ã·ãªãŒãºã®ä»ã®èšäº:
- ãªã¬ãŒã®æŽå²
- é»åã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã®æŽå²
- ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã®æŽå²
- ã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããã®æŽå²
ãªãã¡ã¬ã³ã¹ãããã¯ãŒã¯ 厩å£ãããŒã 1 厩å£ãããŒã 2 ã€ã³ã¿ã©ã¯ãã£ãæ§ã®çºèŠ ã€ã³ã¿ã©ã¯ãã£ãæ§ã®æ¡å€§ ARPANET - èªç ARPANET - ããã±ãŒãž ARPANET - ãµãããã éä¿¡è£ çœ®ãšããŠã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ ã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããã®æŽå²: ã€ã³ã¿ãŒã¯ãŒãã³ã°
XNUMX 幎以äžã«ããããã¢ããã°ã®ç¬ã¯ããžã¿ã«ã®å°»å°Ÿãæ¯ãç¶ããŸããã èŠèŠãèŽèŠãããã«ã¯ããæå³ã§ã¯è§ŠèŠãªã©ãç§ãã¡ã®æèŠã®æ©èœãæ¡åŒµããè©Šã¿ã«ããããšã³ãžãã¢ãç§åŠè
ã¯é»ä¿¡ãé»è©±ãã©ãžãªãã¬ãŒããŒçšã®ããåªããã³ã³ããŒãã³ããæ¢ãããã«ãªããŸããã ãã®æ¢çŽ¢ã«ãããæ°ããã¿ã€ãã®ããžã¿ã« ãã·ã³ã®äœæãžã®éãçºèŠãããã®ã¯ããŸã£ããã®å¹žéã§ããã ãããŠç§ã¯ãã®äžå®ã®ç©èªãäŒããããšã«ããŸãã
ããã 1960 幎代ãŸã§ã«ããã®å®ãããã³ã©ãã¬ãŒã·ã§ã³ã¯çµãããè¿ãããããšãšãã«ç§ã®ç©èªãçµãããŸããã ããžã¿ã«æ©åšã®ã¡ãŒã«ãŒã¯ããã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿èªäœãæ¹åã®ç¡å°œèµã®æºãæäŸãããããæ°ããæ¹è¯ãããã¹ã€ãããæ±ããŠé»ä¿¡ãé»è©±ãã©ãžãªã®äžçã«ç®ãåããå¿
èŠããªããªããŸããã 圌ãã¯å¹Žã
ãé床ãé£èºçã«åäžãããã³ã¹ããåæžããæ¹æ³ãåžžã«èŠã€ããªãããããã«æ·±ãæãäžããŠãããŸããã
ãããããã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã®çºæããã®æç¹ã§æ¢ãŸã£ãŠãããããã®ãããªããšã¯èµ·ãããªãã£ãã§ãããã
ã¹ããŒã¹ã¿ãŒã
ãã«ç 究æã®ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿çºæã®çºè¡šã«å¯ŸããŠãäžè¬ãã¹ã³ãã¯ã»ãšãã©ç±çããªãã£ãã 1 幎 1948 æ XNUMX æ¥ããã¥ãŒãšãŒã¯ ã¿ã€ã ãºçŽã¯ã©ãžãª ãã¥ãŒã¹ã®èšäºã®æåŸã«ãã®åºæ¥äºã«ã€ã㊠XNUMX ã€ã®æ®µèœãå²ããŸããã ããã«ããã®ãã¥ãŒã¹ã¯ãæããã«ããéèŠã§ãããšèããããŠããä»ã®ãã¥ãŒã¹ãããšãã° NBC ã§æŸéãããäºå®ã ã£ã XNUMX æéã®ã©ãžãªçªçµãã¯ã«ã ã¿ã€ã ãã«ç¶ããŠçºè¡šãããŸããã ä»ã«ããŠæãã°ãç¡åã®èè ãã¡ãç¬ããããªãããå±ããããªããããããŸãããã©ãããŠåœŒãã¯äžçãã²ã£ããè¿ãããã®åºæ¥äºãèªèã§ããªãã£ãã®ã§ãããã?
ããããåŸããèãããšèªèãæªããããç§ãã¡ãç¥ã£ãŠããéèŠæ§ãåœæãã€ãºã®æµ·ã®äžã«å€±ãããä¿¡å·ãå¢å¹
ãããŸãã 1948 幎ã®ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã¯ããã®èšäºãèªãã§ããã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã®ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ãšã¯å€§ããç°ãªããŸãã (å°å·ããããšã«ããå Žåãé€ã)ã ãããã¯éåžžã«ç°ãªã£ãŠãããããååã¯åãã§ãããããããç¹ãèã
ãšåãç¶ãããŠããã«ãããããããç°ãªãå±ã§ã¯ãªãã«ããŠããç°ãªãçš®ãšã¿ãªãããã¹ãã§ããã ãµã€ãºã®å€§ããªéãã¯èšããŸã§ããªããçµæãæ§é ãåäœåçãç°ãªããŸãã ããŒãã£ãŒã³ãšãã©ããã³ãæ§ç¯ããäžåšçšãªè£
眮ãäžçãšç§ãã¡ã®ç掻ãå€ããããšãã§ããã®ã¯ã絶ãéãªãåçºæã«ãã£ãŠã®ã¿ã§ããã
å®éãã·ã³ã°ã«ãã€ã³ãã²ã«ãããŠã ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã¯ã泚ç®ãããã»ã©ã®äŸ¡å€ã¯ãããŸããã§ããã ç空管ç±æ¥ã®ããã€ãã®æ¬ é¥ããããŸããã ãã¡ãããããã¯æãã³ã³ãã¯ããªã©ã³ããããã¯ããã«å°ããã£ãã é«æž©ã®ãã£ã©ã¡ã³ãããªããšããããšã¯ãçºçããç±ãå°ãªããæ¶è²»ãšãã«ã®ãŒãå°ãªããçãå°œããã䜿çšåã®ãŠã©ãŒã ã¢ãããå¿ èŠãªãããšãæå³ããŸãã
ããããæ¥è§Šé¢ã«æ±ããèç©ãããšæ éãçºçããèçšå¹Žæ°ã延ã³ãå¯èœæ§ããªããªããŸããã ãã€ãºã®å€ãä¿¡å·ãçºçããŸããã äœé»åããã³çãåšæ³¢æ°ç¯å²ã§ã®ã¿åäœããŸããã ç±ãå¯ãã湿æ°ã®ååšäžã§ã¯æ éããŸãã ãããŠåäžã«äœãããšãã§ããŸããã§ããã åã人ãåãæ¹æ³ã§äœæããããã€ãã®ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã¯ãé»æ°çç¹æ§ã倧ããç°ãªããŸãã ãããŠãããã«ã¯æšæºçãªã©ã³ãã® XNUMX åã®ã³ã¹ããããããŸããã
ã·ã³ã°ã«ãã€ã³ããã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ãå®çšçãªããã€ã¹ãšãªãã®ã«ååãªè£œé äžã®åé¡ããã«ç 究æïŒããã³ä»ã®ç¹èš±ä¿æè ïŒã解決ããã®ã¯ 1952 幎ã«ãªã£ãŠããã§ããããã®ãšãã§ãããäŸ¡æ Œæ床ãæ¯èŒçäœãã£ãè£èŽåšåžå Žãè¶ ããŠæ®åããããšã¯ãããŸããã§ããã . ãããŠããããªãŒå¯¿åœã®ç¹ã§ã®å©ç¹ãæ¬ ç¹ãäžåããŸããã
ãããããã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ãããåªãããããæçšãªãã®ã«å€ããããã®æåã®è©Šã¿ããã§ã«å§ãŸã£ãŠããŸããã å®éã圌ãã¯äžè¬ã®äººã ããã®ååšãç¥ã£ãç¬éããããã£ãšæ©ãããå§ãŸããŸããã
ã·ã§ãã¯ã¬ãŒã®éæ
1947 幎ã®çµããé ããã«ã»ã·ã§ãã¯ã¬ãŒã¯è奮ããªããã·ã«ãŽãžæ è¡ããŸããã 圌ã¯ãããŒãã£ãŒã³ãšãã©ããã³ãæè¿çºæãããã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã«åã€æ¹æ³ã«ã€ããŠæŒ ç¶ãšããã¢ã€ãã¢ãæã£ãŠããŸãããããŸã ãããéçºããæ©äŒããããŸããã§ããã ãã®ããã圌ã¯ä»äºã®åéã®äŒæ©ã楜ãã代ããã«ãã¯ãªã¹ãã¹ãšæ°å¹Žãããã«ã§éãããçŽ 20 ããŒãžã®ããŒãã«ã¢ã€ãã¢ãæžã綎ããŸããã ãã®äžã«ã¯ãåå°äœãµã³ãã€ããæ§é ãã€ãŸã XNUMX ã€ã® n åã²ã«ãããŠã ã®éã«ãã p åã²ã«ãããŠã ã®ã¹ã©ã€ã¹ã§æ§æãããæ°ãããã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã®ææ¡ããããŸããã
ãã®ãšãŒã¹ã«åæ°ã¥ããããã·ã§ãã¯ã¬ãŒã¯ãããŒãã£ãŒã³ãšãã©ããã³ã«ãã¬ãŒãã«ãžã®åž°éã䞻匵ãããã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ãçºæããå瞟ããã¹ãŠäž»åŒµããã ããŒãã£ãŒã³ãšãã©ããã³ãç 究宀ã«é£ããŠè¡ã£ãã®ã¯ããã£ãŒã«ãå¹æã«é¢ãã圌ã®ã¢ã€ãã¢ã§ã¯ãªãã£ãã§ãããã? ãã®å Žåãç¹èš±ã«å¯Ÿãããã¹ãŠã®æš©å©ã圌ã«è²æž¡ããå¿
èŠãããã®ã§ã¯ãªãã§ãããã? ããããã·ã§ãã¯ã¬ãŒã®ããªãã¯ã¯è£ç®ã«åºãŸããããã«ç 究æã®ç¹èš±åŒè·å£«ã¯ãæªç¥ã®çºæè
ãã
ãã®ããããã«ç 究æã¯ã·ã§ãã¯ãªãŒã«çºæè ã®å瞟ãæãã¿ãªãäžãããã®ã®ãç¹èš±ã«ã¯ããŒãã£ãŒã³ãšãã©ããã³ã®ååã ããèšèŒããã ãããããã£ãŠããŸã£ãããšã¯åãæ¶ãããšã¯ã§ããŸãããã·ã§ãã¯ã¬ãŒã®éå¿ã«ãã£ãŠãäºäººã®éšäžãšã®é¢ä¿ãç Žå£ãããŠããŸããŸããã ããŒãã£ãŒã³ã¯ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã®ç 究ããããè¶ äŒå°ã«éäžããã 圌㯠1951 幎ã«ç 究æãå»ããŸããããã©ããã³ã¯ããã«æ®ããŸããããåã³ã·ã§ãã¯ãªãŒãšäžç·ã«åãããšãæåŠããå¥ã®ã°ã«ãŒãã«ç§»ãããããšã䞻匵ããŸããã
ä»ã®äººã ãšååããããšãã§ããªããããã·ã§ãã¯ãªãŒã¯ç 究宀ã§äœã®é²æ©ãéããããšãã§ãããããã§åœŒããããå»ããŸããã 1956 幎ã«åœŒã¯ããã¢ã«ãã®æ é·ã«æ»ããèªèº«ã®ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿äŒç€Ÿã·ã§ãã¯ã¬ãŒ ã»ãã³ã³ãã¯ã¿ãŒãèšç«ããŸããã åºçºåã劻ã®ãžãŒã³ãåå®®ããããå埩äžã«å¥å± ãããšããŒã»ã©ãã³ã°ãšé¢ä¿ãæã€ããã«ãªããããã«çµå©ããã ãããã圌ã®ã«ãªãã©ã«ãã¢ã§ã®å€¢ã® 1957 ã€ã®ååãã€ãŸãæ°ããäŒç€Ÿãšæ°ãã劻ã®ãã¡ãå®çŸããã®ã¯ XNUMX ã€ã ãã§ãã XNUMX 幎ã圌ã®çµå¶ã¹ã¿ã€ã«ãšäŒç€Ÿã®æ¹åæ§ã«æ¿æãã圌ã®åªç§ãªãšã³ãžãã¢ã圌ã®ããšãå»ããæ°äŒç€Ÿãã§ã¢ãã£ã€ã«ã ã»ãã³ã³ãã¯ã¿ãŒãèšç«ããŸããã
1956幎ã®ã·ã§ãã¯ã¬ãŒ
ããã§ã·ã§ãã¯ãªãŒã¯äŒç€Ÿã®æ®»ãç Žããã¹ã¿ã³ãã©ãŒã倧åŠã®é»æ°å·¥åŠéšã«å°±è·ããã ããã§åœŒã¯ååãã¡ïŒãããŠåœŒã®æå€ã®å人ã§ããç©çåŠè
ïŒãã¡ãçå€ãç¶ããã
èµ·æ¥å®¶ãšããŠã®åœŒã®åŒ±ã ããè©Šã¿ã¯å€±æã«çµãããŸããããã·ã§ãã¯ãªãŒã¯å®ãè±ããªåå£ã«çš®ãèããŸããã ãµã³ãã©ã³ã·ã¹ã³ã®ãã€ãšãªã¢ã«ã¯å°èŠæš¡ãªãšã¬ã¯ãããã¯ã¹äŒæ¥ãæ°å€ãçãŸããæŠæäžã¯é£éŠæ¿åºããã®è³éã§æœ€ã£ãã ã·ã§ãã¯ã¬ãŒã®å¶ç¶ã®åå«ã§ãããã§ã¢ãã£ã€ã«ã ã»ãã³ã³ãã¯ã¿ãŒã¯ãæ°åã®æ°ããäŒæ¥ãçã¿åºããŸããããã®ãã¡ã® 1970 ã€ã¯ä»æ¥ã§ãç¥ãããŠããŸããã€ã³ãã«ãšã¢ããã³ã¹ã ãã€ã¯ã ããã€ã¹ (AMD) ã§ãã XNUMX 幎代åé ãŸã§ã«ããã®å°åã¯ãã·ãªã³ã³ ãã¬ãŒããšããå²ç¬çãªãã åãä»ããããããã«ãªããŸããã ããããã¡ãã£ãšåŸ ã£ãŠãã ãããããŒãã£ãŒã³ãšãã©ããã³ã¯ã²ã«ãããŠã ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ãäœæããŸããã ã·ãªã³ã³ã¯ã©ãããæ¥ãã®ã§ãã?
ããã¯ããã€ãŠã·ã§ãã¯ã¬ãŒ ã»ãã³ã³ãã¯ã¿ãŒããã£ãããŠã³ãã³ ãã¥ãŒã®å»å¢ã® 2009 幎ã®æ§åã§ãã ä»æ¥ããã®å»ºç©ã¯åãå£ãããŸããã
ã·ãªã³ã³ã®äº€å·®ç¹ã«åããŠ
ã·ã«ãŽã®ããã«ã§ã·ã§ãã¯ã¬ãŒã«ãã£ãŠçºæãããæ°ããã¿ã€ãã®ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã®éåœã¯ãçºæè ã®éåœãããã¯ããã«å¹žçŠãªãã®ã§ããã ããã¯ãã¹ãŠãçŽç²ãªåå°äœåçµæ¶ãæé·ãããããšããäžäººã®ç·ã®é¡æã®ãããã§ãã ãããµã¹å·åºèº«ã®ç©çååŠè ãŽãŒãã³ã»ãã£ãŒã«ã¯ãå士å·ååŸã®ããã«åœæã¯åœ¹ã«ç«ããªãã£ãã²ã«ãããŠã ãç 究ããŠãããã30 幎代ã«ãã«ç 究æã«å°±è·ããã ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã«ã€ããŠåŠãã 圌ã¯ãåœæ䜿çšãããŠããå€çµæ¶æ··åç©ããã§ã¯ãªããçŽç²ãªåçµæ¶ãããã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ãäœæããããšã§ããã®ä¿¡é Œæ§ãšåºåãå€§å¹ ã«åäžã§ãããšç¢ºä¿¡ããŸããã ã·ã§ãã¯ãªãŒã¯åœŒã®åªåãè³æºã®ç¡é§ãšããŠæåŠããã
ãããããã£ãŒã«ã¯ç²ã匷ããæ©æ¢°æåž«ã®ãžã§ã³ã»ãªãã«ã®å©ããåããŠã溶èã²ã«ãããŠã ããå°ããªçµæ¶ã®çš®ãæœåºããè£ çœ®ãéçºããŠæåãåããŸããã ã²ã«ãããŠã ãæ žã®åšå²ã§å·ãããšãçµæ¶æ§é ãæ¡å€§ããé£ç¶ããã»ãŒçŽç²ãªåå°äœæ Œåã圢æãããŸããã 1949 幎ã®æ¥ãŸã§ã«ããã£ãŒã«ãšãªãã«ã¯æ³šæã«å¿ããŠçµæ¶ãäœæã§ããããã«ãªãããã¹ãã®çµæãå€çµæ¶ã®ç«¶åä»ç€Ÿã«å€§ããé ãããšã£ãŠããããšãããããŸããã ç¹ã«ããããã«æ·»å ããã埮éãã©ã³ã¹ããŒã¿ãŒã¯ãå éšã§ XNUMX ãã€ã¯ãç§ãŸãã¯ãã以äžçåã§ããŸã (ä»ã®çµæ¶ãµã³ãã«ã§ã¯ XNUMX ãã€ã¯ãç§ä»¥äž)ã
ãã£ãŒã«ã¯ããå€ãã®ãªãœãŒã¹ã«äœè£ãã§ããããå€ãã®äººæãããŒã ã«æ¡çšã§ããŸãããããã®äžã«ã¯ãããµã¹ãããã«ç 究æã«æ¥ãããäžäººã®ç©çååŠè ãã¢ãŒã¬ã³ã»ã¹ããŒã¯ã¹ãå«ãŸããŠããŸããã 圌ãã¯ãé©åãªäžçŽç©ã®ããŒãºãæ·»å ããããšã«ãã£ãŠã溶èç©ãå€æŽããŠãp åãŸã㯠n åã²ã«ãããŠã ãäœæãå§ããŸããã XNUMX 幎以å ã«ã圌ãã¯ã²ã«ãããŠã npn ãµã³ãã€ããã溶èç©äžã§çŽæ¥æé·ãããããšãã§ããçšåºŠãŸã§æè¡ãæ¹è¯ããŸããã ãããŠãããã¯ã·ã§ãã¯ã¬ãŒãäºæž¬ãããšããã«æ£ç¢ºã«æ©èœããŸãããpåææããã®é»æ°ä¿¡å·ãããããå²ãnåéšåã«æ¥ç¶ãããXNUMXã€ã®å°äœéã®é»æµãå€èª¿ããŸããã
ãã«ç 究æã®äœæ¥å°ã«ç«ã€ã¢ãŒã¬ã³ã»ã¹ããŒã¯ã¹ãšãŽãŒãã³ã»ãã£ãŒã«
ãã®æé·ããæ¥åãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã¯ãã»ãŒãã¹ãŠã®ç¹ã§åäžç¹æ¥è§Šã®ç¥å ãäžåããŸããã ç¹ã«ãä¿¡é Œæ§ãšäºæž¬å¯èœæ§ãé«ããçºçãããã€ãºãã¯ããã«å°ãªã (ãããã£ãŠæ床ãé«ã)ãéåžžã«ãšãã«ã®ãŒå¹çãé«ããæ¶è²»ãšãã«ã®ãŒãäžè¬çãªç空管㮠1951 äžåã® XNUMX ã§ããã XNUMX 幎 XNUMX æããã«ç 究æã¯æ°ããªçºæãçºè¡šããããã«å床èšè äŒèŠãéå¬ããŸããã æåã®ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ããªããšãåžå Žã«æå ¥ãããåã§ãããããã¯æ¬è³ªçã«æå³ã®ãªããã®ã«ãªã£ãŠããŸããã
ããããããã¯ãŸã å§ãŸãã«ãããŸããã§ããã 1952 幎ããŒãã©ã« ãšã¬ã¯ããªã㯠(GE) ã¯ãæ¥ååãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã補é ããããã®æ°ããããã»ã¹ã§ãããã¥ãŒãžã§ã³æ³ã®éçºãçºè¡šããŸããã ãã®ãã¬ãŒã ã¯ãŒã¯ã§ã¯ãã€ã³ãžãŠã (p åãããŒ) ã® XNUMX ã€ã®ããŒã«ããn åã²ã«ãããŠã ã®èãã¹ã©ã€ã¹ã®äž¡åŽã«èåãããŠããŸãã ãã®ããã»ã¹ã¯ãåéã§æ¥åãæé·ããããããç°¡åã§å®äŸ¡ã§ããããã®ãããªãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã¯æµæãå°ãªããããé«ãåšæ³¢æ°ããµããŒãããŸããã
æé·ããã³èåããããã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿
ç¿å¹ŽããŽãŒãã³ã»ãã£ãŒã«ã¯æ é·ã®å·ã«æ»ãããšã決æãããã©ã¹ã®ãããµã¹ã»ã€ã³ã¹ãã«ã¡ã³ãïŒTIïŒã«å°±è·ããŸããã å瀟㯠Geophysical Services, Inc. ãšããŠèšç«ãããåœåã¯ç³æ²¹æ¢æ»çšã®æ©åšã補é ããŠããŸããããTI ã¯æŠæäžã«ãšã¬ã¯ãããã¯ã¹éšéãéèšããçŸåšã¯ Western Electric (ãã«ç 究æã®è£œé éšé) ããã®ã©ã€ã»ã³ã¹ãåããŠãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿åžå Žã«åå ¥ããŠããŸããã
ãã£ãŒã«ã¯ãç 究宀ã§åŠãã æ°ããã¹ãã«ãã€ãŸãæé·ããèœåãšã
ã·ãªã³ã³ã¯ã¯ããã«å®å®ããŠããŸãããããã®ä»£åãšããŠèç¹ãéŒéã«å¹æµããã»ã©é«ããªããŸããã é«å質ã®ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ãäœæããã«ã¯éåžžã«çŽç²ãªçµæ¶ãå¿ èŠã§ãããããããã¯å€å€§ãªå°é£ãåŒãèµ·ãããŸããã é«æž©ã®æº¶èã·ãªã³ã³ã¯ããããå ¥ã£ãŠãããã€ãŒããæ±æç©è³ªãåžåããŸãã Teel æ°ãš TI ã®ããŒã ã¯ãDuPont ã®è¶ é«çŽåºŠã·ãªã³ã³ ãµã³ãã«ã䜿çšããŠããããã®èª²é¡ãå æããããšãã§ããŸããã 1954 幎 XNUMX æããªãã€ãªå·ãã€ãã³ã§éå¬ãããç¡ç·å·¥åŠç 究æã®äŒè°ã§ããã£ãŒã«ã¯ç 究宀ã§è£œé ãããæ°ããã·ãªã³ã³ ããã€ã¹ãé«æž©ã®æ²¹ã«æµžæŒ¬ãããŠãåäœãç¶ããããšãå®èšŒããŸããã
æåããæ°èäŒæ¥
ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ãæåã«çºæãããŠããçŽ XNUMX 幎åŸãã€ãã«ããã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã®ä»£åè©ãšãªã£ãææã§ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ãäœãããšãã§ããŸããã ãããŠããã€ã¯ãããã»ããµãã¡ã¢ãªãããã§äœ¿çšãããŠãã圢ç¶ã«ã»ãŒäŒŒããã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ãç»å ŽãããŸã§ã«ãã»ãŒåãæéããããã§ãããã
1955 幎ããã«ç 究æã®ç§åŠè
ãã¡ã¯ãæ°ããããŒãã³ã°æè¡ã䜿ã£ãŠã·ãªã³ã³ ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã補é ããæ¹æ³ãåŠã¶ããšã«æåããŸããã液äœã®æº¶èç©ã«åºäœã®äžçŽç©ã®çãå ãã代ããã«ãã¬ã¹ç¶ã®æ·»å å€ãåå°äœã®åºäœè¡šé¢ã«å°å
¥ããŸããã
ãšã®åéå
æåŸã«ã1960 幎ã«ããã«ç 究æã® XNUMX 人ã®ãšã³ãžã㢠(ãžã§ã³ ã¢ã¿ã©ãšãã€ãã³ ã«ãŒã³) ããé»çå¹æãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã«é¢ããã·ã§ãã¯ã¬ãŒã®ãªãªãžãã«ã®ã³ã³ã»ãããå®è£ ããŸããã åå°äœè¡šé¢ã®é žåç©ã®èãå±€ã¯ãè¡šé¢ç¶æ ãå¹æçã«æå¶ããããšãã§ããã¢ã«ãããŠã ã²ãŒãããã®é»çãã·ãªã³ã³ã«æµžéããåå ãšãªããŸããã ããã㊠MOSFET [éå±é žåç©åå°äœé»çå¹æãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿] (ãŸãã¯éå±é žåç©åå°äœã® MOS æ§é ) ãèªçããŸãããããã¯éåžžã«ç°¡åã«å°ååã§ããããšãå€æããçŸåšã§ãã»ãšãã©ãã¹ãŠã®çŸä»£ã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã§äœ¿çšãããŠããŸã (èå³æ·±ãããšã«)ãã¢ã¿ã©ã¯ãšãžããåºèº«ã§ãã«ã³ã¯éåœåºèº«ã§ãããäºå®äžããšãŒãããã®ã«ãŒããæããªããšã³ãžãã¢ã¯ãæŽå²å šäœã§ãã® XNUMX 人ã ãã§ã)ã
æåã®ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã®çºæãã XNUMX 幎åŸãã€ãã«ãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã®ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã«äŒŒããã®ãç»å ŽããŸããã æ¥åãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ããã補é ã容æã§æ¶è²»é»åãå°ãªããªããŸãããä¿¡å·ãžã®å¿çãéåžžã«é ãã£ãã§ãã é»çå¹æãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã®å©ç¹ãè¡šé¢åããã®ã¯ãåäžãããäžã«æ°çŸãŸãã¯æ°åã®ã³ã³ããŒãã³ããé 眮ããã倧èŠæš¡éç©åè·¯ãæ®åããŠããã§ãã
é»çå¹æãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã®ç¹èš±ããã®å³
é»çå¹æã¯ããã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã®éçºã«å¯Ÿãããã«ç 究æã®æåŸã®äž»èŠãªè²¢ç®ã§ããã ãã«ç 究æïŒãŠã§ã¹ã¿ã³ã»ãšã¬ã¯ããªãã¯ãå«ãïŒããŒãã©ã«ã»ãšã¬ã¯ããªãã¯ãã·ã«ããã¢ããŠã§ã¹ãã³ã°ããŠã¹ãªã©ã®å€§æé»åæ©åšã¡ãŒã«ãŒã¯ãèšå€§ãªéã®åå°äœç 究ãèç©ããŠããŸããã 1952 幎ãã 1965 幎ã«ãããŠããã«ç 究æã ãã§ããã®ããŒãã«é¢ã㊠XNUMX 件以äžã®ç¹èš±ãç»é²ããŸããã ããããåæ¥åžå Žã¯ããã«ãããµã¹ã»ã€ã³ã¹ãã«ã¡ã³ãããã©ã³ãžããã³ããã§ã¢ãã£ã€ã«ããªã©ã®æ°èŠåå ¥äŒæ¥ã®æã«èœã¡ãã
åæã®ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿åžå Žã¯ã倧æäŒæ¥ã®æ³šç®ãéããã«ã¯å°ããããŸãã: ãšã¬ã¯ãããã¯ã¹åžå Žå šäœã 18 åãã«ã§ããã®ã«å¯Ÿãã1950 幎代åã°ã«ã¯å¹ŽéçŽ 2 äžãã«ã§ãããããã§ã¯ãè¥ãç§åŠè ãåå°äœã®ç¥èãåžåããŠãããäžå°äŒæ¥ã«ãµãŒãã¹ã販売ããããšãã§ããŸãã 1960 幎代åã°ã«ç空管ãšã¬ã¯ãããã¯ã¹åžå Žãæ¬æ Œçã«çž®å°ãå§ãããšãããã«ç 究æããŠã§ã¹ãã³ã°ããŠã¹ãªã©ãæ°èäŒæ¥ãšç«¶äºããã«ã¯æé ãã§ããã
ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒãããã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ãžã®ç§»è¡
1950 幎代ããã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã¯ãšã¬ã¯ãããã¯ã¹ã®äžçã® XNUMX ã€ã®äž»èŠåéã«äŸµå ¥ããŸããã æåã® XNUMX ã€ã¯è£èŽåšãšããŒã¿ãã« ã©ãžãªã§ãäœæ¶è²»é»åãšãã®çµæãšããŠé·ãããããªãŒå¯¿åœãä»ã®èæ ®äºé ãäžåããŸããã XNUMXã€ç®ã¯è»äºå©çšã§ãã ç±³éžè»ã¯ãéæŠç¡ç·æ©ãã匟éããµã€ã«ãŸã§ãããããã®ã«äœ¿çšã§ããä¿¡é Œæ§ã®é«ãã³ã³ãã¯ããªéšåãšããŠãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã«å€§ããªæåŸ ãå¯ããŠããŸããã ããããåæã®é ã圌ãã®ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ãžã®æ¯åºã¯ãåœæã®ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã®äŸ¡å€ã確èªãããã®ãšãããããããã¯ãããžãŒã®å°æ¥ãžã®è³ãã®ããã«èŠããŸããã ãããŠæåŸã«ãããžã¿ã«ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°ãç»å ŽããŸããã
ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã®åéã§ã¯ãç空管ã¹ã€ããã®æ¬ ç¹ã¯ããç¥ãããŠãããæŠåã«ã¯é»åã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã¯å®çšåã§ããªããšèããæçè«è ãããã äœåãã®ã©ã³ãã XNUMX ã€ã®ããã€ã¹ã«éãããããšããããã¯é»åãæ¶è²»ããèšå€§ãªéã®ç±ãçºçãããããä¿¡é Œæ§ã®èŠ³ç¹ããã¯ãå®æçãªã©ã³ãåãã«é ŒããããããŸããã§ããã ãããã£ãŠãäœé»åãã¯ãŒã«ãã¹ã¬ããã¬ã¹ã®ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã¯ãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ ã¡ãŒã«ãŒã®æäžäž»ãšãªããŸããã ã¢ã³ããšããŠã®æ¬ ç¹ïŒåºåã«ãã€ãºãå€ããªããªã©ïŒã¯ãã¹ã€ãããšããŠäœ¿çšãããšããã»ã©åé¡ã«ãªããŸããã§ããã å¯äžã®é害ã¯ã³ã¹ãã§ããããããŠäŸ¡æ Œã¯æ¥æ¿ã«äžããå§ããã ããã
ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿åã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãçšããåæã®ã¢ã¡ãªã«ã®å®éšã¯ãã¹ãŠãææãªæ°æè¡ã®å¯èœæ§ãæ¢æ±ããããšããè»ã®é¡æãšãæ¹è¯ãããã¹ã€ããã«ç§»è¡ããããšããæè¡è ã®é¡æã亀差ããäžã§è¡ãããŸããã
ãã«ç 究æ㯠1954 幎ã«ç±³åœç©ºè»åãã« TRADIC ãæ§ç¯ãããã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ãçææ©ã«ããžã¿ã« ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãæèŒããŠãã¢ããã° ããã²ãŒã·ã§ã³ã眮ãæããŠç®æšã®çºèŠãæ¯æŽã§ãããã©ããã確èªããŸããã MIT ãªã³ã«ãŒã³ç 究æã¯ã0 幎ã«å€§èŠæš¡ãªé²ç©ºãããžã§ã¯ãã®äžç°ãšã㊠TX-1956 ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒãéçºããŸããããã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒã¯ãé«éã³ã³ãã¥ãŒãã£ã³ã°ã«é©ããè¡šé¢ããªã¢ ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã®å¥ã®ããŒãžã§ã³ã䜿çšããŠããŸããã Philco ã¯æµ·è»ãšã®å¥çŽã«åºã¥ã㊠(å®é㯠NSA ã®èŠè«ã«åºã¥ããŠ) SOLO ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒãæ§ç¯ãã1958 幎ã«å®æãããŸãã (è¡šé¢ããªã¢ ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã®å¥ã®ããªãšãŒã·ã§ã³ã䜿çš)ã
å·æŠæ代ã«è³æºã«æµãŸããªãã£ã西ãšãŒãããã§ã¯ãç¶æ³ã¯å€§ããç°ãªããŸããã ãã³ãã§ã¹ã¿ãŒ ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒã®ãããªãã·ã³ã
ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã䜿çšããæåã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒã®ã¿ã€ãã«ã«ã€ããŠã¯å€ãã®è«äºããããŸãã ãã¡ããããã¹ãŠã¯ãæåããããã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ãããã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ããªã©ã®åèªã®æ£ããå®çŸ©ãéžæããããšã«åž°çããŸãã ãããã«ãããç§ãã¡ã¯ç©èªãã©ãã§çµããã®ããç¥ã£ãŠããŸãã ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿åã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã®åååã¯ããã«å§ãŸããŸããã 幎ã ãåãäŸ¡æ Œã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã¯ãã匷åã«ãªããåãèœåã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã¯ããå®ããªãããã®ããã»ã¹ã¯éåžžã«å®¹èµŠã®ãªããã®ã§ããããã«èŠããéåãšãšãã«ã®ãŒä¿åã«æ¬¡ãæ³åŸã®ã©ã³ã¯ã«ãŸã§é«ããããŸããã ã©ã®å°ç³ãæåã«åŽ©å£ãããã«ã€ããŠè°è«ããå¿ èŠãããã§ãããã?
ã ãŒã¢ã®æ³åã¯ã©ãããæ¥ãã®ã§ãããã?
ã¹ã€ããã®ç©èªã®çµããã«è¿ã¥ãã«ã€ããŠããã®åŽ©å£ãèµ·ãã£ãåå ã¯äœãªã®ããåã䟡å€ããããŸãã ãªãã ãŒã¢ã®æ³åã¯ååšããã®ã§ãããã (ãŸãã¯ååšããŸãã - ããã«ã€ããŠã¯å¥ã®æ©äŒã«è°è«ããŸã)? ç空管ããªã¬ãŒã«ã ãŒã¢ã®æ³åããªãã®ãšåæ§ãé£è¡æ©ãæé€æ©ã«ãã ãŒã¢ã®æ³åã¯ãããŸããã
çã㯠XNUMX ã€ã®éšåã§æ§æãããŸãã
- ã¢ãŒãã£ãã¡ã¯ã ã«ããŽãªãšããŠã®ã¹ã€ããã®è«çããããã£ã
- çŽç²ã«ååŠããã»ã¹ã䜿çšããŠãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã補é ããèœåã
ãŸãã¹ã€ããã®æ¬è³ªã«ã€ããŠã ã»ãšãã©ã®ã¢ãŒãã£ãã¡ã¯ãã®ç¹æ§ã¯ãåºç¯å²ã«ããã容赊ã®ãªãç©ççå¶çŽãæºãããªããã°ãªããŸããã æ 客æ©ã¯å€ãã®äººã®åèšééãæ¯ããªããã°ãªããŸããã æé€æ©ã¯ãç¹å®ã®ç©çé åããäžå®æéå ã«äžå®éã®ãŽããåžåŒã§ããªããã°ãªããŸããã é£è¡æ©ãæé€æ©ãããã¹ã±ãŒã«ã«çž®å°ãããã圹ã«ç«ããªããªããŸãã
人éã®æã«è§Šããããšã®ãªãèªåã¹ã€ããã§ããã¹ã€ããã«ã¯ãç©çââçãªå¶éãã¯ããã«å°ãªããªããŸãã XNUMX ã€ã®ç°ãªãç¶æ ãæã€å¿ èŠããããç¶æ ãå€åãããšãã«ä»ã®åæ§ã®ã¹ã€ãããšéä¿¡ã§ããå¿ èŠããããŸãã ã€ãŸãããªã³ãšãªããåãæ¿ããã ãã§æžã¿ãŸãã ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã®äœããããªã«ç¹å¥ãªã®ã§ãããã? ä»ã®çš®é¡ã®ããžã¿ã« ã¹ã€ããã§ã¯ããªããã®ãããªé£èºçãªæ¹åãèŠãããªãã£ãã®ã§ãããã?
ããã§XNUMXçªç®ã®äºå®ã«ãã©ãçããŸãã ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã¯ãæ©æ¢°çä»å ¥ãªãã§ååŠããã»ã¹ã䜿çšããŠäœæã§ããŸãã åœåããããã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿è£œé ã®éèŠãªèŠçŽ ã¯ååŠäžçŽç©ã®äœ¿çšã§ããã 次ã«ããã¬ãŒããŒããã»ã¹ãç»å Žããçç£ããæåŸã®æ©æ¢°çã¹ãããã§ããã¯ã€ã€ãŒã®åãä»ããæé€ãããŸããã ãã®çµæãå°ååã«ãããæåŸã®ç©ççå¶éãåãé€ããŸããã ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã¯ãã¯ã人éã®æãæ©æ¢°è£ 眮ã«ååãªå€§ããã§ããå¿ èŠã¯ãããŸããã ããã¯ãã¹ãŠãæ³åã絶ããã»ã©å°èŠæš¡ãªåçŽãªååŠã«ãã£ãŠè¡ãããŸãããé žã§ãšããã³ã°ããå ã§è¡šé¢ã®ã©ã®éšåããšããã³ã°ã«æµæããããå¶åŸ¡ããèžæ°ã§ãšããã³ã°ããããã©ãã¯ã«äžçŽç©ãéå±èãå°å ¥ããŸããã
ãããããªãå°ååãå¿ èŠãªã®ã§ããããïŒ ãµã€ãºã®çž®å°ã«ãããã¹ã€ããã³ã°é床ã®åäžããšãã«ã®ãŒæ¶è²»ã®åæžãåã ã®ã³ããŒã®ã³ã¹ãã®åæžãªã©ãéæ²³ç³»å šäœã«å¬ããå¯äœçšãããããããŸããã ãããã®åŒ·åãªã€ã³ã»ã³ãã£ãã«ããã誰ããã¹ã€ãããããã«æžããæ¹æ³ã暡玢ããããã«ãªããŸããã ãããŠåå°äœç£æ¥ã¯ãçªã»ã©ã®å€§ããã®ã¹ã€ãããäœãããšãããäžäººã®äººéã®äžçã®éã«ãå¹³æ¹ããªã¡ãŒãã«ãããæ°åäžåã®ã¹ã€ãããããã±ãŒãžã³ã°ãããŸã§ã«æé·ããŸããã ã¹ã€ãã XNUMX å°ã« XNUMX ãã«ãèŠæ±ããããšãããXNUMX ãã«ã§ XNUMX äžå°ã®ã¹ã€ãããæäŸããããšã«ãªããŸãã
1103 幎㮠Intel 1971 ã¡ã¢ãª ãããã åã
ã®ãã©ã³ãžã¹ã¿ã®ãµã€ãºã¯ãããæ°åãã€ã¯ãã¡ãŒãã«ã§ããããã¯ãç®ã«ã¯èŠããŸããã ãããŠãã以æ¥ã圌ãã¯ããã«ååã«æžå°ããŸããã
ä»ã«èªãã¹ããã®:
- ã¢ãŒãã¹ãã»ãã«ãŒã¢ã³ãšã¹ãã¥ã¢ãŒãã»ãã¯ããã«ãããããã¥ã¢é©åœ (1978)
- ãã€ã±ã«ã»ã©ã€ãªãŒãã³ãšãªãªã¢ã³ã»ããããœã³ãã¯ãªã¹ã¿ã«ã»ãã¡ã€ã¢ãïŒ1997幎ïŒ
- ãžã§ãšã«ã»ã·ã£ãŒãã³ãå£ãã倩æã (1997)
åºæïŒ habr.com