{"id":97454,"date":"2020-10-18T14:42:35","date_gmt":"2020-10-18T12:42:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/barery-i-zhurnaliruemye-fajlovye-sistemy"},"modified":"2020-10-18T14:42:35","modified_gmt":"2020-10-18T12:42:35","slug":"barery-i-zhurnaliruemye-fajlovye-sistemy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/it\/blog\/administrirovanie\/barery-i-zhurnaliruemye-fajlovye-sistemy","title":{"rendered":"Barriere e file system registrabili","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"
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Buon fine settimana a tutti!<\/em><\/strong> Ti invitiamo a una lezione demo gratuita <\/em>\u00abConfigurazione del web server (Apache, Nginx, bilanciamento Nginx)\u00bb<\/em><\/a><\/noindex>, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0451\u0442 \u0410\u043d\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0439 \u0411\u0443\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u2014 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u043f\u043e UNIX-\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c \u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 Mail.Ru Group. \u0410 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044e Jonathan Corbet \u2014 Executive Editor \u0432 LWN.net.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

I file system journaling promettono di liberare gli amministratori di sistema dai problemi di danneggiamento del disco durante i crash di sistema. Anche senza eseguire un controllo dell'integrit\u00e0 del file system. Tuttavia, in realt\u00e0, tutto \u00e8 un po' pi\u00f9 complicato. E come dimostra una recente discussione, potrebbe addirittura essere pi\u00f9 confuso di quanto molti di noi pensino, poich\u00e9 la garanzia dell'integrit\u00e0 dei file system journaling influisce sulle prestazioni.<\/p>\n

\u0424\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a ext3, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0443\u044e \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b. \u041f\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u044d\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0432 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f «\u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0442 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a», \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u0418 \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0442 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430, \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0444\u0438\u043a\u0441\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439-\u0442\u043e \u043c\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044f, \u0442\u043e \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438\u0437-\u0437\u0430 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445.<\/p>\n

\u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u043a\u0430: \u043a\u043e\u0434 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c\u044e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0442 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0435\u043d \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0430\u0431\u0441\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0443\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0430\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0432 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e \u2014 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u044d\u0448\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0443\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f  \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041f\u043e\u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0442 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e \u044f\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a. \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0442 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d \u0440\u0430\u043d\u044c\u0448\u0435, \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d. \u0414\u043b\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u044b. \u041f\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0442\u0438, \u0431\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043b\u044e\u0431\u044b\u0445 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0438, \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e \u0431\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a. \u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044f \u0431\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u044b, \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0433\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0440.<\/p>\n

Ma c'\u00e8 un altro problema: i file system ext3 ed ext4 di default non utilizzano i barrier. L'opzione esiste, ma se l'amministratore non li attiva esplicitamente, questi file system funzionano senza barrier, anche se in alcune distribuzioni (come SUSE) i valori di default sono diversi. Eric Sandeen ha recentemente deciso che questa situazione deve essere cambiata e ha realizzato una patch<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>, che modifica le impostazioni di default per ext3 ed ext4. E cos\u00ec \u00e8 iniziata una vivace discussione.<\/p>\n

Andrew Morton ha risposto molto dettagliatamente a riguardo<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>, spiegando perch\u00e9 il valore di default sia proprio questo:<\/p>\n

\n

L'ultima volta che abbiamo provato a cambiarlo, le prestazioni sono diminuite del 30% sotto molti carichi, quindi ho scartato con orrore tutte quelle patch. Penso che non possiamo permetterci questo, rallentando cos\u00ec seriamente tutti i sistemi...<\/em><\/p>\n

Non ci sono soluzioni ideali, e sono incline a non svegliare questo cane addormentato e a lasciare i parametri di default a discrezione degli sviluppatori delle distribuzioni.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u0422\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u043e \u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0447\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0431\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043e\u0442\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0437\u043d\u043e \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041a\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0432\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0448\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0431\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432. \u0421\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b ext3  \u043d\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0438.<\/p>\n

\u041d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0422\u0435\u0434 \u0422\u0441\u043e (Ted Ts’o) spiega<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> \u00e8 che il journal ext3 \/ ext4 \u00e8 solitamente posizionato in modo continuo. In primo luogo, il driver del file system cerca di crearlo in modo continuo. In secondo luogo, il journal \u00e8 solitamente creato insieme al file system, quando \u00e8 facile trovare uno spazio continuo. La continuit\u00e0 e l\u2019ordinamento sono utili non solo per le prestazioni, ma anche per prevenire il riordino. Di solito, il commit block viene posizionato subito dopo i dati nel journal, quindi il disco non ha motivo di riordinare. Il commit block viene naturalmente scritto su disco subito dopo le altre voci del journal.<\/p>\n

Tuttavia, nessuno sostiene che sia cos\u00ec per sempre. I dischi possono comportarsi in modo diverso. Inoltre, il log funge da buffer circolare. Quindi, quando una transazione viene registrata alla fine del log, il blocco di commit pu\u00f2 trovarsi in un blocco precedente, davanti ad altre registrazioni del log. Quindi, esiste sempre la possibilit\u00e0 di danneggiamento. In effetti, Chris Mason ha per questo test<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>. Non c'\u00e8 dubbio che lavorare senza barriere sia meno sicuro che con esse.<\/p>\n

Se sei disposto ad accettare un colpo alle prestazioni, puoi abilitare le barriere. Questo, ovviamente, se il tuo file system non \u00e8 basato su LVM (come in alcune distribuzioni per impostazione predefinita). Si scopre che il device mapper non supporta le barriere. In altri casi, sarebbe utile ridurre la diminuzione delle prestazioni. E sembra che sia possibile farlo.<\/p>\n

L'attuale implementazione di ext3 (quando le barriere sono attivate) esegue la seguente sequenza di operazioni per ogni transazione:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \n

    I dati vengono scritti nel log<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  2. \n

    Viene eseguita la barriera<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  3. \n

    Viene registrato il blocco di commit<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  4. \n

    Viene eseguita la barriera successiva<\/p>\n<\/li>\n

  5. \n

    Successivamente, i metadati vengono scaricati sul disco<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    In ext4, the first barrier (step 2) can be omitted, as the ext4 file system supports checksums in the journal.<\/p>\n

    If the journal data and commit block are reordered, and the operation is interrupted due to a failure, the journal checksum will not match the one stored in the commit block, and the transaction will be rejected. <\/p>\n

    Chris Mason believes<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0431\u044b «\u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u043e\u043c \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e» \u0443\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0431\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440 \u0438 \u0432 ext3, \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0438\u0441\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b \u0434\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430. <\/p>\n

    Another idea to speed up operations is to defer barrier operations when possible. If there's no urgent need to flush data to disk immediately, multiple transactions can be created in the journal and flushed to disk with a single barrier.<\/p>\n

    \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0443\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0449\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0439, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0431\u0430\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u044b (\u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432 «\u0441\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a») \u043d\u0435 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0431\u043b\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.<\/p>\n

    It seems the time has come to consider how to make the cost of barriers acceptable. Ted Tso seems to be thinking about this. considera in modo analogo<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>:<\/p>\n

    \n

    Penso che dovremmo incorporare i barrieri in ext3\/ext4 e poi lavorare per ridurre il sovraccarico in ext4\/jbd2. \u00c8 probabile che la grande maggioranza dei sistemi non operi in condizioni simili a quelle usate da Chris per dimostrare il problema e la sicurezza del filesystem dovrebbe essere una priorit\u00e0.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n

    Il buon senso mi dice che questo cane non dorme pi\u00f9 e probabilmente abbaier\u00e0 per un po'. Questo potrebbe preoccupare alcuni vicini, ma \u00e8 meglio piuttosto che permettergli di mordere.<\/p>\n

    Sei interessato a svilupparti in questo ambito?<\/em><\/strong> Iscriviti a una lezione Demo gratuita <\/em>\u00abConfigurazione del web server (Apache, Nginx, bilanciamento Nginx)\u00bb<\/em><\/a><\/noindex> e partecipa alla trasmissione <\/em>\u00abLavorare con i log su Linux\u00bb<\/em><\/a><\/noindex>, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0451\u0442 \u041f\u0430\u0432\u0435\u043b \u0412\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0440\u044e\u043a \u2014 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 MVNO, DevOps-\u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440. <\/em><\/p>\n

    Fonte: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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