ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”: ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงืŸ ื”ื”ืฆืคื ื” AES

ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”: ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงืŸ ื”ื”ืฆืคื ื” AES
ืžืื– ืžืื™ 2020, ื”ื—ืœื• ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืžื›ื™ืจื•ืช ืจืฉืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื—ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ WD My Book ื”ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆืคื ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื” AES ืขื ืžืคืชื— 256 ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉืœ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื—ื•ืงื™ื•ืช, ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื ื™ืชืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืจืง ื‘ื—ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœืงื˜ืจื•ื ื™ืงื” ืžืงื•ื•ื ื•ืช ื–ืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืฉื•ืง "ื”ืืคื•ืจ", ืืš ื›ืขืช ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจื›ื•ืฉ ื›ื•ื ืŸ ืžื•ื’ืŸ ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืœ-3 ืฉื ื™ื ืž-Western Digital. ืœื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ื—ืœื˜ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืงืฆืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื”ื•ืคื™ืข ืชืงืŸ ื”ื”ืฆืคื ื” ื”ืžืชืงื“ื ื•ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืชื—ืจื™ื.

ื‘ืžืฉืš ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘, ื”ืชืงืŸ ื”ืจืฉืžื™ ืœื”ืฆืคื ื” ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื” DES (Data Encryption Standard), ืฉืคื•ืชื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ IBM ื•ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืชืงื ื™ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ื™ื ื‘-1977 (FIPS 46-3). ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ืžื‘ื•ืกืก ืขืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฉื’ื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ืฉื ืœื•ืฆื™ืคืจ. ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘-15 ื‘ืžืื™ 1973 ื”ื›ืจื™ื–ื” ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขืœ ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืชืงืŸ ื”ืฆืคื ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืžื™ืจื•ืฅ ื”ื”ืฆืคื ื” ืขื ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ืฆื™ืคืจ, ืฉื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ืจืฉืช Feistel ืžืขื•ื“ื›ื ืช. ื•ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื, ื–ื” ื ื›ืฉืœ: ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ืฉื”ื•ื’ืฉื• ืœืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืœื ืขืžื“ ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืžื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื’ื™ื‘ืฉื• ืžื•ืžื—ื™ NBS.

ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”: ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงืŸ ื”ื”ืฆืคื ื” AES
ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, IBM ืœื ื™ื›ืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื‘ื•ืกื”: ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ื—ืœื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘-27 ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1974, ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื”, ืฉื”ืฆื™ื’ื” ื’ืจืกื” ืžืฉื•ืคืจืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ืฆื™ืคืจ. ื”ืคืขื ืœื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืชืœื•ื ื” ืื—ืช: ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื•ื›ืฉืจืช ืขืœ ื”ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช, ื™ื‘ืž ื‘ื™ื˜ืœื” ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื›ืš ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขืœ ืžื” ืœื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ. ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื–ื›ื” ื‘ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืฅ, ืœื•ืฆื™ืคืจ ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืฉืžื• ืœ-DES ื•ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืจื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ ื‘-17 ื‘ืžืจืฅ 1975.

ืขื ื–ืืช, ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืกื™ืžืคื•ื–ื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืื•ืจื’ื ื• ื‘-1976 ื›ื“ื™ ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ืชืงืŸ ื”ื”ืฆืคื ื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ, DES ืกืคื’ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืงืฉื” ืžืฆื“ ืงื”ื™ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื. ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ื‘ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ NSA: ื‘ืคืจื˜, ืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ืฆื˜ืžืฆื ืœ-56 ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช (ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื•ืฆื™ืคืจ ืชืžืš ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ 64 ื•-128 ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช), ื•ื”ืœื•ื’ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืœื•ืงื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ืชื” . ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื, "ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ืจื™ื" ื”ื™ื• ื—ืกืจื™ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ื—ืชืจื” ืืœื™ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืคื ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ื•ืคืฉื™.

ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœื”ืืฉืžื•ืช ืืœื•, ื”ื•ืงืžื” ื•ืขื“ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ืชื—ืช ื”ืกื ืื˜ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™, ืฉืžื˜ืจืชื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื•ื•ื“ื ืืช ืชืงืคื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื”-NSA. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1978 ืคื•ืจืกื ื‘ืขืงื‘ื•ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืจื” ื“ื•"ื— ืฉืงื‘ืข ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

  • ื ืฆื™ื’ื™ ื”-NSA ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื’ืžืจ ื”-DES ืจืง ื‘ืขืงื™ืคื™ืŸ, ื•ืชืจื•ืžืชื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื” ืจืง ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืคืขื•ืœืช ื‘ืœื•ืงื™ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื”;
  • ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ืฉืœ DES ื”ืชื‘ืจืจื” ื›ืขืžื™ื“ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืคื ื™ ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช ื•ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ืช, ื›ืš ืฉื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืฆื“ืงื™ื;
  • ืื•ืจืš ืžืคืชื— ืฉืœ 56 ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื, ื›ื™ ืฉื‘ื™ืจืช ืฆื•ืคืŸ ื›ื–ื” ื™ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžื—ืฉื‘-ืขืœ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ื“ื•ืœืจื™ื, ื•ืžืื—ืจ ืœืชื•ืงืคื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ืืงืจื™ื ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ื›ืืœื”, ืื™ืŸ ืžื” ืœื“ืื•ื’.

ืžืกืงื ื•ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืื•ืฉืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื—ืœืงื™ ื‘-1990, ื›ืฉื”ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ืืœื™ ื‘ื™ื”ื ื•ืขื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ืจ, ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืฆืคื ื” ื”ื“ื™ืคืจื ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช, ืขืจื›ื• ืžื—ืงืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืœ ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ ื‘ืœื•ืง, ื›ื•ืœืœ DES. ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืžืกืงื ื” ืฉืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืชืžื•ืจื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื™ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืžื”ืžืงื•ืจื™, ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”-NSA ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขื–ืจ ืœืกืชื•ื ื›ืžื” ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื.

ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”: ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงืŸ ื”ื”ืฆืคื ื” AES
ืขื“ื™ ืฉืžื™ืจ

ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ืžื’ื‘ืœื” ืขืœ ืื•ืจืš ื”ืžืคืชื— ื”ืชื‘ืจืจื” ื›ื‘ืขื™ื”, ื•ื—ืžื•ืจื” ืžืื•ื“, ืฉื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืฉื›ื ืข ื‘-1998 ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ DES Challenge II. ื ืขืจืš ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื“ืช RSA. ืžื—ืฉื‘-ืขืœ ื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืคื™ืฆื•ื— DES, ื‘ืฉื ื”ืงื•ื“ EFF DES Cracker, ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื’'ื•ืŸ ื’ื™ืœืžื•ืจ, ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœ EFF ื•ืžื ื”ืœ ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ DES Challenge, ื•ืคื•ืœ ืงื•ืฆ'ืจ, ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืžื—ืงืจ ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื”.

ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”: ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงืŸ ื”ื”ืฆืคื ื” AES
ืžืขื‘ื“ EFF DES Cracker

ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืคื™ืชื—ื• ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื” ืœืžืฆื•ื ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ืœื“ื’ื™ืžื” ืžื•ืฆืคื ืช ืชื•ืš ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ื•ื— ื’ืก ืชื•ืš 56 ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ื“, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืชื•ืš ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื™ืžื™ื. ืœืฉื ื›ืš, DES Cracker ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ื›ืจื‘ืข ืžื›ืœ ื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื’ื ื‘ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ืœื ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืคืจื™ืฆื” ืชื™ืžืฉืš ื›-224 ืฉืขื•ืช, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-10 ื™ืžื™ื. ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ืขืœื•ืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืขืœ, ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืกืคื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืฉืงืขื• ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื•, ืขืžื“ื” ืขืœ 250 ืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืœืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื“. ืœื ืงืฉื” ืœื ื—ืฉ ืฉื›ื™ื•ื ืงืœ ื•ื–ื•ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืคืฆื— ืงื•ื“ ื›ื–ื”: ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ื—ื•ืžืจื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื—ื–ืงื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืืœื ื’ื ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืคืชื—ื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื”ืืงืจ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื ื•ืช ืื• ืœืฉื›ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ - ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืฉืช ื‘ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื ื ื’ื•ืขื™ื ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืจื•ืก.

ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืขื“ ื›ืžื” DES ืžื™ื•ืฉืŸ. ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื” ื ืขืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื‘ื›ืžืขื˜ 50% ืžื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ืฆืคื ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื (ืœืคื™ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขืจื›ืช EFF), ืฉืืœืช ืžืฆื™ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ืคื” ื”ืคื›ื” ืœื“ื—ื•ืคื” ืžืชืžื™ื“.

ืืชื’ืจื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื - ืชื—ืจื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”

ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”: ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงืŸ ื”ื”ืฆืคื ื” AES
ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื”ื’ื™ื ื•ืช, ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืชื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœืชืงืŸ ื”ืฆืคื ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื—ืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื›ื ืช ื”-EFF DES Cracker: ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืœืชืงื ื™ื ื•ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” (NIST) ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘-1997 ื”ื›ืจื™ื– ืขืœ ื”ืฉืงืช ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ ื”ืฆืคื ื” ืฉื ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช "ืชืงืŸ ื–ื”ื‘" ื—ื“ืฉ ืœืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื–. ื•ืื ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืขื‘ืจื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ื“ื•ืžื” ื ืขืจืš ืืš ื•ืจืง "ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื•", ืื–, ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืœื ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช ืฉืœ ืœืคื ื™ 30 ืฉื ื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื” NIST ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช ืคืชื•ื—ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ: ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื•ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืคืจื˜ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง ื‘ื”. ื–ื”, ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื™ืงื•ื ืื• ืื–ืจื—ื•ืช.

ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ืฆื“ื™ืงื” ืืช ืขืฆืžื” ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื: ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช Advanced Encryption Standard ื”ื™ื• ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื (ืจื•ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ, ืืœื™ ื‘ื™ื”ืื, ืœืืจืก ืงื ื•ื“ืกืŸ) ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช IT ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืชืžื—ื•ืช ื‘ืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ (Counterpane). , ื•ืชืื’ื™ื“ื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื (ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช Deutsche Telekom), ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš (KU Leuven, ื‘ืœื’ื™ื”), ื›ืžื• ื’ื ืกื˜ืืจื˜-ืืคื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืžืขื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืขื• ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืžื—ื•ืฅ ืœืžื“ื™ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, Tecnologia Apropriada Internacional ืžืงื•ืกื˜ื” ืจื™ืงื”).

ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืคืขื NIST ืื™ืฉืจื” ืจืง ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช ืœืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื:

  • ื‘ืœื•ืง ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืœ 128 ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช;
  • ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืชืžื•ืš ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื’ื“ืœื™ ืžืคืชื— ืœืคื—ื•ืช: 128, 192 ื•-256 ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.

ื”ืฉื’ืช ืชื•ืฆืื” ื›ื–ื• ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช, ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื, ื”ืฉื˜ืŸ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื: ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื“ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ืŸ. ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืกื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืกื•ืงืจื™ NIST ืืช ื”ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื. ืœื”ืœืŸ ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ืจื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ื™ื ืœื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื:

  1. ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ืื ืœื™ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื™ื“ื•ืขื•ืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืชื—ืจื•ืช, ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืขืจื•ืฆื™ ืฆื“ ืฉืœื™ืฉื™;
  2. ื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื ื” ื—ืœืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืงื•ืœื™ื (ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืื•ืชื ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ื™ื ื–ื” ืžื–ื”, ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฆืคื ื™ื ื–ื”ื™ื);
  3. ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื”ืฆืคื ื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ื•ื–ื”ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช (ืž-8 ืขื“ 64 ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช);
  4. ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื–ืฆื™ื” ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื“ื™ื, ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืงื‘ืœืช ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช;
  5. ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืžื™ื ื™ืžื•ื ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื”-RAM;
  6. ืื™ืŸ ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืชืจื—ื™ืฉื™ื ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื™ื (ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช hash, PRNGs ื•ื›ื•');
  7. ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื•ืงืœ ืœื”ื‘ื ื”.

ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืื•ืœื™ ื ืจืื™ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™, ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ ืœื ืชื— ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ืžื•ื‘ื ื”, ื•ื’ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืกืชื™ืจ ื‘ื• "ืกื™ืžื ื™ื”" ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉืžืคืชื— ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช ืœื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืคื ื™ื.

ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช ืœืชื—ืจื•ืช ืชืงืŸ ื”ืฆืคื ื” ืžืชืงื“ื ื ืžืฉื›ื” ืฉื ื” ื•ื—ืฆื™. ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื• 15 ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื:

  1. CAST-256, ืฉืคื•ืชื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื‘ืจืช Entrust Technologies ื”ืงื ื“ื™ืช ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก CAST-128, ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงืจืœื™ื™ืœ ืื“ืžืก ื•ืกื˜ืืคื•ืจื“ ื˜ื‘ืืจืก;
  2. Crypton, ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ Chae Hoon Lim ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ื”ืกื™ื™ื‘ืจ ื”ื“ืจื•ื ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช Future Systems;
  3. DEAL, ืฉืชืคื™ืกืชื• ื”ื•ืฆืขื” ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื”ื“ื ื™ ืœืืจืก ืงื ื•ื“ืกืŸ, ื•ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื•ืชื—ื• ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืืื•ื˜ืจื‘ืจื™ื“ื’', ืฉื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื”ืฉืชืชืคื•ืช ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช;
  4. DFC, ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜ ืžืฉื•ืชืฃ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ืคืจื™ื–, ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืœืžื—ืงืจ ืžื“ืขื™ (CNRS) ื•ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช France Telecom;
  5. E2, ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื” ื‘ื—ืกื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ืคืŸ, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone;
  6. FROG, ืคืจื™ ื™ื•ื–ืžื” ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ืงื•ืกื˜ื” ืจื™ืงื” Tecnologia Apropriada Internacional;
  7. HPC, ืฉื”ื•ืžืฆื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ืœื•ื’ ื•ื”ืžืชืžื˜ื™ืงืื™ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืฉืจืคืœ ืžืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ืืจื™ื–ื•ื ื”;
  8. LOKI97, ื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืฆืคื ื™ื ื”ืื•ืกื˜ืจืœื™ื™ื ืœื•ืจื ืก ื‘ืจืื•ืŸ ื•ื’'ื ื™ืคืจ ืกื‘ืจื™;
  9. ืžื’'ื ื˜ื”, ืฉืคื•ืชื—ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื™ื™ืงืœ ื’'ื™ื™ืงื•ื‘ืกื•ืŸ ื•ืงืœืื•ืก ื”ื•ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื’ืจืžื ื™ืช Deutsche Telekom AG;
  10. MARS ืž-IBM, ืฉื‘ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื• ื ื˜ืœ ื—ืœืง ื“ื•ืŸ ืงื•ืคืจืกืžื™ืช', ืžืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ืœื•ืฆื™ืคืจ;
  11. RC6, ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ืŸ ืจื™ื‘ืกื˜, ืžืื˜ ืจื•ื‘ืฉื• ื•ืจื™ื™ ืกื™ื“ื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืชื—ืจื•ืช AES;
  12. Rijndael, ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื™ื ืกื ื˜ ืจื™ื™ืžืŸ ื•ื™ื•ื”ืืŸ ื“ืžืŸ ืžื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืงืชื•ืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืœื•ื‘ืŸ;
  13. SAFER+, ืฉืคื•ืชื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืื’ื™ื“ ื”ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ Cylink ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืœืžื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืืจืžื ื™ื”;
  14. ื ื—ืฉ, ืฉื ื•ืฆืจ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืจื•ืก ืื ื“ืจืกื•ืŸ, ืืœื™ ื‘ื™ื”ืื ื•ืœืืจืก ืงื ื•ื“ืกืŸ;
  15. Twofish, ืฉืคื•ืชื— ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื•ืก ืฉื ื™ื™ืจ ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื”ื”ืฆืคื ื” Blowfish ืฉื”ื•ืฆืข ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืก ืขื•ื“ ื‘-1993.

ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืชื•ืฆืื•ืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื–ื•ื”ื• 5 ืคื™ื™ื ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ื›ื•ืœืœ Serpent, Twofish, MARS, RC6 ื•ืจื™ื ื“ืืœ. ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืžืฆืื• ืคื’ืžื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ื ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื, ืžืœื‘ื“ ืื—ื“. ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื ืฆื—? ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืžืขื˜ ืืช ื”ืชื›ื›ื™ื ื•ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืช ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื—ืกืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื.

MARS

ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ "ืืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”", ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืฆืคื ืช ื•ืคืขื ื•ื— ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื, ืืš ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื. ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ืฉืœ ื™ื‘ืž ื”ื™ื” ื–ื•ืœืœ ื›ื•ื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืคืชื™ืข, ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืœื ืžืชืื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื. ื”ื™ื• ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืขื ื”ืงื‘ืœื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื. ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืขื•ืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืขื™ืœื”, MARS ื“ืจืฉื” ืชืžื™ื›ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืคืœ 32 ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื•ืกื™ื‘ื•ื‘ ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืจืฉื™ืžืช ื”ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื ืชืžื›ื•ืช.

MARS ื’ื ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืคื’ื™ืข ืœื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื•ื—, ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืžืคืชื— ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื•ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื–ืžืช ืฉืœื• ื”ืงืฉืชื” ืขืœ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ื”ืืจื›ื™ื˜ืงื˜ื•ืจื” ื•ื™ืฆืจื” ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ื ื”ืžืขืฉื™. ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืคื™ื™ื ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื, MARS ื ืจืืชื” ื›ืžื• ืืื•ื˜ืกื™ื™ื“ืจ ืืžื™ืชื™.

RC6

ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื™ืจืฉ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื˜ืจื ืกืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื“ืžื•, RC5, ืฉื ื—ืงืจ ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ, ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืขื ืžื‘ื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™, ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืฉืงื•ืฃ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืœืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื•ื—ื™ืกืœ ืืช ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ "ืกื™ืžื ื™ื•ืช". ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, RC6 ื”ื“ื’ื™ื ืžื”ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ืฉืœ 32 ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื ื”ืœื™ ื”ื”ืฆืคื ื” ื•ื”ืคืขื ื•ื— ื™ื•ืฉืžื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ื”ื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.

ืขื ื–ืืช, ืœืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืชืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• MARS ื”ื "ืœ: ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืขืจื•ืฅ ืฆื“ื“ื™, ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื‘ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช 32 ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ื’ื ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ, ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื—ื•ืžืจื”. . ื‘ื”ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”, ื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื•ื ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ื”ืชืื™ื ืœืชืคืงื™ื“ ื”ืžื ืฆื—.

ืฉื ื™ ื“ื’ื™ื

Twofish ื”ืชื’ืœื” ื›ื“ื™ ืžื”ื™ืจ ื•ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืกืคืง ื ืžื•ืš, ืขืฉื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ื•ื”ืฆื™ืข ืžืกืคืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื, ืฉืืคืฉืจื• ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื™ืžื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, "ืฉื ื™ ื”ื“ื’ื™ื" ื”ืชื‘ืจืจื• ื›ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื“ืจืš ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฆื“ื“ื™ื™ื (ื‘ืคืจื˜, ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ), ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืžืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื™ื ืžื“ื™, ืฉืื’ื‘. , ื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื’ื ืขืœ ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืžืคืชื—.

ื ึธื—ึธืฉื

ืœืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉืคืฉื˜ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ืฉืœื•, ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื™ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืคืœื˜ืคื•ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื”, ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืงืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืžื” ืฉื’ืจื ืœื• ืœื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืขืœ ื™ืจื™ื‘ื™ื. ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืกืจืคื ื˜ ื”ื™ื”, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืขืงืจื•ื ื™, ื”ืื™ื˜ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื™ื ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ื ื”ืœื™ ื”ื”ืฆืคื ื” ื•ื”ืคืขื ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื• ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช ื•ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื• ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืžื”ื•ืชื™ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื.

ืจื™ื’'ื ื“ืœ

ืจื™ื ื“ืืœ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ื›ืžืงื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื™ื“ื™ืืœ: ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ืขืžื“ ื‘ืžืœื•ืื• ื‘ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”-NIST, ืืžื ื ืœื ื ื—ื•ืช, ื•ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ ืขืœ ืžืชื—ืจื™ื•. ืœ- Reindal ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ืฉืชื™ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœืฉื”: ืคื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืœื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืžืคืชื—, ืฉื”ื•ื ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ืžืื•ื“ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™, ื•ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืžืคืชื— ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื” (ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืคืขืœ ืœืœื ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื ื™ ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ - Serpent ื•- Twofish) . ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื, ืœืจื™ื™ื ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ื•ื— ื—ื•ื–ืง ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ืžืงืฆืช ืžืืฉืจ ืœ-Serpent, Twofish ื•-MARS, ืฉืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืคื™ืฆื•ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืชื• ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืขืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฆื“ื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘. ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ืฉื•ื.

ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื”

ื ึธื—ึธืฉื

ืฉื ื™ ื“ื’ื™ื

MARS

RC6

ืจื™ื’'ื ื“ืœ

ื—ื•ื–ืง ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™

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ืฉื•ืœื™ ื—ื•ื–ืง ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™

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ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื ื” ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื™ื•ืฉืžืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื”

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ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ืžืคืชื— ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื™ื•ืฉืžืช ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื”

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ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”

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ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืขื ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœื™ื

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ื”ื˜ืžืขืช ื—ื•ืžืจื” (FPGA)

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ื”ื˜ืžืขืช ื—ื•ืžืจื” (ืฉื‘ื‘ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“)

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ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื•ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ื›ื•ื—

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ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืขืœ ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืจื—ื‘ืช ื”ืžืคืชื—

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ื”ื’ื ื” ืžืคื ื™ ื”ืชืงืคื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื—ืฉืžืœ ืขืœ ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ื ื—ื›ืžื™ื

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ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื”ืจื—ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืคืชื— ืชื•ืš ื›ื“ื™ ืชื ื•ืขื”

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ื–ืžื™ื ื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื˜ืžืขื” (ืœืœื ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืชืื™ืžื•ืช)

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ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœืžื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœ

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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื, ืจื™ื™ื ื“ืืœ ืขืžื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื‘ื›ืชืคื™ื™ื ืžืขืœ ืžืชื—ืจื™ื•, ื›ืš ืฉืชื•ืฆืืช ื”ื”ืฆื‘ืขื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ืชื‘ืจืจื” ื›ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืœืžื“ื™: ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื–ื›ื” ื‘ื ื™ืฆื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืฅ, ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœ 86 ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื“ ื•ืจืง 10 ื ื’ื“. ื ื—ืฉ ืชืคืก ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืขื 59 ืงื•ืœื•ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ Twofish ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™: 31 ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืขืžื“ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš. ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืข RC6, ื–ื›ื” ื‘-23 ืงื•ืœื•ืช, ื•-MARS ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืจืง 13 ืงื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืขื“ ื•-83 ื ื’ื“.

ื‘-2 ื‘ืื•ืงื˜ื•ื‘ืจ 2000, Rijndael ื”ื•ื›ืจื–ื” ื›ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืชื—ืจื•ืช AES, ื•ืฉื™ื ื” ืืช ืฉืžื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ ืœืชืงืŸ ื”ืฆืคื ื” ืžืชืงื“ื, ืฉืขืœ ืคื™ื• ื”ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื›ื™ื•ื. ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืชืงื™ื ื” ื ืžืฉืš ื›ืฉื ื”: ื‘-26 ื‘ื ื•ื‘ืžื‘ืจ 2001 ื ื›ืœืœื” AES ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืชืงื ื™ ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ืคื“ืจืœื™ื™ื, ื•ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื“ืงืก FIPS 197. ื”ืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชื ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืขืจื›ื” ืจื‘ื” ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”-NSA, ื•ืžืื– ื™ื•ื ื™ 2003, ืืจื”"ื‘ ื”ืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืžื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื–ื™ื”ืชื” ืฉ-AES ืขื ื”ืฆืคื ืช ืžืคืชื— ืฉืœ 256 ืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื” ืžืกืคื™ืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกืžื›ื™ื ืกื•ื“ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ WD My Book ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืฆืคื ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื” AES-256

ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื, Advanced Encryption Standard ื–ื›ื” ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช, ื•ื”ืคืš ืœืื—ื“ ืžืืœื’ื•ืจื™ืชืžื™ ื”ื”ืฆืคื ื” ื”ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื•ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื•ืช ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช (OpenSSL, GnuTLS, ื”-Crypto API ืฉืœ Linux ื•ื›ื•'). AES ื ืžืฆื ื›ืขืช ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื ืจื—ื‘ ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ื ืชืžืš ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื. ื‘ืคืจื˜, ื”ืฆืคื ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื” AES-256 ืžืฉืžืฉืช ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื My Book ืฉืœ Western Digital ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืกื ื™ื. ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืžืงืจื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ื”ืœืœื•.

ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”: ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงืŸ ื”ื”ืฆืคื ื” AES
ืงื• ื›ื•ื ื ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื—ื™ื ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ WD My Book ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื™ืฉื” ื“ื’ืžื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืงื™ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 ื•-14 ื˜ืจื”-ื‘ื™ื™ื˜, ื”ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžืชืื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœืš. ื›ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ืžื—ื“ืœ, ื“ื™ืกืงื™ื ืงืฉื™ื—ื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื exFAT, ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืคืขืœื”, ื›ื•ืœืœ Microsoft Windows 7, 8, 8.1 ื•-10, ื›ืžื• ื’ื Apple macOS ื’ืจืกื” 10.13 (High Sierra) ื•ืžืขืœื”. ืœืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื”ืคืขืœื” Linux ื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ื›ื•ื ืŸ ืงืฉื™ื— ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื ื”ืœ ื”ื”ืชืงืŸ exfat-nofuse.

My Book ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœืš ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžืžืฉืง USB 3.0 ืžื”ื™ืจ, ื”ืชื•ืื ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืขื USB 2.0. ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื–ื” ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืš ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช, ื›ื™ ืจื•ื—ื‘ ื”ืคืก ืฉืœ USB SuperSpeed โ€‹โ€‹ื”ื•ื 5 Gbps (ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, 640 MB/s), ื•ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื•ืชืจ. ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘-10 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช.

ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”: ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงืŸ ื”ื”ืฆืคื ื” AES
ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื”ืกืคืจ ืฉืœื™ ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืชืงื ืช ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช Plug and Play ื”ืžื–ื”ื” ื•ืžื’ื“ื™ืจื” ื”ืชืงื ื™ื ื”ื™ืงืคื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™, ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื—ื‘ื™ืœืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื”ืงื ื™ื™ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ WD Discovery ืฉืžื’ื™ืขื” ืขื ื›ืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ.

ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ื™ืชื”: ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืชืงืŸ ื”ื”ืฆืคื ื” AES
ื”ืกื˜ ื›ื•ืœืœ ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืฉื•ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื:

ื›ืœื™ ืขื–ืจ ืœื›ื•ื ืŸ WD

ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืš ืœืงื‘ืœ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขื“ื›ื ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ SMART ื•ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืช ื”ื›ื•ื ืŸ ื”ืงืฉื™ื— ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืกืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ืคื’ื•ืžื™ื. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื‘ืขื–ืจืช Drive Utilities, ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืจื•ืก ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘-My Book ืฉืœืš: ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืœื ืจืง ื™ื™ืžื—ืงื•, ืืœื ื’ื ื™ื•ื—ืœืคื• ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืขืžื™ื, ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉืœืžืช ื”ื”ืœื™ืš.

ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ WD

ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื–ื”, ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืœื•ื— ื–ืžื ื™ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืจ. ืจืื•ื™ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉ-WD Backup ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขื Google Drive ื•-Dropbox, ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืžืงื•ืจ-ื™ืขื“ ืืคืฉืจื™ ื‘ืขืช ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™. ื›ืš, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืž-My Book ืœืขื ืŸ ืื• ืœื™ื™ื‘ื ืืช ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื•ื”ืชื™ืงื™ื•ืช ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ืžื”ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื”ืจืฉื•ืžื™ื ื’ื ืœื›ื•ื ืŸ ืงืฉื™ื— ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ื•ื’ื ืœืžื›ื•ื ื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช. ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœื›ื, ืžื” ืฉืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืขื•ืชืงื™ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ื ืžื”ืคืจื•ืคื™ืœ ืฉืœื›ื.

WD Security

ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื›ืœื™ ื–ื” ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื”ื’ื™ืฉื” ืœื›ื•ื ืŸ ืขื ืกื™ืกืžื” ื•ืœื ื”ืœ ื”ืฆืคื ืช ื ืชื•ื ื™ื. ื›ืœ ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ืœืฉื ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืกื™ืกืžื” (ืื•ืจื›ื” ื”ืžืจื‘ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœ-25 ืชื•ื•ื™ื), ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื“ื™ืกืง ื™ื•ืฆืคืŸ, ื•ืจืง ืžื™ ืฉืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื”ืกื™ืกืžื” ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืฉืช ืœืงื‘ืฆื™ื ื”ืฉืžื•ืจื™ื. ืœื ื•ื—ื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคืช, WD Security ืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืžื”ื™ืžื ื™ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื, ื™ื‘ื˜ืœื• ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื ืขื™ืœื” ืฉืœ My Book.

ื ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื›ื™ WD Security ืžืกืคืงืช ืจืง ืžืžืฉืง ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ื ื•ื— ืœื ื™ื”ื•ืœ ื”ื’ื ื” ืงืจื™ืคื˜ื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืฆืคื ืช ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืžืชื‘ืฆืขืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื”. ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ืžืกืคืงืช ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ:

  • ืžื—ื•ืœืœ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืืงืจืื™ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืžืจื”, ื‘ืžืงื•ื PRNG, ืื—ืจืื™ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื ื”, ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืจืžื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœ ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื™ื” ื•ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื–ืง ื”ื”ืฆืคื ื” ืฉืœื”ื;
  • ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื”ืฆืคื ื” ื•ื”ืคืขื ื•ื—, ืžืคืชื—ื•ืช ื”ืฆืคื ื” ืื™ื ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืœ-RAM ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘, ื•ื’ื ืœื ืขื•ืชืงื™ื ื–ืžื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื• ื‘ืชื™ืงื™ื•ืช ื ืกืชืจื•ืช ื‘ื›ื•ื ืŸ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช, ืžื” ืฉืขื•ื–ืจ ืœืžื–ืขืจ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืœื™ื™ืจื•ื˜ ืฉืœื”ื;
  • ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื•ื ืฆื•ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ ืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืœืงื•ื—;
  • ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื”ื’ื ื”, ื”ืฆืคื ืช ืงื‘ืฆื™ื ืชืชื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื•ื˜ื•ืžื˜ื™, "ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื”", ืœืœื ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืคืขื•ืœื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืžืฆื“ ื”ืžืฉืชืžืฉ.

ื›ืœ ื”ืืžื•ืจ ืœืขื™ืœ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืื‘ื˜ื—ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœืš ืœื‘ื˜ืœ ื›ืžืขื˜ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื ื™ื‘ืช ืžื™ื“ืข ืกื•ื“ื™. ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ื•ื ืŸ, ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช My Book ืœืื—ื“ ืžื”ืชืงื ื™ ื”ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ืจื•ืกื™.

ืžืงื•ืจ: www.habr.com

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