ã·ãªãŒãºã®ä»ã®èšäº:
- ãªã¬ãŒã®æŽå²
- é»åã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã®æŽå²
- ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã®æŽå²
- ã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããã®æŽå²
1960 幎代åã°ãŸã§ã«ãæåã®ã¿ã€ã ã·ã§ã¢ãªã³ã° ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã° ã·ã¹ãã ã¯ãæåã®é»è©±äº€ææ©ã®åæã®æŽå²ãã»ãŒåçŸããŠããŸããã èµ·æ¥å®¶ãã¡ã¯ãå å
¥è
ãã¿ã¯ã·ãŒãå»åž«ãæ¶é²å£ã®ãµãŒãã¹ãå©çšã§ããããã«ããããã«ãããã®ã¹ã€ãããäœæããŸããã ããããå å
¥è
ã¯ããã«ãããŒã«ã«äº€ææ©ãçžäºã«éä¿¡ããã亀æµãããããã®ã«åæ§ã«é©ããŠããããšã«æ°ã¥ããŸããã åæ§ã«ãã¿ã€ã ã·ã§ã¢ãªã³ã° ã·ã¹ãã ã¯ãæåã¯ãŠãŒã¶ãŒãèªåã§ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã° ãã¯ãŒããåŒã³åºããããšãã§ããããã«èšèšãããŸããããããã«ã¡ãã»ãŒãžã³ã°ãçµã¿èŸŒãŸãããŠãŒãã£ãªã㣠ã¹ã€ããã«é²åããŸããã 次㮠XNUMX 幎ã§ãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã¯é»è©±ã®æŽå²ã®æ°ããªæ®µéãçµãã§ããããããã¯ã亀ææ©ã®çžäºæ¥ç¶ã®åºçŸã§ãããå°åãããã¯ãŒã¯ãšé·è·é¢ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã圢æããããšã§ãã
ãããããã
è€æ°ã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒãçµã¿åãã㊠XNUMX ã€ã®å€§ããªãŠãããã«ããæåã®è©Šã¿ã¯ã察話åã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒ ãããã¯ãŒã¯ ãããžã§ã¯ãã§ããã
SAGE ã·ã¹ãã ã¯ãé»è©±åç·äžã§ããžã¿ã« ããŒã¿ãã¢ããã°ä¿¡å·ã«å€æããå¿
èŠããã (ãã®åŸãåä¿¡å±ã«æ»ããã)ãããã«ãã AT&T ã«ãæ§ãã㪠101 ããã/ç§ã§éä¿¡ããŸãã ãã®è£
眮ã¯åŸã«ããåŒã°ããããã«ãªããŸãã
ãã« 101 ããŒã¿ã»ãã
ããããããšã§ãSAGE ã¯åŸã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã®éèŠãªæè¡çåºç€ãç¯ããŸããã ãããããã®éºç£ãé·ã圱é¿åãæã£ãæåã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã¯ãä»æ¥ã§ãç¥ãããŠããååãæã€ãããã¯ãŒã¯ãARPANET ã§ããã SAGE ãšã¯ç°ãªããã¿ã€ã ã·ã§ã¢ãªã³ã°ãšãããåŠçã®äž¡æ¹ã§ããããããç¬èªã®ããã°ã©ã ã®ã»ãããæã€éå€ãªã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒã®éåãçµ±åããŸããã ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã¯èŠæš¡ãšæ©èœã«ãããŠæ®éçãªãã®ãšããŠèããããŠããããããããŠãŒã¶ãŒã®ããŒãºãæºãããã®ãšæ³å®ãããŠããŸããã ãã®ãããžã§ã¯ãã¯ãæé·ãæé·ãåããæ
å ±åŠçæè¡å± (IPTO) ã«ãã£ãŠè³éæäŸãããŸããã
ã¢ã€ãã¢
ã©ããã£ãŠç¥ã£ãã®ã§ãã
ãã®æãŸã§ã«ã圌ã¯ãã§ã«ãå€ç«ãã察話åã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒããã倧ããªäžéšæ§é ã«ãªã³ã¯ããå¯èœæ§ã倢èŠãŠããŸããã ã人éãšã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã®å ±çãã«é¢ãã 1960 幎ã®èäœã®äžã§ã圌ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«æžããŸããã
çŸä»£ã®å³æžé€šã®æ©èœãšãæ å ±ã®ä¿åãšæ€çŽ¢ã«ãããŠææ¡ãããŠãããã¬ãŒã¯ã¹ã«ãŒããããŠãã®ç 究ã®ååã§èª¬æããå ±çæ©èœãçµã¿èŸŒãããšãã§ãããæèã»ã³ã¿ãŒããæ³åããã®ã¯åççã§ããããã«æãããŸãã ãã®ç¶æ³ã¯ããããŒããã³ãéä¿¡åç·ã«ãã£ãŠçµ±åãããå°çšé»è©±åç·ãéããŠåã ã®ãŠãŒã¶ãŒãã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ã§ããããã®ãããªã»ã³ã¿ãŒã®ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã«ç°¡åã«æ¡åŒµã§ããŸãã
TX-2 ããªãŒã¯æ°ã®ã€ã³ã¿ã©ã¯ãã£ã ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°ãžã®æ ç±ã«ç«ãã€ããããã«ãSAGE ã¯ããŸããŸãªã€ã³ã¿ã©ã¯ãã£ã ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã° ã»ã³ã¿ãŒãã©ã®ããã«é£æºãããŠãã¹ããŒã ãµãŒãã¹ã®ããã®é»è©±ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã®ãããªãã®ãæäŸã§ããããæ³åãããã圌ã«ä¿ããã®ãããããŸããã ãã®ã¢ã€ãã¢ã®èµ·æºãã©ãã§ããããªãŒã¯ã¯ IPTO ã§åµèšããç 究è ã®ã³ãã¥ããã£å šäœã«ãããåºãå§ããŸããããããã®ã¡ãã»ãŒãžã®äžã§æãæåãªã®ã¯ããéæ²³éã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã®ã¡ã³ããŒããã³éšéãã«å®ãŠã 23 幎 1963 æ XNUMX æ¥ä»ãã®ã¡ã¢ã§ãããã€ãŸããã¿ã€ã ã·ã§ã¢ãªã³ã°ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããã®ä»ã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°ãããžã§ã¯ãã®ããã«IPTOããè³éæäŸãåããŠããããŸããŸãªç 究è ã§ãã
ã¡ã¢ã¯æŽçãããŠãããæ··æ²ãšããŠããããã«èŠããæããã«ãã®å Žã§æžãåãããç·šéãããŠããŸããã ãããã£ãŠãLik ãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã«ã€ããŠæ£ç¢ºã«äœãèšãããã£ãã®ããç解ããã«ã¯ãå°ãèããå¿ èŠããããŸãã ãã ããããã«ç®ç«ã€ç¹ãããã€ããããŸãã ãŸããªãŒã¯æ°ã¯ãIPTOãè³éæäŸããŠãããç°ãªããããžã§ã¯ãããå®éã«ã¯ãåãåéãã«ããããšãæããã«ããã 次ã«ãç 究è ã®ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã®äžã§ããé²æ©ããããã«ã¯ããã¹ãŠã®çŸåœ¹ã®ç 究è ãèªåèªèº«ã§äœæã§ãããããè€éã§å æ¬çãªãœãããŠã§ã¢ ããŒã¹ãšæ©åšãå¿ èŠãšãããããç¹å®ã®äŒæ¥ã®å©çãæ倧åããããã«è³éãšãããžã§ã¯ããå±éããå¿ èŠæ§ã«ã€ããŠèª¬æããŸãã劥åœãªæéã ãã ãªãŒã¯æ°ã¯ããã®äžççãªå¹çæ§ãéæããã«ã¯ãå人çãªè²æ©ãšç ç²ãå¿ èŠã§ãããšçµè«ã¥ããŠããŸãã
次ã«ã圌ã¯ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒ (ãœãŒã·ã£ã«ã§ã¯ãªã) ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã«ã€ããŠè©³ãã説æãå§ããŸãã 圌ã¯ãããçš®ã®ãããã¯ãŒã¯ç®¡çèšèª (åŸã«ãããã³ã«ãšåŒã°ããããã«ãªãèšèª) ã®å¿ èŠæ§ãšããã€ããå°ãªããšã XNUMX å°ã®å€§åã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ããããã XNUMX ïœ XNUMX å°ã®å°åã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ããããŠåºç¯å²ã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã§æ§æããã IPTO ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ ãããã¯ãŒã¯ãå®çŸãããããšããé¡æã«ã€ããŠæžããŠããŸãããªã¢ãŒã ã³ã³ãœãŒã«ããã¬ã¿ã€ã ã¹ããŒã·ã§ã³ã¯èšããŸã§ããªããããŸããŸãªãã£ã¹ã¯ããã³ç£æ°ããŒã ã¹ãã¬ãŒãž ããã€ã¹ãå«ãŸããŸããã æåŸã«ã圌ã¯æ°ããŒãžã«ããã£ãŠããã®ãããªã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãããã¯ãŒã¯ãšã®çžäºäœçšãå°æ¥ã©ã®ããã«çºå±ãããã«ã€ããŠã®å ·äœäŸã説æããŠããŸãã ãªãŒã¯æ°ã¯ãå®éšããŒã¿ãåæããŠããç¶æ³ãæ³åããŸãã ãåé¡ã¯ãç§ããŸãšããªãã£ãŒãäœæããã°ã©ã ãæã£ãŠããªãããšã§ãã ã·ã¹ãã ã®ã©ããã«é©åãªããã°ã©ã ã¯ãããŸãã? ãããã¯ãŒã¯åªå¢ã®ååã䜿çšããŠãæåã«ããŒã«ã« ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒãããŒãªã³ã°ãã次ã«ä»ã®ã»ã³ã¿ãŒãããŒãªã³ã°ããŸãã ç§ã SDC ã§åããŠããŠãããŒã¯ã¬ãŒã®ãã£ã¹ã¯äžã§äžèŠé©åãããªããã°ã©ã ãèŠã€ãããšããŸããããã 圌ã¯ããè€éãªãããã¯ãŒã¯ç®¡çã·ã¹ãã ã䜿çšãããšãããã°ã©ã ã®ããŒã¿ã転éããŠå¥ã®å Žæã§åŠçããããèªåã§ããã°ã©ã ãããŠã³ããŒãããŠå®è¡ããŠèªåã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã§åäœããããã決å®ããå¿ èŠããªããªãããšæ³å®ããŠããããã¯ãŒã¯ã«ãã®ããã°ã©ã ãå®è¡ããããäŸé ŒããŸããããŒã¿ã"
ãããã®ã¢ã€ãã¢ã®æçãç·åãããšãLicklider ãæ§æ³ãããã倧ããªèšç»ãæããã«ãªããŸãããŸããIPTO ã®è³éæäŸãåããŠããç 究è éã§ç¹å®ã®å°éåéãšå°éåéãåå²ãã次ã«ãã®ãœãŒã·ã£ã« ã³ãã¥ããã£ã®åšå²ã« IPTO ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒã®ç©çãããã¯ãŒã¯ãæ§ç¯ããŸãã IPTO ã®ãå ±éã®å€§çŸ©ããç©ççã«è¡šããããšã§ãç 究è ã¯ç¥èãå ±æããåçŸå Žã§ç¹æ®ãªããŒããŠã§ã¢ãšãœãããŠã§ã¢ããæ©æµãåããããšãã§ããŸãã ãã®ããã«ããŠãIPTO ã¯ããã¹ãŠã® IPTO ãããžã§ã¯ãã®ãã¹ãŠã®ç 究è ãããããã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°æ©èœã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ã§ããããã«ããããšã§ãç¡é§ãªéè€ãåé¿ããªãããããããè³éã掻çšããããšãã§ããŸãã
éä¿¡ãããã¯ãŒã¯ãéããŠç 究ã³ãã¥ããã£ã®ã¡ã³ããŒéã§ãªãœãŒã¹ãå ±æãããšãããã®ã¢ã€ãã¢ã¯ãIPTO ã«çš®ããŸããæ°å¹ŽåŸã« ARPANET ã®åµèšãžãšè±éããŸããã
è»äºçãªèµ·æºã«ãããããããåœé²ç·çããçãŸãã ARPANET ã«ã¯è»äºçæ£åœæ§ããããŸããã§ããã ãã®ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã¯æ žæ»æã«ãèããããè»äºéä¿¡ãããã¯ãŒã¯ãšããŠèšèšããããšèšãããããšããããŸãã åŸã§èª¬æããããã«ãARPANET ãšãã®ãããªç®çãæã£ãåæã®ãããžã§ã¯ããšã®éã«ã¯éæ¥çãªã€ãªããããããARPA ã®æå°è ãã¡ã¯è°äŒãåœé²é·å®ã«å¯ŸããŠãããã¯ãŒã¯ã®ååšãæ£åœåããããã«ã匷åãããã·ã¹ãã ãã«ã€ããŠå®æçã«è©±ãåã£ãŠããŸããã ãããå®éã«ã¯ãIPTO ã¯çŽç²ã«ãã®å éšããŒãºã®ãããç 究è ã®ã³ãã¥ããã£ããµããŒãããããã« ARPANET ãäœæããŸãããç 究è ã®ã»ãšãã©ã¯é²è¡ç®çã§æŽ»åããããšã§èªåãã¡ã®æŽ»åãæ£åœåã§ããŸããã§ããã
äžæ¹ã圌ã®æåãªã¡ã¢ãå
¬éãããæç¹ã§ããªãã¯ã©ã€ããŒã¯ãã§ã«éæ²³éãããã¯ãŒã¯ã®åæã®èšç»ãéå§ããŠããããã®ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã®ãã£ã¬ã¯ã¿ãŒãšãªãäºå®ã§ããã
SAGE ã¢ãã« OA-1008 çšã®ã³ã³ãœãŒã«ãã©ã€ãã¬ã³ (ã¯ã€ã€ãŒã®ç«¯ãéæãªãã©ã¹ããã¯ã®ã«ããŒã®äž)ãã©ã€ã¿ãŒãç°ç¿ãä»å±ããŠããŸãã
åææ¡ä»¶
ã¯ã©ã€ã³ããã¯ã¯åŽåè
éçŽã®æ±ãšãŒããã移æ°ã®æ¯åã§ããããã³ããã¿ã³ã®æ¥é°ã§è²ã£ãã
ãã®ç 究æ㯠SAGE ã®ããŒãºã«å¿ããããã«èšç«ãããŸãããããã®åŸãä»ã®å€ãã®ç 究ãããžã§ã¯ãã«æ¡åŒµãããé²è¡ã«é¢é£ãããšããŠããå€ãã®å Žåã¯é²ç©ºã«å°ãã ãé¢é£ãããã®ã§ããã ãã®äžã«ã¯ãéå±ã¹ããªããïŒäŸãã°ã
1963 幎ãŸã§ã«ãã¯ã©ã€ã³ããã¯ã¯ UCLA ã§ã®ä»äºã®ãªãã¡ãŒãåãå ¥ãããªãã¯ã©ã€ããŒã¯ãã£ã³ã¹ãèŠã€ããŸããã ããã«ããã®ã¯ãã¡ã€ã³ ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒ ã»ã³ã¿ãŒããã«ã¹ã±ã¢ ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã° ã»ã³ã¿ãŒããŠã§ã¹ã¿ã³ ããŒã¿ ã»ã³ã¿ãŒ (IBM ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒãžã®ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ãå ±æãã XNUMX ã®æ©é¢ã®ååçµå) ã® XNUMX ã€ã®ããŒã«ã« ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒ ã»ã³ã¿ãŒã®è¿ãã§åãããŒã¿ ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã®å°é家ã§ãã ããã«ããŠã§ã¹ã¿ã³ ããŒã¿ ã»ã³ã¿ãŒã® XNUMX ã€ã®ç 究æ©é¢ãã¢ãã ãä»ããŠã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã«ãªã¢ãŒãæ¥ç¶ããŠãããIPTO ãåŸæŽããã·ã¹ãã éçºäŒç€Ÿ (SDC) ã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã¯ãµã³ã¿ã¢ãã«ãããããæ°ããã¡ãŒãã«ã®å Žæã«ãããŸããã IPTO ã¯ãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ ãããã¯ãŒã¯æ§ç¯ã«ãããæåã®å®éšãšããŠãããã XNUMX ã€ã®ã»ã³ã¿ãŒãæ¥ç¶ãããã UCLA ã«å§èšããŸããã ãã®åŸãèšç»ã«ããã°ãããŒã¯ã¬ãŒãšã®éä¿¡ã«ãããé·è·é¢ã§ã®ããŒã¿éä¿¡ã«äŒŽãåé¡ãç 究ããããšãå¯èœã«ãªããšããã
ææãªç¶æ³ã«ããããããããããžã§ã¯ãã¯å€±æãããããã¯ãŒã¯ã¯æ§ç¯ãããŸããã§ããã UCLA ã®ããŸããŸãªã»ã³ã¿ãŒã®ãã£ã¬ã¯ã¿ãŒã¯ãäºããä¿¡é ŒããŠãããããã®ãããžã§ã¯ããä¿¡ããŠããŸããã§ããããã®ãããã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã° ãªãœãŒã¹ã®å¶åŸ¡ãäºãã®ãŠãŒã¶ãŒã«è²æž¡ããããšãæåŠããŸããã ã©ã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã»ã³ã¿ãŒã ARPA ããè³éãåãåã£ãŠããªãã£ããããIPTO ã¯ãã®ç¶æ³ã«å¯ŸããŠäºå®äžåœ±é¿åãæããªãã£ãã ãã®æ¿æ²»çåé¡ã¯ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããã®æŽå²ã«ãããäž»èŠãªåé¡ã® XNUMX ã€ã瀺ããŠããŸãã ããŸããŸãªåå è ã®éã§ã³ãã¥ãã±ãŒã·ã§ã³ãçµç¹ããååããããšããã¹ãŠã®åœäºè ã®æã«å§ããããããšããããŸããŸãªåå è ã«çŽåŸãããã®ãéåžžã«é£ããã®ã§ããã°ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããã¯ã©ã®ããã«ããŠç»å Žããã®ã§ãããã? ä»åŸã®èšäºã§ã¯ããããã®åé¡ã«ã€ããŠè€æ°ååãäžããŸãã
IPTO ã«ãããããã¯ãŒã¯æ§ç¯ã® 1965 åç®ã®è©Šã¿ã¯ãããããã¯ããã«å°èŠæš¡ã§ãåçŽãªå®éšãã¹ãã ã£ããããããæåããŸããã ãã㊠XNUMX 幎ããã ããªã«ãšããååã®å¿çåŠè ã§ãªãã¯ã©ã€ããŒã®åŠçããªã³ã«ãŒã³ç 究æãå»ããã€ã³ã¿ã©ã¯ãã£ã ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã«é¢ããèªå€§å®£äŒã«ä¹ããŠãç¬èªã®å ±æã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ ããžãã¹ãç«ã¡äžããããšããŸããã ãããããéãæã£ãŠãããã¯ã©ã€ã¢ã³ããååã§ã¯ãªãã£ãã®ã§ã圌ã¯ä»ã®åå ¥æºãæ¢ãå§ããæçµçã«ã¯ IPTO ã圌ãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã®ç 究ã®ããã«éãããšãææ¡ããŸããã IPTO ã®æ°ããæé·ã§ããã¢ã€ãŽã¡ã³ã»ãµã¶ãŒã©ã³ãã¯ããã©ã¹ããšããŠè©å€ã®é«ã倧äŒæ¥ãšææºããããšã決å®ãããªã³ã«ãŒã³ç 究æãéããŠããªã©ã«äœæ¥ãäžè«ãããŸããã ç 究宀åŽã§ã¯ãã¯ã©ã€ã³ããã¯ã®ããäžäººã®å€ãååãããŒã¬ã³ã¹ïŒã©ãªãŒïŒã»ãããŒãããããžã§ã¯ãã®è²¬ä»»è ã«ä»»åœãããã
ãããŒãæ°ã¯ãMIT ã®åŠçæ代ã«ããªã³ã«ãŒã³ç 究æã補é ãã TX-0 ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒã®æäœã«çç·ŽããŸããã 圌ã¯ãèŒãã³ã³ãœãŒã«ç»é¢ã®åã§äœæéã倢äžã§åº§ããæçµçã«ã¯ãã¥ãŒã©ã« ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã䜿çšããŠææžãæåã (äžæãªãã) èªèããããã°ã©ã ãäœæããŸããã ã¯ã©ã€ã³ããã¯ãšåãããã«ã圌ã倧åŠé¢çãšããŠç 究宀ã§åãããšã«ãªãããã倧åã§åŒ·å㪠TX-2 ã§ããšããžèªèã XNUMXD ç»åçæãªã©ãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒ ã°ã©ãã£ãã¯ã¹ãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒ ããžã§ã³ã«é¢é£ããåé¡ã解決ããŸããã
1964 幎ã®ã»ãšãã©ã®éããããŒãã¯äž»ã«ç»åã䜿ã£ãä»äºã«éäžããŸããã ãããŠåœŒã¯ãªã¯ãšåºäŒã£ãã å幎2æã圌ã¯ãŠã§ã¹ãããŒãžãã¢å·ããŒã ã¹ãããã®æž©æ³ãªãŸãŒãã§éå¬ãããã空è»äž»å¬ã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã®æªæ¥ã«é¢ããäŒè°ã«åºåžããã ããã§åœŒã¯ä»ã®äŒè°åå è ãšå€é ããŸã§è©±ãåãããªãã¯ãéæ²³éãããã¯ãŒã¯ã«ã€ããŠã®ã¢ã€ãã¢ãçºè¡šããã®ãåããŠèããã Roberts ã®é ã®äžã§äœããããæ··ããããŸããã圌ã¯ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒ ã°ã©ãã£ãã¯ã¹ã®åŠçã«åªããŠããŸããããå®éã«ã¯ XNUMX å°ã®ãŠããŒã¯ãª TX-XNUMX ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒã«éãããŠããŸããã ããšã圌ãèªåã®ãœãããŠã§ã¢ãå ±æã§ãããšããŠãããããå®è¡ããããã®åçã®ããŒããŠã§ã¢ãæã£ãŠãã人ã誰ãããªãã£ããããä»ã®äººã¯ããã䜿çšã§ããŸããã§ããã 圌ã«ãšã£ãŠèªåã®ç 究ã®åœ±é¿åãæ¡å€§ããå¯äžã®æ¹æ³ã¯ã誰ãããããä»ã®å Žæã§åçŸã§ããããšãæåŸ ããŠãç§åŠè«æã§ããã«ã€ããŠèªãããšã§ããã 圌ã¯ããªãŒã¯ã®æèŠãæ£ããã£ããšå€æããŸããããããã¯ãŒã¯ã¯ãŸãã«ââãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã®ç 究ãå éããããã«å¿ èŠãªæ¬¡ã®ã¹ãããã§ããã
ãããŠãããŒãæ°ã¯æçµçã«ããªã«ãšååãããªã³ã«ãŒã³ç 究æã® TX-2 ãåœå¢ãè¶ããé»è©±åç·ãä»ããŠã«ãªãã©ã«ãã¢å·ãµã³ã¿ã¢ãã«ã® SDC ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒã«æ¥ç¶ããããšããã ãªãŒã¯æ°ã®ãéæ²³éãããã¯ãŒã¯ãã¡ã¢ããã³ããŒãããšãããå®éšèšèšã§ã¯ãTX-2 ãèšç®äžã«äžæåæ¢ãããèªåãã€ã€ã©ã䜿çšã㊠SDC Q-32 ãåŒã³åºãããã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿äžã§è¡åä¹ç®ããã°ã©ã ãå®è¡ãããã®åŸã圌ã®çãã䜿çšããŠå ã®èšç®ãç¶ããŸãã
åçŽãªæ°åŠçæŒç®ã®çµæã倧éžäžã«éä¿¡ããããã«é«äŸ¡ã§é«åºŠãªæè¡ã䜿çšãããšããçè«çæ ¹æ ã«å ããŠãé»è©±ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã®äœ¿çšã«ãããã®ããã»ã¹ã®é床ãéåžžã«é ãããšã«ã泚ç®ãã䟡å€ããããŸãã é»è©±ããããã«ã¯ãçºä¿¡è ãšåä¿¡è ã®éã«å°çšã®æ¥ç¶ãèšå®ããå¿ èŠããããéåžžããã®æ¥ç¶ã¯è€æ°ã®ç°ãªãé»è©±äº€ææ©ãçµç±ããŸãã 1965 幎ã«ã¯ããã®ã»ãšãã©ãã¹ãŠãé»æ°æ©æ¢°åŒã§ãã (AT&T ããã¥ãŒãžã£ãŒãžãŒå·ãµã«ã¹ãã«æåã®å šé»æ°åŒãã©ã³ããç«ã¡äžããã®ããã®å¹Žã§ãã)ã ç£ç³ã¯éå±æ£ãããå Žæããå¥ã®å Žæã«ç§»åãããåããŒãã§ã®æ¥è§Šã確å®ã«ããŸããã ããã»ã¹å šäœã«ã¯æ°ç§ããããŸãããããã®éãTX-2 ã¯ãã 座ã£ãŠåŸ ã€å¿ èŠããããŸããã ããã«ããã®åç·ã¯äŒè©±ã«æé©ã§ãããåã ã®ããããéä¿¡ããã«ã¯ãã€ãºãå€ãããŠãã¹ã«ãŒããããéåžžã«äœãã£ã (XNUMX ç§ãããæ°çŸããã)ã çã«å¹æçãªéæ²³éã€ã³ã¿ã©ã¯ãã£ããããã¯ãŒã¯ã«ã¯ãå¥ã®ã¢ãããŒããå¿ èŠã§ããã
ããªã«ã»ãããŒãã®å®éšã§ã¯ãé·è·é¢ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã®å®çšæ§ãæçšæ§ã¯å®èšŒããããçè«äžã®æ©èœã瀺ããã ãã§ããã ããããããã§ååã§ããããšãããããŸããã
ãœãªã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³
1966 幎åã°ããããŒãã»ãã€ã©ãŒã¯ã¢ã€ãŽã¡ã³ã»ãµã¶ãŒã©ã³ãã«ç¶ããIPTO ã®æ°ãã XNUMX çªç®ã®çäºã«ãªããŸããã 圌ã¯åããå¿çåŠè ã§ãããªãã¯ã©ã€ããŒã®åŠçã§ãããNASA ã§ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ ãµã€ãšã³ã¹ç 究ãæ åœããŠããçµéšãçµãŠ IPTO ã«æ¥ãŸããã ã©ãããããã€ã©ãŒã¯å°çããŠããã«ãéæ²³éãããã¯ãŒã¯ã®å€¢ãå®çŸããææãæ¥ããšå€æããããã§ãã ARPANET ãèªçããããããžã§ã¯ããç«ã¡äžããã®ã¯åœŒã§ããã
ARPAã®è³éã¯äŸç¶ãšããŠæµå ¥ããŠããã®ã§ããã€ã©ãŒã¯äžåžã®ãã£ãŒã«ãºã»ããŒããã§ã«ãããè¿œå ã®è³éãåŸãã®ã«åé¡ã¯ãªãã£ãã ãã ãããã®ãœãªã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³ã«ã¯å€±æãã倧ããªãªã¹ã¯ããããŸããã 1965 幎ã«ã¯åœã®äž¡ç«¯ãçµã¶ããªãã®æ°ã®è·¯ç·ãååšããŠãããšããäºå®ãé€ãã°ããããŸã§ ARPANET ã«äŒŒãåãçµã¿ãããããšãã人ã¯èª°ãããŸããã§ããã ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãããã¯ãŒã¯ãäœæããéã®ä»ã®åæã®å®éšãæãåºãããšãã§ããŸãã ããšãã°ãããªã³ã¹ãã³å€§åŠãšã«ãŒãã®ãŒ ããã³å€§åŠã¯ã1960 幎代åŸåã« IBM ãšå ±åã§å ±æã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒã®ãããã¯ãŒã¯ãéæããŸããã ãã®ãããžã§ã¯ãã®äž»ãªéãã¯ãã®å質æ§ã§ãããããŒããŠã§ã¢ãšãœãããŠã§ã¢ãå®å šã«åäžã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒã䜿çšããŠããŸããã
äžæ¹ã§ãARPANET ã¯å€æ§æ§ã«å¯ŸåŠããå¿ èŠããããŸãã 1960 幎代åã°ãŸã§ã«ãIPTO 㯠360 ãè¶ ããçµç¹ã«è³éãæäŸããŠããŸãããåçµç¹ã¯ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒãæã¡ããã¹ãŠãç°ãªãããŒããŠã§ã¢ãšãœãããŠã§ã¢ãå®è¡ããŠããŸããã ãœãããŠã§ã¢ãå ±æããæ©èœã¯ãåãã¡ãŒã«ãŒã®ç°ãªãã¢ãã«éã§ãã»ãšãã©äžå¯èœã§ãããææ°ã® IBM System/XNUMX 補åã©ã€ã³ã§ã®ã¿ãããè¡ãããšã«ããŸããã
ã·ã¹ãã ã®å€æ§æ§ã¯ãªã¹ã¯ã§ããããããã¯ãŒã¯éçºã«å€§å¹
ãªæè¡çè€éããšãLicklider ã¹ã¿ã€ã«ã®ãªãœãŒã¹å
±æã®å¯èœæ§ã®äž¡æ¹ãè¿œå ããŸããã ããšãã°ãåœæã€ãªãã€å€§åŠã§ã¯ãARPAã®è³éã䜿ã£ãŠå·šå€§ãªã¹ãŒããŒã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒãæ§ç¯ãããŠããŸããã
ãã®ãããã¯ãŒã¯å®éšã説æããè«æã®äžã§ãããªã«ãšãããŒãã¯ããã®ãããªãªãœãŒã¹ã®äº€æããªã«ãŒãã®ãããªãã®ã«ã€ãªããã ãããšç€ºåããŸããã
ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã®é 眮ã«ãããé£æºããããŒããç¹å®ã®ç¹æ®åã«ã€ãªããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã ããšãã°ãç¹å®ã®ããŒã X ãç¹æ®ãªãœãããŠã§ã¢ãŸãã¯ããŒããŠã§ã¢ã®ãããã§è¡åã®å転ã«ç¹ã«åªããŠããå Žåããããã¯ãŒã¯äžã®ä»ã®ããŒãã®ãŠãŒã¶ãŒããããŒã X äžã§è¡åãå転ããããšã«ãã£ãŠãã®æ©èœãå©çšããããšãæåŸ ã§ããŸããèªå® ã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã§å®è¡ããŸãã
Taylor æ°ã«ã¯ããªãœãŒã¹å ±æãããã¯ãŒã¯ãå®è£ ããå¥ã®åæ©ããããŸããã æ°ãã IPTO ããŒãããšã«ããã®ããŒãã®ç 究è ãå¿ èŠãšãããã¹ãŠã®æ©èœãåããæ°ããã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒãè³Œå ¥ããã®ã¯é«äŸ¡ã§ãããIPTO ããŒããã©ãªãªã«ããŒããè¿œå ãããã«ã€ããŠãäºç®ãå±éºãªã»ã©èšãã¿ãŸããã IPTO ãè³éæäŸãããã¹ãŠã®ã·ã¹ãã ã XNUMX ã€ã®ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã«ãªã³ã¯ããããšã§ãæ°ããåé è ã«ãããæ§ãããªã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒãæäŸããããšãããããã¯ãŸã£ããè³Œå ¥ããªãããšãå¯èœã«ãªããŸãã å¿ èŠãªã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°èœåãäœå°ãªãœãŒã¹ã®ãããªã¢ãŒã ããŒãã§äœ¿çšã§ãããããã¯ãŒã¯å šäœããœãããŠã§ã¢ãšãââãŒããŠã§ã¢ã®å ¬å ±ã®è²¯èµåº«ãšããŠæ©èœããŸãã
ãããžã§ã¯ããç«ã¡äžããŠè³éã確ä¿ããåŸãARPANET ã«å¯Ÿãããã€ã©ãŒã®æåŸã®éèŠãªè²¢ç®ã¯ãã·ã¹ãã ãçŽæ¥éçºãããããå®è£ ããããã管çãã人ãéžã¶ããšã§ããã ãããŒãã¯åœç¶ã®éžæã ã£ãã 圌ã®ãšã³ãžãã¢ãªã³ã°ã¹ãã«ã«ã¯çãã®äœå°ããªãããã§ã« IPTO ç 究ã³ãã¥ããã£ã®å°æ¬ãããã¡ã³ããŒã§ãããé·è·é¢ã§åäœããã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã®èšèšãšæ§ç¯ã®å®éã®çµéšãæã€æ°å°ãªã人ç©ã® 1966 人ã§ããã ããã§XNUMX幎ã®ç§ããã€ã©ãŒã¯ãããŒãã«é»è©±ããŠãã¯ã·ã³ãã³ã§ARPAã«åãçµãããã«ããµãã¥ãŒã»ããããæ¥ãŠã»ãããšé Œãã ã
ãããã圌ãèªæããã®ã¯é£ããããšãå€æããŸããã IPTO ã®ç§åŠè²¬ä»»è ã®å€ãã¯ããããŒãã»ãã€ã©ãŒã®ãªãŒããŒã·ããã«æççã§ããããããŒãã»ãã€ã©ãŒã¯è»œèã§ãããšèããŠããã ã¯ãããªãã¯ã©ã€ããŒã¯å¿çåŠè ã§ããããå·¥åŠæè²ãåããŠããŸããã§ããããå°ãªããšãå士å·ãååŸããŠããã察話åã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒã®åµå§è ã®äžäººãšããŠäžå®ã®å瞟ãæã£ãŠããŸããã ãã€ã©ãŒã¯ä¿®å£«å·ãååŸããç¡åã®ç·ã§ããã 圌㯠IPTO ã³ãã¥ããã£ã«ãããè€éãªæè¡çäœæ¥ãã©ã®ããã«ç®¡çããã®ã§ãããã? ãããŒãæ°ãããããæçè«è ã®äžäººã ã£ãã
ããããã¢ã¡ãšã ãã®çµã¿åããã¯ãã®åœ¹å²ãæãããŸããïŒã»ãšãã©ã®æ å ±æºã¯ãã¢ã¡ãå®è³ªçã«ååšãããã ããåªå¢ã§ããããšã瀺ããŠããŸãïŒã äžæ¹ã§ããã€ã©ãŒã¯ãªã³ã«ãŒã³ç 究æã®ãããŒãã®äžåžã«å§åããããç 究æã®è³éã®ã»ãšãã©ã¯çŸåšARPAããåºãŠããã®ã§ããã®ææ¡ã®ã¡ãªããããããŒãã«èª¬åŸããå¿ èŠãããããšãæãåºãããã äžæ¹ããã€ã©ãŒã¯ãããŒãã«å¯ŸããARPAã®å¯æé·çŽå±ã§ãã€ã©ãŒã®çŽå±ãšãªããäžçŽç§åŠè ããšããæ°èšã®ç§°å·ãææ¡ããæé·ãšããŠãã€ã©ãŒã®åŸç¶è ãšãªãããšãææ¡ããã ãããã®æ¡ä»¶ã®äžã§ããããŒãæ°ã¯ ARPANET ãããžã§ã¯ããåŒãåããããšã«åæããŸããã ãªãœãŒã¹å ±æã®ã¢ã€ãã¢ãçŸå®ã«ããæãæ¥ãŸããã
ä»ã«äœãèªãã¹ãã
- ãžã£ãããã»ã¢ããŒããã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããã®çºæ (1999)
- ã±ã€ãã£ã»ããããŒãšãã·ã¥ãŒã»ã©ã€ã¢ã³ãéæ³äœ¿ããã¡ãå€æŽããããå Žæ (1996)
- ã¢ãŒãµãŒã»ããŒããŒã°ãšãžã¥ãªãŒã»ãªããŒã«ãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿æè¡ã®å€é©: åœé²ç·çã®æ å ±åŠçã1962 ïœ 1986 幎 (1996)
- M. ãããã§ã« ãŠã©ã«ããããããããªãŒã ãã·ã³: JCR ãªãã¯ã©ã€ããŒãšã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°ãããŒãœãã«ã«ããé©åœã (2001)
åºæïŒ habr.com