ืื™ืš ื”ืคื›ื” ื ื“ื™ื” ืœื ื“ื–'ื“ื” ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœื•ื‘ื ื”

ืื ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ืฉืœื ื•, NUST MISIS, ื”ื ืงืจืืช "ื”ื•ื’ื•ื•ืจื˜ืก ื”ืื“ื•ื". ื”ื™ื•ื - ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื—ืœื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜.

ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื” ืขื ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืงื”? "ื”ืกืชื›ืœืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื™ - ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืฉืœื™ ื ืคืฆืขื” ืžืกื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช."

ื‘ึผึฐื“ึดื™ื•ึผืง. ื’ื ืื ืœื ืชื›ื ืกื• ืœืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ืฉื•ื‘ ื ืœื—ืžื™ื "ืžืคื•ืฆืฆื™ื ื‘ืชืคื–ื•ืจืช", "ืงื•ืžืžื™ื•ืช" ื•"ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื" ืขื“ ืžื•ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜, ื”ืฆืจื—ื•ืช ืžืชืจื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืื•ื”ื“ื™ื ืžืชื—ืžืžื™ื, ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืข . ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื”ื’ืฉืžื” ืžื™ื™ื“ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ื•ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.

ื”ืื ืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื™ื™ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืืžื™ืชื™ ืื—ื“? ื›ืคื™ ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื” ืืฆืœื™ ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ืœื ืฉืœื, ืงื˜ื•ืข, ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉืคื ื™.

ืขื‘ื•ืจื™, ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืืชืจ "ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ", ืฉื‘ื• ืžืชืืกืคื™ื ืืกืคื ื™ ื’ืœื•ื™ื•ืช. ืฉื ื”ื ืžืฆืื• ื”ืชื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื ื•ืช, ืฉืชื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืฉืชื™ ื ื“ื™ื”.

ืื™ืš ื”ืคื›ื” ื ื“ื™ื” ืœื ื“ื–'ื“ื” ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœื•ื‘ื ื”

ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ - ื”ื”ืชื›ืชื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืกื ื˜ ืคื˜ืจืกื‘ื•ืจื’, ืฉืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื ืกืขื” ืœืงื™ืฅ ืขื ืื‘ื ืฉืœื” ืœื–'ืœื–ื ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืกืง ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืื– ื ื•ืคืฉ, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืžืฉืชืขืžืžืช ื‘ื“ืืฆ'ื” ืฉืœื” - ื•ื–ื” ื ื“ื™ืจ - ื‘ืงืืœื•ืžืงื™.

ื™ื•ื ื™ 1908, ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”, ืชืฉืข ืฉื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”. ื ืื“ื™ื” ืกื˜ื•ืงื•ืœืงื™ื ื” ืฉื•ืœื—ืช ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ืขื ื ื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืงืœื•ืžืงื™ ืœื ื“ื™ื” ืกืจื’ื™ื™ื‘ื”:

"ื ื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ืงืจื”! ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืš ืขืœ ืžื›ืชื‘ืš. ืžื” ืฉืœื•ืžืš? ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืœื“ืืฆ'ื” ื‘-28 ื‘ืžืื™. ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘, ืจืง ืžื“ื™ ืคืขื ื™ื•ืจื“ ื’ืฉื. ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืจืง ืœื ืฉืง ืืช ืฉื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ื•ืืžื” ื ืกืขื• ืœื—ื•"ืœ. ืื ื™ ืฉื•ืœื— ืœืš ืžื‘ื˜ ืขืœ ื›ื ืกื™ื™ืช ืงืœื•ืžื™ืืง. ืื ื™ ืžื ืฉืง ืื•ืชืš ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช 1000000000000000000000000000000 ืคืขืžื™ื.
ื ืื“ื™ื” ืกื˜ื•ืงื•ืœืงื™ื ื”, ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืื•ืชืš.

ืื™ืš ื”ืคื›ื” ื ื“ื™ื” ืœื ื“ื–'ื“ื” ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœื•ื‘ื ื”

ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ื”ืžืžืฉื™ื›ื” ืืช "ืชื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื”ื“ืืฆ'ื”", ื ืฉืœื—ื” ืืจื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืื•ื’ื•ืกื˜ 1912.

ืื™ืš ื”ืคื›ื” ื ื“ื™ื” ืœื ื“ื–'ื“ื” ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœื•ื‘ื ื”

ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ื ืฉืœื—ื” ืž-Kuokkala ืœืชื—ื ืช Terijoki, Vammelsu, Metsekuli, ื”ื“ืืฆ'ื” ืฉืœ Sycheva. ื”ื ืžืขื ืช ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื” ื ื“ื™ื” ืกืจื’ื™ื™ื‘ื”.

ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœื•, ื”ืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืจื’ืฉ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืžื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื”ืŸ, ื•ื”ืชื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื. ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื ืžืชืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘"ื”ื’ืื“ื’'ื˜ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ" ื•ืžืฆืœืžื™ื ืขืœ ืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฆื™ืœื•ื:

ื ื“ื™ื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ืงืจื”! ืื™ืš ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœืš. ื”ืื ื”ืชืื•ืฉืฉืช? ืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ื™ ืœื ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืžืš ื›ืœื•ื. ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืชื—ืจื•ืช. ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืฉื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื. ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžืคืชื— ืืช ื”ืชืงืœื™ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™? ืื ื™ ืœื”ื•ื˜ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืžื•ื ื” ื”ื ืคืœืื” ืฉืœื™. ื‘ื™ื™ ื ืชืจืื”. ืื ื™ ืžื ืฉืง ืื•ืชืš ืขืžื•ืง ื•ืœื‘ื‘ื™.

ืื™ืš ื”ืคื›ื” ื ื“ื™ื” ืœื ื“ื–'ื“ื” ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœื•ื‘ื ื”

ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘-1913, ื•ื‘ื” ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ื ืื“ื™ื” ืกืจื’ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจืชื” ื ืื“ื™ื” ืกื˜ื•ืงื•ืœืงื™ื ื” - ืฉื, ื‘ืงืœื•ืžืงื™ ืžืงื•ื•ืงื”ืœื”.

ืื™ืš ื”ืคื›ื” ื ื“ื™ื” ืœื ื“ื–'ื“ื” ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœื•ื‘ื ื”

ื ื“ื™ื•ืฉื” ื”ื™ืงืจื”. ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื”. ืืžื ื ืชื ื” ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก, ื•ืื ื™ ืื‘ื•ื ืืœื™ืš ื‘ืฉื‘ืช, ื‘ืขืจืš ืื—ืจื™ ืืจื•ื—ืช ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื‘ืฉืขื” 7 ืื• 8, ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืคื’ื•ืฉ ืืช ืื‘ื. ืื ื™ ื ื•ืจื ืฉืžื— ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชืš. ื‘ื™ื™. ืื ื™ ืžื ืฉืง ืื•ืชืš ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช.
ืฉืœืš ื ืื“ื™ื”.

ืื™ืš ื”ืคื›ื” ื ื“ื™ื” ืœื ื“ื–'ื“ื” ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœื•ื‘ื ื”

ื–ื•, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืชื›ืชื‘ื•ืช. ืžืกื›ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื–ื” ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื™ื•ื—ื“. ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืฉื—ืœืฃ ืžื–ืžืŸ.

ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืกืงืจื ื™ื ื•ืกืงืจื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืืชืจ "ืžื›ืชื‘ื™ื ืžื”ืขื‘ืจ" ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ืืช ื–ื”ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื.

ื ื“ื™ื” ืกื˜ื•ืงื•ืœืงื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืจืงื“ืŸ ื”ื‘ืœื˜ ื”ืจื•ืกื™ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื˜ื™ืžื•ืคื™ื™ ืืœื›ืกื™ื™ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืกื˜ื•ืงื•ืœืงื™ืŸ.

ืื™ืš ื”ืคื›ื” ื ื“ื™ื” ืœื ื“ื–'ื“ื” ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœื•ื‘ื ื”

ืื‘ื™ื”, ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ื˜ื™ืžื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืกื˜ื•ืงื•ืœืงื™ืŸ, ื”ื™ื” ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื•ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ืช ืœืืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช. ื‘ืฉื ืช 1891 ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืš ืœืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื™ื ื”ืœืช ื”ืืจืžื•ืŸ, ื•ืขื“ 1917 ืžื™ืœื ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื–ื”, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื“ืจื’ืช "ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื”".

ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ืžืขื˜ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื• ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ื”ืงืคืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืกื™ืš ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื ื‘ืกืงื™ ื‘ื’ื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื’ืŸ ื”ืงื™ืฅ, ืฉื”ื•ืงืžื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื ืกื™ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืงืจืงื•ื–ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ. II. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืงื™ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ื›ืš:

ืื™ืš ื”ืคื›ื” ื ื“ื™ื” ืœื ื“ื–'ื“ื” ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœื•ื‘ื ื”

ื‘ืกื ื˜ ืคื˜ืจืกื‘ื•ืจื’ ื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืฉื˜ื•ืงื•ืœืงื™ื ืก ืขืœ ืกื•ืœืœืช ืคื•ื ื˜ื ืงื” 2, ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜, ืฉื”ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื ื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื 1907-1909.

ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืฉื˜ื•ืงื•ืœืงื™ืŸ ื ืฉืืจื” ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”; ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืขื‘ื“ ื ื™ืงื•ืœืื™ ื˜ื™ืžื•ืคื™ื™ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื›ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœ ื•ืžื”ื ื“ืก.

ื”ื•ื ืžืช ืžืจืขื‘ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื ื•ืจื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฆื•ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 78.

ืœื ืžืฆืืชื™ ืžื™ื“ืข ืขืœ ื’ื•ืจืœื” ืฉืœ ื ื“ื™ื” ืกื˜ืงื•ืœืงื™ื ื”.

ืจืง ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื’ื ื”ื™ื ื ืคื˜ืจื” ืžื–ืžืŸ - ื—ื‘ืจื™ื” ื ื•ืœื“ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ืื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื”, ืื•, ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื” ื”-XNUMX.

ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืฉื, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื“ืืฆ'ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืฉื˜ื•ืงื•ืœืงื™ื ืก ื‘ืงืœื•ืžืงื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ืžืฉื ื›ืชื‘ื” ื ืื“ื™ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจืชื” ื‘ืงื•ื•ืงื–, ื•ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ื ื“ื™ื” ืกืจื’ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืขืžื“ื” ืœื‘ื•ื ืœ"ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืคื™ื’'ืžื•ืช" ื‘-1913. ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ื›ืคืจ ืงืœื•ืžื™ืืงื™ ื ืงืจื ื›ื™ื•ื "ืงื•ืžืจื•ื‘ื•". ื›ืŸ, ื›ืŸ, ืื•ืชื• ืžืงื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœืฉื‘ื•ืข.

ื•ื”ื“ืืฆ'ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืกื˜ื•ืงื•ืœื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืžืืจื•ื‘ื• ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ:

ืื™ืš ื”ืคื›ื” ื ื“ื™ื” ืœื ื“ื–'ื“ื” ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœื•ื‘ื ื”

ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืืŸ, ืžื–ื•ื•ื™ืช ืื—ืจืช:

ืื™ืš ื”ืคื›ื” ื ื“ื™ื” ืœื ื“ื–'ื“ื” ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœื•ื‘ื ื”

ื‘ืืฉืจ ื ื“ื™ื” ืกืจื’ื™ื™ื‘ื”, ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžื”ื ื“ืก ื”ืžื›ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ื•ืกื™ืœื™ื™ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืกืจื’ื™ื™ื‘, ื”ื™ื“ืจื•ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ ืจื•ืกื™ ื•ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืžืคื•ืจืกื, ืžืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”. ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ื•ืืกื™ืœื‘ื™ืฅ' ื”ื™ื” ืžื’ืœื” ืคื™ืื˜ื’ื•ืจืกืง ื ืจื–ืืŸ (1890), ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœืงืช ื”ื›ืจื™ื™ื” ืขื ืžืฉื›ื•ืจืช ืฉืœ 1500 ืจื•ื‘ืœ, ื—ื‘ืจ ืžืœื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื’ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืช ื”ืจื•ืกื™ืช ื•ื—ื‘ืจ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืขืœ ืคืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.

ืื™ืš ื”ืคื›ื” ื ื“ื™ื” ืœื ื“ื–'ื“ื” ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœื•ื‘ื ื”

ืื’ื‘, ืื—ื“ ืžืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืงื‘ืขื• ืืช ื’ื•ืจืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืกื•ืฆ'ื™, ืฉื‘ื” ืžืชื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืงื ื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ. ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื” ืžื•ืžื—ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ืœื—ืงืจ ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืงื•ื•ืงื–. ื—ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืกืจื’ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ื™ื• ืืœื” ืฉื‘ืกื™ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ื•ื•ืขื“ื” ื”ืฆื™ื’ื• ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžืคื•ืจื˜ื™ื ืœืงื‘ื™ื ื˜ ื”ืฉืจื™ื ืขืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื ื•ืคืฉ ืฉืœ ืกื•ืฆ'ื™ ื•ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”.

ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ืกืจื’ื™ื™ื‘ ืขืฉื” ื“ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืœืžืขืŸ ืกื•ืฆ'ื™, ื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื ืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื™ืฅ ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชืจ ืืฃ ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจ (ืกื’ืŸ) ื™ื•"ืจ ืกื ื™ืฃ ืกื•ืฆ'ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ื•ืงื–ื™ - ื”ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืžื™ื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื™ื. ื•ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื.

ืื™ืš ื”ืคื›ื” ื ื“ื™ื” ืœื ื“ื–'ื“ื” ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœื•ื‘ื ื”
ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ ืกื ื™ืฃ ืกื•ืฆ'ื™ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ื”ืจื™ื ื”ืงื•ื•ืงื–ื™ ืขื•ืจื›ื™ื ื˜ื™ื•ืœ ืœืื’ื ืงืจื“ื™ื‘ืืš. ืงืจืกื ื™ื” ืคื•ืœื™ืื ื”. ื‘ื“ืืฆ'ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ื ื˜ื™ื ื•ื‘. 1915

ืจืืฉ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืกืจื’ื™ื™ื‘ ื”ืœืš ืžื“ื™ ืฉื ื” ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื (ืคื•ืœื™ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ื‘ืกืงื™ื” (1894), Starorusskie (1899, ืฉื‘ื™ ื‘-1905), ืงื•ื•ืงื–ื™ (1903), ืœื™ืคื˜ืกืง (1908), ืกืจื’ื™ื™ื‘ืกืงื™ (1913), ื•ื›ื•'), ื›ืš ืฉื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ืจื” ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžืกื•ืฆ'ื™ ืœื–'ืœื–ื ื•ื‘ื•ื“ืกืง, ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืจื›ืฉื” ืฉื ื‘ื™ืช ืœืžื’ื•ืจื™ ืงื™ืฅ...

ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื ืื“ื™ื” ืกืจื’ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืฉืขืžืžืช.

ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื ืฉืืจื• ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืกืจื’ื™ื™ื‘ ื‘ืžื•ืœื“ืชื. ืื‘ื™ ื›ื™ื”ืŸ ื‘ืžื•ืขืฆื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ืช ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืžืฉื ืช 1918, ื”ื™ื” ืจืืฉ ืžื“ื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ื ื”ืžื™ื ืจืœื™ื™ื ื•ื™ื•"ืจ ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื’ืœื‘ืกื•ืœ. ื”ื•ื ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœื”ื•ืจืื” ื‘ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœื›ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” - ื”ื•ื’ื•ื•ืจื˜ืก ื”ืื“ื•ื ืฉืœื™.

ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืคืงื•ืœื˜ื” ืœื›ืจื™ื™ื” (ื‘-1921 ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืœ-V.A. Obruchev, ืฉื”ื™ื” ืืงื“ืžืื™, ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจ "ืคืœื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ื”" ื•"ืืจืฅ ืกืื ื™ืงื•ื‘"), ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ, ืจืืฉ ื”ืžื—ืœืงื” ืœื”ื™ื“ืจื•ื’ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” .

ืื™ืš ื”ืคื›ื” ื ื“ื™ื” ืœื ื“ื–'ื“ื” ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœื•ื‘ื ื”

ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™, ื‘ื ื™ ื”ื–ื•ื’ ืกืจื’ื™ื™ื‘ ืฉืจื“ื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ, ืืœื ืฉื”ื ื ืืœืฆื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžืกื ื˜ ืคื˜ืจื‘ื•ืจื’ ืœืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”. ื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืžื—ื” ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉื™ - ื›ื•ืœื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืชื ืื™ ื”ื ืœื ื™ื™ืฉืืจื• ืœืœื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.

ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ื•ืกื™ืœื™ื™ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืกืจื’ื™ื™ื‘ ื—ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืืจื•ื›ื™ื ื•ืคื•ืจื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“. ื”ื•ื ืžืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”, ื‘-1939, ืื‘ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื‘ืžืื™ 1938, ื”ืืงื“ืžืื™ V.I. Vernadsky ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืžื ื•: "ื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœ ื•ืกื™ืœื™ื™ื‘ื™ืฅ' ืกืจื’ื™ื™ื‘, ืžื”ื ื“ืก ืžื›ืจื•ืช ื–ืงืŸ (ืžืขืœ ื’ื™ืœ 80), ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืœืžื™ื. ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ืจื• ืื™ืชื• ืขืœ ืงื™ื•ื ื•ืขื“ื” ืขืœ ืคืชืง ืฉืœ ื”ื ืฉื™ืื•ืช (ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœืžื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช) ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื’ื ืช ืžื™ื".

ื•ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื ื“ื™ื”... ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื ื“ื™ื” ื’ื“ืœื”.

ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืจืขื‘ื•ืช, ืื– ื ืื“ื™ื” ื”ืœื›ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื‘ื’ื™ืžื ืกื™ื” ื•ื”ืฉืคืขืชื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื” ื”ืกืคื™ืงื• ืœื ืขืจื” ืฆืขื™ืจื” ืœื”ืชืงื‘ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจื’ ื ืžื•ืš ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœื›ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” ื‘-1922. ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžืช "ื›ืœ ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”" ืœืฉื ืช 1929

ืื™ืš ื”ืคื›ื” ื ื“ื™ื” ืœื ื“ื–'ื“ื” ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœื•ื‘ื ื”

ืื ื—ื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉื ืฉืœ ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•:

ืื™ืš ื”ืคื›ื” ื ื“ื™ื” ืœื ื“ื–'ื“ื” ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœื•ื‘ื ื”

ื‘ืืžืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ืขืช ื‘ืื™ืœื• ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื” ื ืื“ื™ื” ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™, ื‘ื ื™ ื’ื™ืœื”, ื‘"ื’ื•ืจื™ ื”ื–ืื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”" ื”ืื ืืœืคื‘ื™ืชื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ืคื• ืจื™ื— ื“ื, ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืชื ื” ืœื”ื ืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ื”? ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืคืื“ื™ื™ื‘ ื•ื–ืื•ื•ื ื™ืื’ื™ืŸ, ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉื˜ืคื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืืช ื”ืคื™ื— ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ื”ืื–ืจื—ื™ื... ื‘ื”ืขืจืฆื”? ืขื ืคื—ื“? ืขื ืงื ืื”? ื—ื•ึนืฉืึตืฉื? ืขื ื’ื•ืขืœ ื ืคืฉ? ืขื ืฉื ืื”?

ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ - ื›ื•ืœื ืขื–ื‘ื•.

ืชืžื™ื“ ืชื”ื™ืชื™ ืื™ืš ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ื“ืืฆ'ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ื•ืงืืœื” ื•ืื‘ื•ืช - ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืขืฆืช ืžื“ื™ื ื” ืฉืฉื™ืžืฉื• ื›ืืฆื•ืœื” ืชื•ืจืฉืชื™ืช - ืื™ืš ื”ื ืชืคืกื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืกืขืจื” ืฉื”ืฉืชื•ืœืœื” ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื” ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื”?

ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื•ืชื” ื ื“ื™ื” ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื’ืžืจื™, ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžื•ื›ื ื” ื›ืœืœ ืœืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ื‘-1917. ื•ืื–, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืขืฉืจื™ื, ื”ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืจืืชื” ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืขื•ื–ืจืช ื”ืกืคืจื ื™ืช ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืžืœื›ืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”, ืฉืื‘ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื—, ื›ืืžืฆืขื™ ื–ืžื ื™, ื›ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืฉื‘ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื...

ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขืœ Kaluzhskaya ื”ื•ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.

ืื™ืš ื”ืคื›ื” ื ื“ื™ื” ืœื ื“ื–'ื“ื” ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœื•ื‘ื ื”

ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ืฉ ืคืขืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื™, ื•ื ืฆื˜ืจืš ืœืงืคื•ืฅ ื™ืฉืจ ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”-20 ืœ-50.

ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขืฆื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”. ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ื ืกื˜ืœื™ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืขื™ื›ื”. ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ - ื”ืžื ื”ื™ื’ ื–ืงืŸ, ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื ื’ืžืจ, ื›ื•ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื™ืงืจื” ืื—ืจ ื›ืš. ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื ื”ืœ ื›ืžืชื•ื›ื ืŸ.

ื‘ื›ืœืœ, 1951.

ื‘ืชืคื•ืฆืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืœื“ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื” - ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ืœื›ืจื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžื•ืกืงื‘ื”, ื‘ื’ื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืจืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืฉื ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจ "ืคืœื“ื”" - ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช "ื ืฉื•ืช ืืจืฅ ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ื–ื".

ื”ืคืชืง ื ืงืจื "ืื—ื“ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื".

ื•ื‘ื•, ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ืฃ, ืชืฆืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืชืœืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ, ื ืื“ื™ื” ืกืจื’ื™ื™ื‘ื”.

ืื™ืš ื”ืคื›ื” ื ื“ื™ื” ืœื ื“ื–'ื“ื” ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœื•ื‘ื ื”

ื•ื”ื”ืขืจื” ื›ืืŸ:

ืื ืชืฉืืœื• ืืช ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืคืœื“ื” ืžื™ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื ื“ื–'ื“ื” ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœื•ื‘ื ื” ืกืจื’ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช.

ื .ืž. ืกืจื’ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืžืื– ื”ืงืžืชื• ื•ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ืช ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืขื ืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ื›ืจืืฉ ื”ืกืคืจื™ื™ื”. ื”ื™ื ืคืขื™ืœื” ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ืžื•ื›ื—ืช ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื™ืœื”, ื—ื‘ืจื” ืงื‘ื•ืขื” ื‘ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ืฉืœ ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ื›ื™ื•ื ืžื–ื›ื™ืจืช ืœืฉื›ืช ื”ืžืคืœื’ื” ื•ืจืืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื’ ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ. ื ืื“ื–'ื“ื” ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœื•ื‘ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืžืืจื’ื ืช ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช, ื‘ืขืœืช ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื•ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืœืขื•ืจืจ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช, ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช. ื ื“ื–'ื“ื” ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœื•ื‘ื ื” ืœื ืœื•ืงื—ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื—ื™ื™ื‘ ื–ืืช. ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•ืžื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ืืช ื .ืž. ืกืจื’ื™ื™ื‘ื”; ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืืœื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขืฆื•ืช ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืกื•ืฆื™ืืœื™ืช, ืืœื ื’ื ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืจื—ื‘ ืฉืœ ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื.

ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืงืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื .ืž. ืกืจื’ื™ื™ื‘ื” ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื–ื• ืื• ืื—ืจืช ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•, ืžื•ื ื—ื™ืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขื™ืงืจื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื—ื‘ืจ ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœื™ ื”ื ื‘ื• ื–ืžื ื™ืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื•ื”ื“ืื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœืœ. ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืชื•.

ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื”, ืœ-N.M. Sergeeva ื™ืฉ ืžืกืคืจ ืคืจืกื™ื ืžืžืฉืœืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื ืฆื•ื™ื ื” ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื“ื™ืจืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืื—ื“ ืžืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื• ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืฉืžื” ื ื›ืœืœ ื‘"ืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“" ืฉืœ ื”ืžื›ื•ืŸ.

ืชืŸ ืœืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืžืขื˜ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ืœืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœื—ื‘ืจ. ื .ืž. ืกืจื’ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืžื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื›ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื”".

ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ืœื’ ืขืœ ืขื•ื“ ืขืฉื•ืจ.

16 ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 1962

ืขื™ื“ืŸ ืื—ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™: ื”ื—ื™ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื’ื’ืจื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื–ืงืŸ ืฉืœ ืคื™ื“ืœ ืงืกื˜ืจื• ืฉืœื˜ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื›ื•ืœื ื“ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืจื“ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื ื’ื“ ื“ื” ื’ื•ืœ ื‘ืืœื’'ื™ืจื™ื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ ื˜ื™ื™ืก ื”ืจื™ื’ื•ืœ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ ืคืจื ืกื™ืก ืคืื•ื•ืจืก ืœืงืฆื™ืŸ ื”ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ ืจื•ื“ื•ืœืฃ ืื‘ืœ. ื—ืจื•ืฉืฆ'ื•ื‘ ืžืชืื—ื•ื•ื” ืขื ื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆืจื™ื ื’ืžืืœ ืขื‘ื“ ืืœ ื ืืฆืจ, ื”ืคืจืง ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” "ืžื•ืขื“ื•ืŸ ื”ืขืœื™ื–ื™ื ื•ืชื•ืฉื™ื”" ืฉื•ื“ืจ, ื•ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘ ื™ืคืจื•ืฅ ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืงื™ืฅ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืžื ื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื - ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื‘ืคื‘ืจื•ืืจ 62 , ื”ื”ืงืœื˜ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ืœืก ืœืจื“ื™ื• ื”ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘-BBC.

ืื™ืš ื”ืคื›ื” ื ื“ื™ื” ืœื ื“ื–'ื“ื” ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœื•ื‘ื ื”

ื•ื”ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ "ืคืœื“ื”" ืคืจืกื ืžืืžืจ "ื ืฉืžืช ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘" ื‘ื˜ื•ืจ "ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื".

ืื™ืš ื”ืคื›ื” ื ื“ื™ื” ืœื ื“ื–'ื“ื” ืžื™ื›ืื™ืœื•ื‘ื ื”

ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช, ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืžืฉ ืกื‘ืชื, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื ื•ืชืจื” ืœืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™, ืžื” ืฉืžื•ืจื’ืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื ื’ื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื ื”ื’ ืื–. ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื–ื™ื™ืฃ ืืช ื–ื”.

ื”ื™ื ื ืจืืชื” ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืืžืช. ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ื”ื›ื™ ืงืœ, ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื”, ืœื“ืขืชื™, ื—ื™ื™ื ืจืื•ื™ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.

ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ื•.

ืžื” ืขืœื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืกื™ื›ื•ื, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™, ื”ืžืชื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ื˜ืจื ื˜?

ื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืชืชื›ื•ื ื ื• ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ืžื” ืขื“ื™ืฃ - ืชืœืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ื•ืจื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื™ื ืื• ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ืกื•ื‘ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื, ื–ื›ืจื• ืืช ื”ืคืชืง ื”ื–ื” ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜.

ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื.

ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœื ื•.

ื”ื•ื•ืœื’ื” ื–ื•ืจืžืช ืœื™ื ื”ื›ืกืคื™.

ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืคืจื“ืช.

ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ื–ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื˜ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืชืฆื•ืจื•ืช - ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ืกื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืกื‘ืชื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื•ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.

ื•ืชื•ื“ื” ืœืืœ, ืื™ืŸ ืงืฅ ื‘ืื•ืคืง ืœื ื”ืจ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”.

ืžืงื•ืจ: www.habr.com

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