ã·ãªãŒãºã®ä»ã®èšäº:
- ãªã¬ãŒã®æŽå²
- é»åã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã®æŽå²
- ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã®æŽå²
- ã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããã®æŽå²
çŽ 5 幎éããã« ã·ã¹ãã ã®èŠªäŒç€Ÿã§ãã AT&T ã«ã¯ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®é»æ°éä¿¡åéã§å®è³ªçã«ç«¶åä»ç€ŸããããŸããã§ããã éèŠãªå¯äžã®ã©ã€ãã«ã¯ General Telephone ã§ãåŸã« GT&Eãããã«åã« GTE ãšããŠç¥ãããããã«ãªããŸããã ãããã1913 äžçŽåã°ãŸã§ã«ãèªç±ã«äœ¿ããé»è©±åç·ã¯ 1982 äžåç·ãããªããããã¯åžå Žå
šäœã® XNUMX% ã«éããŸããã§ããã XNUMX 幎ã«æ¿åºãšçŽ³å£«åå®ãç· çµãããŠãã XNUMX 幎ã«åæ¿åºãããã解äœãããŸã§ã® AT&T ã®æ¯é
æéã¯ãç±³åœã«ãããå¥åŠãªæ¿æ²»æ代ã®å§ãŸããšçµãããã»ãŒç€ºããŠããŸãã åœæ°ã倧èŠæš¡ãªå®åå¶åºŠã®æ
æ²ãšå¹çæ§ãä¿¡é Œããããšãã§ããæ代ã
ãã®æéã® AT&T ã®å€éšããã©ãŒãã³ã¹ã«ã€ããŠè°è«ããã®ã¯å°é£ã§ãã 1955 幎ãã 1980 幎ã«ãããŠãAT&T 㯠90 åãã€ã«è¿ãã®é³å£°é»è©±åç·ãè¿œå ãããã®å€ãã¯ãã€ã¯ãæ³¢ã©ãžãªã§ããã ãã®æéäžãç·è·¯ 1970 ããã¡ãŒãã«ãããã®ã³ã¹ã㯠1970 åã«äžãããŸããã ã³ã¹ãã®åæžã¯ãé»è©±æéã®å®è³ªïŒã€ã³ãã¬èª¿æŽåŸã®ïŒäŸ¡å€ãç¶ç¶çã«æžå°ããŠãããšæããæ¶è²»è
ã«åæ ãããŸããã èªåã®é»è©±ãæã£ãŠããäžåž¯ã®å²å (XNUMX 幎代ãŸã§ã« XNUMX%) ã§æž¬å®ããŠããä¿¡å·å¯Ÿéé³æ¯ã§æž¬å®ããŠããä¿¡é Œæ§ã§æž¬å®ããŠããç±³åœã¯äžè²«ããŠäžçæé«ã®é»è©±ãµãŒãã¹ãèªãããšãã§ããŸãã AT&T ã¯ãèªç€Ÿãæ¢åã®é»è©±ã€ã³ãã©ã¹ãã©ã¯ãã£ã®æ å
ã«å®äœããŠãããšä¿¡ããçç±ãäžå瀺ããŸããã§ããã ãã®ç 究éšéã§ãããã«ç 究æã¯ãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒããœãªããã¹ããŒããšã¬ã¯ãããã¯ã¹ãã¬ãŒã¶ãŒãå
ãã¡ã€ããŒãè¡æéä¿¡ãªã©ã®éçºã«æ ¹æ¬çãªè²¢ç®ãããŸããã ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿æ¥çã®äžŠå€ããçºå±é床ãšæ¯èŒããå Žåã«ã®ã¿ãAT&T ã¯æ©ã¿ã®é
ãäŒæ¥ãšèšããŸãã ããããXNUMX 幎代ãŸã§ã«ãAT&T ã¯é©æ°ãé
ããšããèããæ¿æ²»çã«éèŠèŠãããããã«ãªããAT&T ã¯äžæçã«åè£ããããšã«ãªããŸããã
AT&T ãšç±³åœæ¿åºãšã®ååé¢ä¿ã®åŽ©å£ã¯ãã£ãããšæ°å幎ããããŸããã ããã¯ãç±³åœé£éŠéä¿¡å§å¡äŒ (FCC) ãã·ã¹ãã ããããã«ä¿®æ£ããããšã決å®ãããšãã«å§ãŸããŸãããã€ãŸããç·©ãã ã¹ã¬ãããããã« 1970 ã€ããã£ã¡ã«ãã XNUMX ã€åé€ãããšãããã®ã§ããããããã秩åºãå埩ããããšãã圌ãã®è©Šã¿ã¯ããŸããŸãã¹ã¬ããã解ãã ãã§ããã XNUMX 幎代åã°ãŸã§ã«ã圌ãã¯èªåãã¡ãäœãåºããæ··ä¹±ãåœæããªããèŠã€ããŠããŸããã ãã®åŸãåžæ³çãšé£éŠè£å€æãäžæã«ä»å ¥ããåé¡ãçµçµãããã
ãããã®å€åã®äž»ãªæšé²è ã¯ãæ¿åºã®å€ã§ãMicrowave Communications, Incorporated ãšåŒã°ããå°èŠæš¡ãªæ°èäŒæ¥ã§ããã ãã ãããã®åã«ããã幞ã㪠1950 幎代㫠AT&T ãšé£éŠæ¿åºãã©ã®ããã«äº€æµããããèŠãŠã¿ãŸãããã
çŸç¶
ååèŠãããã«ã1934 äžçŽã«ã¯ XNUMX ã€ã®ç°ãªãçš®é¡ã®æ³åŸã AT&T ã®ãããªå·šå€§ç£æ¥ããã§ãã¯ãã責任ãè² ã£ãŠããŸããã äžæ¹ã§ãèŠå¶æ³ããããŸããã AT&T ã®å Žåãç£èŠæ©é¢ã¯ XNUMX 幎ã®é»æ°éä¿¡æ³ã«ãã£ãŠèšç«ããã FCC ã§ããã ããäžæ¹ã§ã¯ãåžæ³çã«ãã£ãŠæœè¡ãããç¬å çŠæ¢æ³ããããŸããã ããã XNUMX ã€ã®æ³åŸåéã¯éåžžã«å€§ããç°ãªããŸããã FCC ããAT&T ã®è¡åãåŸã ã«åœ¢äœãå°ããªæ±ºå®ãäžãããã«å®æçã«äŒåããæç€ã«ããšãããããªããç¬å çŠæ¢æ³ã¯æ¶ç«æ§ãšèããããšãã§ããŸããéåžžã¯ã¯ããŒãŒããã®äžã«ä¿ç®¡ãããŠããŸããããã®é©çšã®çµæã¯ç¹ã«åŸ®åŠã§ã¯ãããŸããã ã
1950 幎代ãŸã§ã«ãAT&T ã¯åæ¹åããã®è åšãåããŠããŸãããããããã¯ãã¹ãŠéåžžã«å¹³åçã«è§£æ±ºãããAT&T ã®äžæ žäºæ¥ã«ã¯ã»ãšãã©åœ±é¿ããããŸããã§ããã FCCãåžæ³çããAT&Tãç±³åœã«ãããé»è©±æ©åšãšãµãŒãã¹ã®æ¯é çãªãããã€ããŒã§ããç¶ããããšã«ç°è°ãå±ããªãã£ãã
ããã·ã¥ã»ã¢ã»ãã©ã³
ãŸãããµãŒãããŒãã£ã®ããã€ã¹ãé¢äžããå°èŠæš¡ã§çããã±ãŒã¹ãéããŠãAT&T ãš FCC ã®é¢ä¿ãèŠãŠã¿ãŸãããã 1920 幎代以æ¥ãHush-a-Phone Corporation ãšåŒã°ãããã³ããã¿ã³ã®å°ããªäŒç€Ÿã¯ãé»è©±ã®è©±ãéšåã«åãä»ããã«ããã販売ããããšã§çèšãç«ãŠãŠããŸããã ãŠãŒã¶ãŒã¯ããã®ããã€ã¹ã«çŽæ¥è©±ããããããšã§ãè¿ãã«ãã人ã®çèŽãé¿ããããšãã§ãããŸããèæ¯éšé³ã®äžéšãé®æããããšãã§ããŸã (ããšãã°ã貿æãªãã£ã¹ã®çã£åªäžãªã©)ã ãããã1940 幎代㫠AT&T ã¯ããã®ãããªãµãŒãããŒãã£è£œããã€ã¹ãã€ãŸãããã« ã·ã¹ãã èªäœã補é ããŠããªããã« ã·ã¹ãã ããã€ã¹ã«æ¥ç¶ããããããæ©åšã«å§åãããå§ããŸããã
瞊åé»è©±æ©ã«åãä»ããããããã·ã¥ã»ã¢ã»ãã©ã³ã®åæã¢ãã«
AT&T ã«ãããšããã®è³ªçŽ 㪠Hush-a-Phone ã¯ãŸãã«ãã®ãããªãµãŒãããŒãã£è£œããã€ã¹ã§ããããã®ãããªããã€ã¹ãé»è©±ã§äœ¿çšããŠããå å ¥è ã¯ãå©çšèŠçŽã«éåãããšããŠåæã®å¯Ÿè±¡ãšãªããŸãã ç§ãã¡ãç¥ãéãããã®è è¿«ã¯å®è¡ãããããšã¯ãããŸãããããã®å¯èœæ§èªäœãããã·ã¥ã»ã¢ã»ãã©ã³ã«ãç¹ã«æ©åšãåšåº«ããããšã«æ¶æ¥µçãªå°å£²æ¥è ããã®ééãæ¯æãããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãã Hush-a-Phone ã®çºæè ã§ããããã®äºæ¥ã®ã瀟é·ãã§ãããããªãŒã»ã¿ãã«æ° (ãã ãã圌ã®äŒç€Ÿã§åœŒä»¥å€ã®åŸæ¥å¡ã¯ç§æžã ãã§ãã) ã¯ããã®ã¢ãããŒãã«å察ããããšã決æãã1948 幎 XNUMX æã« FCC ã«èŠæ ãç³ãç«ãŠãŸããã
FCC ã¯ç«æ³åºãšããŠæ°ããèŠåãå¶å®ããæš©éãšãåžæ³åºãšããŠçŽäºã解決ããæš©éã®äž¡æ¹ãæã£ãŠããŸããã 1950幎ã«ã¿ãã«ã®èšŽããæ€èšããéã«å§å¡äŒã決å®ãäžããã®ã¯åŸè ã®ç«å Žã§ãã£ãã ã¿ãã«æ°ã¯åç¬ã§å§å¡äŒã«åºå»·ããããã§ã¯ãªãã 圌ã¯ã±ã³ããªããžã®å°é家蚌人ãéããŠãããã·ã¥ã»ã¢ã»ãã©ã³ã®é³é¿ç¹æ§ã代æ¿åã§ããã«ããç¶ã®æãããåªããŠããããšã蚌èšããæºåãæŽããŠããïŒå°é家ã¯ã¬ãªã»ãã©ããã¯ãšãžã§ã»ãã»ã«ãŒã«ã»ãããããã»ãªãã¯ã©ã€ããŒã§ãããåŸã«åœŒãã¯ãã®ç©èªã§ã¯ããã®å°ããªã«ã¡ãªåºæŒãããã¯ããã«éèŠãªåœ¹å²ãæãããŠããŸãïŒã Hush-a-Phone ã®ç«å Žã¯ããã®èšèšãå¯äžã®å¯èœãªä»£æ¿æ段ãããåªããŠããããšãé»è©±ã«æ¥ç¶ããåçŽãªããã€ã¹ãšããŠé»è©±ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã«ãããªãæ害ãäžããããªãããšããããŠå人ãŠãŒã¶ãŒãèªåã䟿å©ã ãšæãæ©åšã®äœ¿çšã«ã€ããŠèªåã§æ±ºå®ããæš©å©ã
çŸä»£ã®èŠ³ç¹ããèŠããšããããã®è°è«ã¯åé§ã®äœå°ããªãããã§ãããAT&T ã®ç«å Žã¯ã°ãããŠããããã«æããŸãã å人ãèªå® ããªãã£ã¹ã®é»è©±ã«äœããæ¥ç¶ããããšãäŒç€ŸãçŠæ¢ããæš©å©ã¯ããã®ã§ãããã? Apple ã«ã¯ãiPhone ãã±ãŒã¹ã«å ¥ããããšãçŠæ¢ããæš©å©ãããã¹ãã§ãããã? ããããAT&T ã®èšç»ã¯ãHush-a-Phone ã«ç¹ã«å§åããããããšã§ã¯ãªãããµãŒãããŒãã£è£œããã€ã¹ã®çŠæ¢ãšããäžè¬ååãå®ãããšã§ããã åé¡ã®çµæžçåŽé¢ãšå ¬å ±ã®å©çã®äž¡æ¹ã«é¢é£ããŠããã®ååãæ¯æãã説åŸåã®ããè°è«ãããã€ããããŸããã ãããããXNUMX å°ã®é»è©±æ©ã䜿çšããããšã¯ãã©ã€ããŒããªåé¡ã§ã¯ãããŸããã§ãããXNUMX å°ã®é»è©±æ©ã¯äœçŸäžå°ãã®ä»ã®å å ¥è ã«æ¥ç¶ããããšãã§ããé話ã®å質ãäœäžããããã®ã¯ããããã®å å ¥è ã«åœ±é¿ãäžããå¯èœæ§ãããããã§ãã åœæãAT&T ã®ãããªé»è©±äŒç€Ÿãç©ççãªé»è©±ãããã¯ãŒã¯å šäœãææããŠããããšãèŠããŠãã䟡å€ããããŸãã 圌ãã®ææç©ã¯äžå€®äº€ææ©ããé»ç·ãé»è©±æ©ãŸã§åºããããŠãŒã¶ãŒã¯ããããã¬ã³ã¿ã«ããŸããã ãããã£ãŠãç§æ財ç£ã®èŠ³ç¹ãããããšãé»è©±äŒç€Ÿãèªç€Ÿã®æ©åšã«äœãèµ·ãããã管çããæš©å©ãæã€ã®ã¯åççã§ããããã«æããŸããã AT&T ã¯ã人é¡ãç¥ãæãæŽç·Žããããã·ã³ã®éçºã«äœå幎ã«ãããã£ãŠæ°çŸäžãã«ãæè³ããŠããŸããã ã¯ã¬ã€ãžãŒãªã¢ã€ãã¢ãæã€ãã¹ãŠã®å°èŠæš¡ãã¬ãŒããŒãããããã®ææããå©çãåŸãæš©å©ãã©ã®ããã«äž»åŒµã§ããã§ãããã? æåŸã«ãAT&T èªäœããä¿¡å·ç¯ããã·ã§ã«ã㌠ããŠã³ãã«è³ããŸã§ãéžæã§ããããŸããŸãªã¢ã¯ã»ãµãªãæäŸããŠããããããã (éåžžã¯äŒæ¥ã«ãã£ãŠ) ã¬ã³ã¿ã«ããããã®æé㯠AT&T ã®é庫ã«å ¥ããäŸ¡æ Œãäœãæããã®ã«åœ¹ç«ã£ãŠããããšãèæ ®ãã䟡å€ããããŸããäžè¬å å ¥è ã«æäŸããããµãŒãã¹ã ãããã®åå ¥ãæ°éèµ·æ¥å®¶ã®æã«æ¯ãåããããšã¯ããã®ååé ã·ã¹ãã ãç Žå£ããããšã«ãªãã
ãããã®è°è«ã«ã€ããŠã©ãæããããã¯é¢ä¿ãªãã圌ãã¯å§å¡äŒãçŽåŸãããŸãããFCC ã¯å šäŒäžèŽã§ãAT&T ã«ã¯ãã³ãã»ããã«æ¥ç¶ãããŠããããã€ã¹ãå«ãããããã¯ãŒã¯ã§èµ·ãããã¹ãŠã®ããšãå¶åŸ¡ããæš©å©ããããšçµè«ä»ããŸããã ãããã1956幎ã«é£éŠæ§èšŽè£å€æã¯FCCã®æ±ºå®ãæ£åŽããã è£å€å®ã¯ãHush-a-Phone ãå®éã«é³å£°å質ãäœäžããããšããŠããããã¯ããã䜿çšããŠããå å ¥è ã«å¯ŸããŠã®ã¿ã§ãããAT&T ããã®ãã©ã€ããŒã ãœãªã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³ã«å¹²æžããçç±ã¯ãªãããšã®å€æ±ºãäžããŸããã ãŸããAT&T ã«ã¯ããŠãŒã¶ãŒãä»ã®æ¹æ³ã§é³å£°ããã¥ãŒãããããšãé²ãèœåãæå³ããããŸããã ãé»è©±å å ¥è ãæãæ¡ã£ãŠè©±ããããããšã§åé¡ã®çµæãåŸãããšãã§ãããšèšãã®ã¯ãæãèªç±ã«äœ¿ã£ãŠæåãæžãããä»ã®ããšãã§ããè£ çœ®ã䜿ã£ãŠããããããšã¯ã§ããªãããšè£å€å®ã¯æžãããããããã°ã圌ãæããã®ã¯äœã§ãããå ¬å¹³ã§ãåççã§ããªããªããŸããã ãããŠãè£å€å®ã¯æããã«ãã®èšŽèšã«ãããAT&Tã®åããŸããã奜ãŸãªãã£ããã®ã®ãå€æ±ºã¯å å·®ã§ããããµãŒãããŒãã£è£œããã€ã¹ã®çŠæ¢ãå®å šã«æ€å»ããããã§ã¯ãªããå å ¥è ãHush-a-Phoneãèªç±ã«äœ¿çšããæš©å©ã確èªããã ãã§ãã(ãããã«ããŠããããã·ã¥ã»ã¢ã»ãã©ã³ã¯é·ãã¯ç¶ããªãã£ããç空管ã®èšèšãå€æŽãããããããã®è£ 眮㯠1960 幎代ã«åèšèšãããªããã°ãªããªãã£ãããåœæ 60 代ã 70 代ã ã£ãã¯ãã®ã¿ãã«æ°ã«ãšã£ãŠãããã¯å€ãããïŒã AT&T ã¯ãé»è©±ã«é»æ°çãŸãã¯èªå°çã«æ¥ç¶ãããµãŒãããŒãã£è£œããã€ã¹ã®çŠæ¢ãåŒãç¶ãå®æœãããããšã瀺ãããã«æéã調æŽããŸããã ããããããã¯é£éŠæ¿åºã®ä»ã®éšéãAT&Tãå¿ ãããFCCèŠå¶åœå±ã»ã©å¯å€§ã«æ±ãããã§ã¯ãªãããšã瀺ãæåã®å åã ã£ãã
åæã®åœä»€
äžæ¹ãHush-a-Phone ãæ§èšŽãããã®ãšåã幎ã«ãåžæ³ç㯠AT&T ã«å¯Ÿããç¬å çŠæ¢æ³èª¿æ»ãäžæ¢ããã ãã®èª¿æ»ã¯ FCC èªäœãšåãå Žæããå§ãŸããŸãã ãã㯠1 ã€ã®äž»èŠãªäºå®ã«ãã£ãŠä¿é²ãããŸããã 90) ãŠã§ã¹ã¿ã³ ãšã¬ã¯ããªãã¯ç€Ÿã¯ãããèªäœã巚倧ç£æ¥ã§ãããé»è©±æ©åšåžå Žã® 2% ãæ¯é ããŠããããšã³ã ãŠãŒã¶ãŒã«ãªãŒã¹ãããŠããé»è©±äº€ææ©ããé»è©±äº€ææ©ã«è³ããŸã§ããã« ã·ã¹ãã ãžã®ãã®ãããªæ©åšã®å¯äžã®äŸçµŠè ã§ãããå軞ã±ãŒãã«ãšãã€ã¯ãæ³¢ãåœã®äžæ¹ã®åŽããããäžæ¹ã®åŽãžé話ãéä¿¡ããããã«äœ¿çšãããå¡ã ãã㊠XNUMX) AT&T ã®ç¬å ãæå¶ããèŠå¶æ©æ§å šäœããè³æ¬æè³ã®å²åãšããŠã®å©çã®å¶éã«äŸåããŠããŸããã
åé¡ã¯ããã§ããã çããã人ã§ããã°ããããã®äºå®ãå©çšããããã«ãã« ã·ã¹ãã å ã§é°è¬ãè¡ãããŠãããšå®¹æã«æ³åã§ããŸãã ãŠã§ã¹ã¿ã³ã»ãšã¬ã¯ããªãã¯ã¯ããã«ããŒã¹ã§ã®è³æ¬æè³ãå¢ãããããã«ãã£ãŠäŒç€Ÿã®çµ¶å¯Ÿå©çãå¢ãããªããããã«ã»ã·ã¹ãã ã®æ®ãã®éšåã®äŸ¡æ Œãã€ãäžããå¯èœæ§ããããŸãïŒããšãã°ãé©æ£äŸ¡æ Œã 5 ãã«ã®ãšãã«ãç¹å®ã®é·ãã®ã±ãŒãã«ã« 4 ãã«ãè«æ±ãããªã©ïŒã ããšãã°ãã€ã³ãã£ã¢ã ãã«ã®æ倧æè³åççã 7% ã§ãããšããŸãã 10 幎ã«ãŠã§ã¹ã¿ã³ ãšã¬ã¯ããªãã¯ãæ°ããæ©åšã« 000 äžãã«ãèŠæ±ãããšä»®å®ããŸãããã ãã®å ŽåãäŒç€Ÿã¯ 000 äžãã«ã®å©çãåŸãããšãã§ããŸããããã®æ©åšã®é©æ£äŸ¡æ Œã 1934 äžãã«ã§ããã°ã700 äžãã«ããå©çãåŸãå¿ èŠã¯ãããŸããã
ãã®ãããªäžæ£ãªèšç»ãå±éãããŠããããšãæžå¿µããè°äŒã¯ããŠã§ã¹ã¿ã³ã»ãšã¬ã¯ããªãã¯ãšåœåã®FCCã®ä»»åã«å«ãŸããŠããäºæ¥äŒç€Ÿãšã®é¢ä¿ã«ã€ããŠèª¿æ»ãå®æœããã ãã®èª¿æ»ã¯700幎ãèŠããXNUMXããŒãžã«åã³ããã«ã»ã·ã¹ãã ã®æŽå²ãäŒæ¥ãæè¡ã財åæ§é ãæµ·å€ããã³åœå ã®å šäºæ¥ã詳述ããã æåã®çåã«å¯ŸåŠããŠãç 究ã®èè ãã¯ããŠã§ã¹ã¿ã³ã»ãšã¬ã¯ããªãã¯ã®äŸ¡æ Œãå ¬æ£ãã©ãããå€æããããšã¯æ¬è³ªçã«äžå¯èœã§ãããæ¯èŒå¯èœãªäŸãååšããªãããšãçºèŠããã ãã ããå ¬æ£ãªæ £è¡ã確ä¿ããå¹çã®åäžãä¿é²ããããã«ãé»è©±åžå Žã«åŒ·å¶çãªç«¶äºãå°å ¥ããããšãæšå¥šããŸããã
1937 幎㮠FCC å§å¡äŒã®ã¡ã³ããŒã¯ XNUMX 人ã ããçŸäººãã¡ã
ããããå ±åæžãå®æãã1939幎ã«ã¯æŠäºãç®åã«è¿«ã£ãŠããã ãã®ãããªææã«ããã®åœã®åºå¹¹éä¿¡ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã«å¹²æžããããšã誰ãæãã§ããŸããã§ããã ãããXNUMX幎åŸããã«ãŒãã³æ¿æš©ã®åžæ³çã¯ãŠã§ã¹ã¿ã³ã»ãšã¬ã¯ããªãã¯ãšãã«ã»ã·ã¹ãã ã®æ®ãã®éšåãšã®é¢ä¿ã«ã€ããŠæ°ããªçæãæ±ããã é·ãææ§ãªå ±åã®ä»£ããã«ããããã®çæã«ãããããç©æ¥µçãªç¬å çŠæ¢æ³ãçºåãããŸããã ãã®æ³åŸã§ã¯ãAT&T ã«å¯ŸãããŠã§ã¹ã¿ã³ã»ãšã¬ã¯ããªãã¯ã売åŽããã ãã§ãªããããã XNUMX ã€ã®ç°ãªãäŒç€Ÿã«åå²ããããã«ãã£ãŠåžæ³åœä»€ã«ããé»è©±æ©åšã®ç«¶äºåžå Žãåµèšããããšãæ±ããããŸããã
AT&T ã«ã¯å°ãªããšã 1949 ã€ã®æžå¿µçç±ããããŸããã ãŸãããã«ãŒãã³æ¿æš©ã¯ç¬å çŠæ¢æ³ã課ããšããç©æ¥µçãªæ§æ Œã瀺ããã 1943幎ã ãã§ããAT&Tè£å€ã«å ããŠãåžæ³çãšé£éŠååŒå§å¡äŒã¯ã€ãŒã¹ããã³ã»ã³ããã¯ã倧æé£æååºãã§ãŒã³A&Pããã·ã¥ãã ãã¢ã¡ãªã«ã³ã»ãã£ã³ã»ã«ã³ãããŒãã€ãšããŒã»ãã£ãã»ã«ã³ãããŒããã®ä»å€ãã®äŒæ¥ã«å¯ŸããŠèšŽèšãèµ·ãããã ã 第äºã«ãç±³åœå¯Ÿãã«ãã³ç€Ÿã®å äŸããããŸããã ãã«ãã³ç€Ÿã¯ãAT&T ãšåæ§ã«ãééå¯å°è»ã®ãµãŒãã¹ãè¡ããµãŒãã¹éšéãšãå¯å°è»ãçµã¿ç«ãŠã補é éšéãæã£ãŠããŸããã ãããŠãAT&T ã®å Žåãšåæ§ããã«ãã³ ãµãŒãã¹ãæ®åãããã«ãã³è£œã®è»ã®ã¿ããµãŒãã¹ãããšããäºå®ã«ãããçç£åŽã«ç«¶åä»ç€ŸãçŸããããšã¯ãããŸããã§ããã ãããŠAT&Tãšåæ§ã«ã䞡瀟ã®çãããé¢ä¿ã«ãé¢ãããããã«ãã³ã«ã¯äŸ¡æ Œä¹±çšã®èšŒæ ã¯ãªããäžæºãæ±ãã顧客ãããªãã£ãã ããã§ãXNUMX幎ãé£éŠè£å€æã¯ãã«ãã³ãåãã©ã¹ãæ³ã«éåããŠããã補é ãšãµãŒãã¹ãåé¢ããªããã°ãªããªããšã®å€æ±ºãäžããã
ãããçµå±ãAT&Tã¯è§£äœãåé¿ããæ³å»·ã«ã¯åºå»·ããªãã£ãã äœå¹Žãè çç¶æ
ã«ãã£ãåŸã1956幎ã«æ°ã¢ã€ãŒã³ãã¯ãŒæ¿æš©ãšèšŽèšãçµäºããåå®ãçµã¶ããšã«åæããã ãã®åé¡ã«å¯Ÿããæ¿åºã®ã¢ãããŒãã®å€åã¯ãæ¿æš©äº€ä»£ã«ãã£ãŠç¹ã«ä¿é²ãããŸããã å
±åå
ã¯æ°äž»å
ãããã¯ããã«å€§äŒæ¥ã«å¿ å®ã§ãããæ°äž»å
ã¯ãããæšé²ããã
å¥çŽæ¡ä»¶ã§ã¯ãAT&Tã¯èŠå¶å¯Ÿè±¡ã®é»æ°éä¿¡äºæ¥ã«ããã掻åãå¶éããããšãæ±ããããŠããã åžæ³çã¯ãäž»ã«æ¿åºã®ä»äºã察象ã«ãããã€ãã®äŸå€ãèªããããå瀟ããµã³ãã£ã¢ç 究æã§åãããšãçŠæ¢ããã€ããã¯ãªãã£ãã æ¿åºã¯ãŸããAT&Tã«å¯Ÿããåœå äŒæ¥ã«å¯Ÿããæ¢åããã³å°æ¥ã®ãã¹ãŠã®ç¹èš±ã«ã€ããŠåççãªè²»çšã§ã©ã€ã»ã³ã¹äŸäžããæè¡çã¢ããã€ã¹ãæäŸããããæ±ããã ãã«ç 究æãç¯ãäžããå¹ åºãã€ãããŒã·ã§ã³ãèãããšããã®ã©ã€ã»ã³ã¹ç·©åã¯ä»åŸæ°å幎ã«ããã£ãŠã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®ãã€ãã¯äŒæ¥ã®æé·ãä¿é²ããã®ã«åœ¹ç«ã€ã§ãããã ãããã®èŠä»¶ã¯äž¡æ¹ãšããç±³åœã«ãããã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã®åœ¢æã«å€§ããªåœ±é¿ãäžããŸããããããŒã«ã«é»æ°éä¿¡ãµãŒãã¹ã®äºå®äžã®ç¬å ãããã€ããŒãšããŠã® AT&T ã®åœ¹å²ãå€ããããšã¯ãããŸããã§ããã æ¶ç«æ§ã¯äžæçã«ã¯ããŒãŒããã«æ»ãããŸããã ãããéããªããFCC ã®äºæãã¬éšåããæ°ããªè åšãããããããã§ãããã ãã€ãã¹ã ãŒãºã«ããããŠåŸã ã«åããŠããæç€ããçªç¶æ·±ãæãå§ããŸãã
æåã®ã¹ã¬ãã
AT&T ã¯é·ãéã顧客 (éåžžã¯å€§äŒæ¥ãŸãã¯æ¿åºéšé) ã XNUMX ã€ä»¥äžã®é»è©±åç·ãå°çšã«ãªãŒã¹ã§ãããã©ã€ããŒãéä¿¡ãµãŒãã¹ãæäŸããŠããŸããã ãã¬ã ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã倧æç³æ²¹äŒç€Ÿãééäºæ¥è ãç±³åœåœé²ç·çãªã©ãå éšã§ç©æ¥µçã«äº€æžããå¿ èŠãããå€ãã®çµç¹ã«ãšã£ãŠããã®ãªãã·ã§ã³ã¯å ¬è¡ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã䜿çšããããã䟿å©ã§çµæžçã§å®å šã§ããããã«æããŸããã
ãã«ã®ãšã³ãžãã¢ã¯ 1953 幎ã«é»åäŒç€Ÿåãã«å°çšç¡ç·é»è©±åç·ãéèšããŸããã
1950 幎代ã«ãã€ã¯ãæ³¢äžç¶å¡ãæ®åããããšã«ãããé·è·é¢é»è©±äºæ¥è ã®åå ¥ã³ã¹ããå€§å¹ ã«åæžããããããå€ãã®çµç¹ã¯ãAT&T ãããããã¯ãŒã¯ããªãŒã¹ãããããç¬èªã®ãããã¯ãŒã¯ãæ§ç¯ããæ¹ãåçæ§ãé«ããšèããŸããã FCC ã®æ¿çç念ã¯ããã®èŠåã®å€ããéããŠç¢ºç«ãããŠããããã«ãæ¢åã®éä¿¡äºæ¥è ã顧客ã«åçã®ãµãŒãã¹ãæäŸã§ããªãããæäŸããææããªãå Žåãé€ããé»æ°éä¿¡ã«ããã競äºãçŠæ¢ããããšã§ããã ããã§ãªããã°ãFCC ã¯è³æºã®æµªè²»ã奚å±ããå ¬è¡ãžã®ãµãŒãã¹ãæ倧åããªãã AT&T ã®æŽåæ§ãç¶æããŠããèŠå¶ãšæéã®å¹³ååãšããæ éã«ãã©ã³ã¹ã®ãšããã·ã¹ãã ãæãªãããšã«ãªãã§ãããã 確ç«ãããåäŸã§ã¯ããã©ã€ããŒããã€ã¯ãæ³¢éä¿¡ããã¹ãŠã®äººã«å ¬éããããšã¯ã§ããŸããã§ããã AT&T ã¯å°çšé»è©±åç·ãæäŸããæ欲ããããæäŸããããšãã§ããŸããããä»ã®éä¿¡äºæ¥è ã«ã¯ãã®ããžãã¹ã«åå ¥ããæš©å©ããããŸããã§ããã
ãã®åŸãå©å®³é¢ä¿è ã®é£åããã®åäŸã«ç°è°ãå±ããããšã決å®ããŸããã ãã®ã»ãšãã©ãã¹ãŠã倧äŒæ¥ã§ãããç¬èªã®ãããã¯ãŒã¯ãæ§ç¯ãç¶æããããã®ç¬èªã®è³éãæã£ãŠããŸããã æãèåã ã£ãã®ã¯ç³æ²¹ç£æ¥ (ç±³åœç³æ²¹åäŒãAPI ã代衚) ã§ããã æ¥çã®ãã€ãã©ã€ã³ã倧éžå šäœã«èè¡ããäºæžãåºå€§ãªèŸºå¢ã®éåã«ç¹åšããæ¢æ»è¹ãæåçŸå Žãäžçäžã«ç¹åšããäžãæ¥çã¯ç¹å®ã®ããŒãºã«åãããŠç¬èªã®éä¿¡ã·ã¹ãã ãæ§ç¯ããããšèããŠããŸããã ã·ã³ã¯ã¬ã¢ããã³ãã«ã»ãªã€ã«ãªã©ã®äŒæ¥ã¯ããã€ãã©ã€ã³ã®ç¶æ ã®ç£èŠããªã°ã¢ãŒã¿ãŒã®é éç£èŠãæµ·æŽãªã°ãšã®éä¿¡ã«ãã€ã¯ãæ³¢ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã䜿çšããããšèããŠãããAT&Tã®èš±å¯ãåŸ ã€ããšãæãŸãªãã£ãã ããããç³æ²¹æ¥çã ãã§ã¯ãããŸããã§ããã ééã貚ç©èŒžéäŒç€Ÿããå°å£²æ¥è ãèªåè»ã¡ãŒã«ãŒã«è³ããŸã§ãäºå®äžãããã圢æ ã®å€§äŒæ¥ãæ°éãã€ã¯ãæ³¢ã·ã¹ãã ã®èš±å¯ãFCCã«è«é¡ããŠããã
ãã®ãããªå§åã«çŽé¢ããŠãFCC 㯠1956 幎 890 æã«å ¬èŽäŒãéããæ°ããåšæ³¢æ°åž¯å (çŽ XNUMX MHz) ããã®ãããªãããã¯ãŒã¯ã«éæŸãã¹ããã©ããã決å®ããŸããã ãã©ã€ããŒããã€ã¯ãæ³¢ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã¯éä¿¡äºæ¥è èªèº«ãã»ãŒç¬å çã«å察ããŠããããšãèãããšããã®åé¡ã«é¢ãã決å®ã¯ç°¡åã«äžããŸããã åžæ³çã§ãããAT&TãæåŸã®åå®ã«çœ²åãããšãã«äœããã®åœ¢ã§éšããããšä¿¡ããŠããã©ã€ããŒããã€ã¯ãæ³¢ãããã¯ãŒã¯ãæ¯æããã ãããŠããã¯ç¿æ £ãšãªããŸããããã®åŸ XNUMX 幎éã«ããããåžæ³çã¯åžžã« FCC ã®åé¡ã«éŠãçªã£èŸŒã¿ãAT&T ã®è¡åãäœåºŠã劚害ããæ°èŠåžå Žåå ¥è ãæè·ããŸããã
AT&T ã®æã匷åãªåè«ã§ãããç¹°ãè¿ãåè«ãç¶ããã®ã¯ãæ°èŠåå ¥è ãäžå±€éšããããåãããšããããšã§ãèŠå¶ã·ã¹ãã ã®åŸ®åŠãªãã©ã³ã¹ã厩ãã«éããªããšãããã®ã ã£ãã ã€ãŸãã倧äŒæ¥ã¯ãæ·èšã³ã¹ããäœããã©ãã£ãã¯ãå€ãã«ãŒãïŒAT&T ã«ãšã£ãŠæãåçæ§ã®é«ãã«ãŒãïŒã«æ²¿ã£ãŠç¬èªã®ãããã¯ãŒã¯ãæ§ç¯ãããã®æ§ç¯ã«æãã³ã¹ãããããå Žæ㧠AT&T ããå°çšåç·ãåããããã«ãªããŸãã ãã®çµæãæéã¯ãã¹ãŠäžè¬ã®å å ¥è ãæ¯æãããšã«ãªããäœæéã¬ãã«ã¯éåžžã«åçæ§ã®é«ãé·è·é¢éä¿¡ãµãŒãã¹ã«ãã£ãŠã®ã¿ç¶æã§ãã倧äŒæ¥ã¯ãã®æéãæ¯æãããšã¯ãããŸããã
ããããFCCã¯1959幎ã«ããããã ã890 ãè¶ ãããœãªã¥ãŒã·ã§ã³ã[ã€ãŸãã890 MHz / çŽ 890 MHz ãè¶ ããåšæ³¢æ°ç¯å²å ] 翻蚳] ã¯ãããžãã¹ã«åå ¥ãããã¹ãŠã®äººãç¬èªã®ãã©ã€ããŒãé·è·é¢ãããã¯ãŒã¯ãæ§ç¯ã§ãããšæ±ºå®ããŸããã ããã¯é£éŠæ¿æ²»ã«ãããåå²ç¹ãšãªã£ãã åæ°ã¯ãAT&Tãååé ã¡ã«ããºã ãšããŠæ©èœããå°ããªçºãç°èã貧ããå°åã®ãŠãŒã¶ãŒã«äœæéã®é»è©±ãµãŒãã¹ãæäŸããããã«å¯è£å±€ã®é¡§å®¢ã«æéã課ãã¹ãã§ãããšããåºæ¬çãªåæã«çåãæ±ããã ãããFCCã¯äŸç¶ãšããŠãéãé£ã¹ãŠæ± ã«è¿ã¥ããªãããšãã§ãããšä¿¡ãç¶ããã 圌女ã¯ããã®å€åã¯åãã«è¶³ããªããã®ã ãšèªåã«èšãèãããã 圱é¿ãåããã®ã¯AT&Tã®ãã©ãã£ãã¯ã®ããäžéšã®ã¿ã§ãæ°å幎ã«ããã£ãŠé»è©±èŠå¶ã管çããŠããå ¬å ±ãµãŒãã¹ã®äžæ žãšãªãç念ã«ã¯åœ±é¿ããªãã£ãã çµå±ãFCCãåãåã£ãã®ã¯é£ã³åºãã糞XNUMXæ¬ã ãã ã£ãã å®éããXNUMX以äžããšãã決å®èªäœã«ã¯ã»ãšãã©æå³ããªãã£ãã ããããããã¯ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®é»æ°éä¿¡æ§é ã«çã®é©åœãããããäžé£ã®åºæ¥äºãåŒãèµ·ãããŸããã
ä»ã«äœãèªãã¹ãã
- ãã¬ããã»Wã»ãã³ã¯ãšããŒããŒãã»ã¹ãã©ã¹ããŒã°ãæ»ããããåéãïŒ1988幎ïŒ
- ã¢ã©ã³ã»ã¹ããŒã³ãééã£ãçªå· (1989)
- ããŒã¿ãŒã»ããã³ãšã«ã€ã»ã¬ã©ã³ãã¹ãããã«ã»ã·ã¹ãã ã®åŽ©å£ãïŒ1987ïŒ
- ãã£ã ã»ãŠãŒããã¹ã¿ãŒã»ã¹ã€ããã (2010)
åºæïŒ habr.com