiungeremo alcune righe nel file <b>\/etc\/sysctl.conf<\/b> e ci riavvieremo.<\/p>\n<p>Queste righe 1) <b>ritardano l'inevitabile esaurimento della memoria<\/b>, aumentando la pressione sulla cache del kernel e 2) <b>iniziano a prepararsi prima per l'esaurimento della memoria<\/b>, attivando lo swap in anticipo. Ma sar\u00e0 uno swap di memoria compressa molto pi\u00f9 efficace tramite ZRAM!<\/p>\n<p>Ecco le righe da aggiungere alla fine del file <b>\/etc\/sysctl.conf<\/b>:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">vm.vfs_cache_pressure=500\nvm.swappiness=100\nvm.dirty_background_ratio=1\nvm.dirty_ratio=50<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nPoi riavviamo il sistema o attiviamo le modifiche con il seguente comando:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">sudo sysctl --system<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n<b>vm.vfs_cache_pressure=500<\/b> aumenta la pressione sul cache, il che rende il kernel pi\u00f9 propenso a recuperare la memoria utilizzata per la memorizzazione nella cache degli oggetti delle directory e degli indici. Utilizzerai meno memoria per un periodo di tempo pi\u00f9 lungo. Una caduta brusca delle prestazioni \u00e8 compensata da uno swapping pi\u00f9 tempestivo.<\/p>\n<p><b>vm.swappiness=100<\/b> aumenta il parametro su quanto aggressivamente il kernel scambier\u00e0 le pagine di memoria, dato che utilizziamo prima ZRAM.<\/p>\n<p><b>vm.dirty_background_ratio=1 &amp; vm.dirty_ratio=50<\/b> \u2014 i processi in background inizieranno a scrivere non appena raggiungono il limite dell'1%, ma il sistema non eseguir\u00e0 forzatamente I\/O sincrono fino a raggiungere un dirty_ratio del 50%.<\/p>\n<p>Queste quattro righe (utilizzate con ZRAM) aiuteranno a migliorare le prestazioni nel caso in cui tu <u>inevitabilmente<\/u> esaurisca la memoria RAM e inizi a passare allo swapping, come nel mio caso. Sapendo di questo fatto, e considerando che la compressione della memoria in ZRAM \u00e8 tre volte superiore, \u00e8 meglio iniziare a fare questo swapping in anticipo.<\/p>\n<p>La pressione sulla cache \u00e8 utile perch\u00e9 stiamo effettivamente dicendo al nucleo: \"Ehi, ascolta, non ho abbastanza memoria da dedicare alla cache, quindi ti prego di liberartene il prima possibile e di conservare solo i dati pi\u00f9 utilizzati\/essenziali.\"<\/p>\n<p>Anche riducendo la cache, se nel tempo gran parte della memoria installata viene occupata, il nucleo inizier\u00e0 a fare swapping opportunistico molto prima, in modo che il processore (compressione) e IO di paging non si affrettino fino all'ultimo e non utilizzino tutte le risorse contemporaneamente quando sar\u00e0 gi\u00e0 troppo tardi. ZRAM utilizza un po' di CPU per la compressione, ma nella maggior parte dei sistemi con poca memoria ha un impatto molto minore sulle prestazioni rispetto allo swap senza ZRAM.<\/p>\n<h1>In conclusione<\/h1>\n<p>\nRivediamo il risultato:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"plaintext\">pi@raspberrypi:~ $ free -h\ntotal usato libero condiviso buff\/cache disponibile\nMem: 926Mi 471Mi 68Mi 168Mi 385Mi 232Mi\nSwap: 1.2Gi 258Mi 999Mi\n\npi@raspberrypi:~ $ sudo cat \/proc\/swaps \nNome file Tipo Dimensione Utilizzato Priorit\u00e0\n\/var\/swap file 102396 0 -2\n\/dev\/zram0 partizione 1185368 264448 5<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\n264448 in ZRAM corrisponde a quasi un gigabyte di dati non compressi. Tutto \u00e8 andato in ZRAM e nulla \u00e8 finito nel file di swap molto pi\u00f9 lento. Prova tu stesso queste impostazioni, funzionano su tutti i modelli Raspberry Pi. Un sistema che era inadeguato e pesante \u00e8 diventato funzionante e stabile.<\/p>\n<p>Nel prossimo futuro spero di continuare e aggiornare questo articolo con alcuni risultati dei test del sistema prima e dopo l'installazione di ZRAM. Al momento non ho semplicemente tempo. Nel frattempo, non esitare a eseguire i tuoi test e fammi sapere nei commenti. Il Raspberry Pi 4 \u00e8 davvero incredibile con queste impostazioni. Buon divertimento!<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><b>A proposito di:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/haydenjames.io\/linux-performance-almost-always-add-swap-space\/\">Prestazioni di Linux: perch\u00e9 \u00e8 quasi sempre necessario aumentare la dimensione dello swap<\/a><\/noindex> (2017)\n<\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/haydenjames.io\/linux-performance-almost-always-add-swap-part2-zram\/\">Prestazioni di Linux: aumenta sempre la dimensione dello swap. Parte 2: ZRAM<\/a><\/noindex> (2020)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Fonte: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/504468\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0430\u0440\u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434 \u044f \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043e\u0431\u0437\u043e\u0440 Pinebook Pro. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 Raspberry Pi 4 \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 ARM, \u0442\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0451 \u0432\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0437 \u043e\u043f\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0443\u043f\u043e\u043c\u044f\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435. \u0425\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043b \u0431\u044b \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0445\u0438\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0443\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u044f\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043b\u0438 \u0443 \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 Raspberry Pi \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u0434\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043d\u044e\u044e \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0443\u044e \u044f \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043b, \u0447\u0442\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":83512,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-83511","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.10 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u0430\u0440\u0443 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434 \u044f \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b \u043e\u0431\u0437\u043e\u0440 Pinebook Pro. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 Raspberry Pi 4 \u0442\u043e\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430 ARM, \u0442\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0451 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Dato che anche il Raspberry Pi 4 \u00e8 basato su ARM, alcune delle ottimizzazioni menzionate nel precedente articolo possono essere adatte. Vorrei condividere questi trucchi e scoprire se anche voi noterete miglioramenti nelle prestazioni. 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