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ãã®ãããäž»èŠãªãããã¯ã XNUMX ã€ã®èšäºã«ãŸãšããããããã§ããã ãç°¡åã«ãæã§ã説æããããšã«ããŸããã
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åãäžãããããããã¯:
- ã°ããŒãã«ããã³ããŒã«ã«ãããã¯ãŒã¯
- çœãšç°è²ã® IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹
- NAT
- DHCPãµãŒããŒãšãµãããã
- ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã«ãŒãã£ã³ã°ããã€ã¹ (ã«ãŒã¿ãŒãã¹ã€ãããã¹ã€ããããã)
- åºæ¬çãªãããã¯ãŒã¯åæã³ãã³ã
- ãã©ã³ã¹ããŒããããã³ã« UDP ããã³ TCP
1. ã°ããŒãã«ãããã¯ãŒã¯ãšããŒã«ã«ãããã¯ãŒã¯
ã€ã³ã¿ãŒããã ãããã¯ãŒã¯å šäœã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«åå²ãããŸãã ã°ããŒãã« (WAN) О ããŒã«ã«ïŒLANïŒ.
XNUMX ã€ã®ã¢ããŒãããªãã£ã¹ãããã«ã¯å»ºç©å ã®ãã¹ãŠã®ãŠãŒã¶ãŒ ããã€ã¹ (ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ãŒãã¹ããŒããã©ã³ãããªã³ã¿ãŒ/è€åæ©ããã¬ããªã©) ã¯ãããããçµ±åããã«ãŒã¿ãŒã«æ¥ç¶ãããŠããŸãã ããŒã«ã«ãããã¯ãŒã¯.
åãããŒã«ã« ãããã¯ãŒã¯å ã®åå è ã¯ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒããã ãããã€ããŒã«æ¥ç¶ããã«ãããã€ã¹éã§ããŒã¿ã亀æã§ããŸãã ãã ãããªã³ã©ã€ã³ã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããã«ã¯ (ããšãã°ãYandex ãŸã㯠Google æ€çŽ¢ãšã³ãžã³ã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããããVKãInstagramãYouTubeããŸã㯠AmoCRM ã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããããã)ã次ã®ãµã€ãã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããå¿ èŠããããŸãã ã°ããŒãã«ãããã¯ãŒã¯.
çµäºã㊠ã°ããŒãã«ãããã¯ãŒã¯ ã€ã³ã¿ãŒããããããã€ããŒã«ãã£ãŠæäŸãããåœç€Ÿã¯ãã®å¯ŸäŸ¡ãšããŠåœŒã«è³Œèªæãæ¯æããŸãã ãããã€ããŒã¯ãæéè¡šã«åŸã£ãŠæ¥ç¶ããšã«ã«ãŒã¿ãŒã®é床ã¬ãã«ãèšå®ããŸãã ãããã€ããŒã¯ããã€ã¹ã ã㢠ã±ãŒãã«ãŸãã¯ãã¡ã€ããŒãã«ãŒã¿ãŒ (ããŒã«ã« ãããã¯ãŒã¯) ã«éä¿¡ãããã®åŸãåŒç€Ÿã®ãã¹ãŠã®ããã€ã¹ã«éä¿¡ããŸãã å°å ã®ãããã¯ãŒã¯ ã«è¡ããããããªã ã°ããŒãã«ãããã¯ãŒã¯.
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èŠããããŸãã ã€ãŸããåºããã ã°ããŒãã«ãããã¯ãŒã¯.
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2. çœãšã°ã¬ãŒã® IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹
ãããã¯ãŒã¯äžã®åããã€ã¹ã«ã¯ç¬èªã® åºæã®IPã¢ãã¬ã¹ã ããã¯ããããã¯ãŒã¯ ããã€ã¹ãèŠæ±ãšå¿çã®éä¿¡å
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ããã¯ãç§ãã¡ã®å®¶ãã¢ããŒãã«æ£ç¢ºãªäœæ (éµäŸ¿çªå·ãåžåºçºæãçªå°ãçªå°ãã¢ããŒãçªå·) ãããã®ãšåãã§ãã
ããŒã«ã« ãããã¯ãŒã¯ (ã¢ããŒãããªãã£ã¹ããŸãã¯å»ºç©) å ã«ã¯ãããŸããŸãªäžæã®ã¢ãã¬ã¹ããããŸãã ããšãã°ãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã® IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ã 192.168.XX ãšããæ°åã§å§ãŸã£ãŠããããšã«æ°ã¥ãã人ãå€ããšæããŸãã
ãããã£ãŠãããã¯ããã€ã¹ã®ããŒã«ã«ã¢ãã¬ã¹ã§ãã
ãã ããŒã«ã«ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã®èš±å¯ç¯å²:
æ瀺ãããè¡šãããæãäžè¬çãªç¯å²ã 192.168.XX ã§ããçç±ãããã«æããã«ãªãããšæããŸãã
ããšãã°ãã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ (Windows OS ããŒã¹) ã® IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ã確èªããã«ã¯ãã¿ãŒããã«ã«æ¬¡ã®ã³ãã³ããå ¥åããŸãã IPCONFIG
ã芧ã®ãšãããç§ã®ã³ã³ãã¥ãŒã¿ã® IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ã¯èªå®
LAN äžã«ãããŸãã 192.168.88.251
ã°ããŒãã« ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããã«ã¯ã ããŒã«ã«IPã¢ãã¬ã¹ ã«ãŒã¿ãŒã«ãã£ãŠçœ®ãæããããŸã ã°ããŒãã«ããããã€ããŒããæäŸããããã®ã§ãã ã°ããŒãã« IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ã¯äžèšã®ç¯å²å
ã«ãããŸããã
ãããŠãã ããŒã«ã« IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ã¯ç°è²ã® IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ãã°ããŒãã« IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ã¯çœè²ã§ã.
ããã«ç解ããã«ã¯ã以äžã®å³ãæ€èšããŠãã ããã ãã®äžã§ãåããã€ã¹ã«ãã® IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ã眲åããŸããã
ãã®å³ã¯ããããã€ããŒãç§ãã¡ãã°ããŒãã« ãããã¯ãŒã¯ (ã€ã³ã¿ãŒããã) ã«è§£æŸããŠãããããšã瀺ããŠããŸãã ãã¯ã€ã IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ 91.132.25.108
ç§ãã¡ã®ã«ãŒã¿ãŒã®å Žåããããã€ããŒã¯ã°ã¬ãŒã®ã«ãŒã¿ãŒãçºè¡ããŸãã IPã¢ãã¬ã¹ 172.17.135.11
ãããŠãããŒã«ã«ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã§ã¯ããã¹ãŠã®ããã€ã¹ããããã ã°ã¬ãŒã® IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ 192.168.Ð¥.Ð¥
ã©ã®IPã¢ãã¬ã¹ã§ã°ããŒãã«ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããŠãããã¯Webãµã€ãã§ç¢ºèªã§ããŸãã
ããããããããã¹ãŠãããèŠããŠãã䟡å€ããããŸã éåžžã«éèŠãªèŠçŽ ã XNUMX ã€ãããŸãã
çŸåšããããã¯ãŒã¯ ããã€ã¹ã®æ°ãå©çšå¯èœãª IP ã®æ°ãã¯ããã«è¶
ããŠããããããã¯ã€ã IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ã®äžè¶³ã®åé¡ãæªåããŠããŸãã ãã®ãããã€ã³ã¿ãŒããããããã€ããŒã¯ãŠãŒã¶ãŒã« ã°ã¬ãŒã® IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ ïŒãããã€ããŒã®ããŒã«ã« ãããã¯ãŒã¯å
ãããšãã°ãããã€ãã®ã¢ããŒãã®å»ºç©å
ïŒãã㊠XNUMX ã€ã®å
±éã®äžã§ã°ããŒãã« ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã«ãªãªãŒã¹ãããŸãã çœãIPã¢ãã¬ã¹.
ãããã€ããŒãç°è²ã® IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ãæäŸãããçœè²ã® IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ãæäŸãããã確èªããã«ã¯ãã«ãŒã¿ãŒã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããŠãã«ãŒã¿ãŒããããã€ããŒããåãåã IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ã確èªããŸãã
ãŸãã¯ãããšãã° Web ãµã€ãã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããŸãã
ããšãã°ãããã§ã¯èªå® ã®ã€ã³ã¿ãŒããããããã°ã€ã³ããŸããã
ã芧ã®ãšãããå®éã«ã¯ç§ã¯ ç°è²ã® IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ 172.17.132.2 (ããŒã«ã«ã¢ãã¬ã¹ç¯å²ãåç §)ã ãã¯ã€ã IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ã«æ¥ç¶ããããã«ãéåžžããããã€ããŒã¯è¿œå ã®ãµãŒãã¹ãæäŸããŸãã å å ¥è ãšã®ãµãŒãã¹ææ°æã
å®éã家åºçšã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããã®å Žåãããã¯ãŸã£ããéèŠã§ã¯ãããŸããã ãããŠãã äŒç€Ÿã®ãªãã£ã¹ã®å Žåã¯ããããã€ããŒãããã¯ã€ã IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ãè³Œå ¥ããããšããå§ãããŸãã°ã¬ãŒã® IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ã䜿çšãããšãIP ãã¬ãã©ããŒã®åäœã«åé¡ãçºçããVPN çµç±ã§ãªã¢ãŒãæ¥ç¶ãèšå®ããããšãã§ããªããªãããã§ãã ã€ãŸããã°ã¬ãŒã® IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ã§ã¯ãèšå®ãããµãŒããŒãã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããã«æ¥ç¶ã§ãããå¥ã®ãããã¯ãŒã¯ãããµãŒããŒãžã®ãªã¢ãŒãæ¥ç¶ãã»ããã¢ããããããšãã§ããŸããã
3.NAT
åã®ã»ã¯ã·ã§ã³ã§ç§ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«è¿°ã¹ãŸãããçŸåšããã¯ã€ãIPã¢ãã¬ã¹äžè¶³ã®åé¡ãæ·±å»åããŠããŸããããã£ãŠãçŸåšãã€ã³ã¿ãŒããã ãããã€ããŒã®éã§äžè¬çãªæ¥ç¶ã¹ããŒã ã¯ãå€ãã®ã¯ã©ã€ã¢ã³ããã°ã¬ãŒã® IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ã§æ¥ç¶ãããããã XNUMX ã€ã®å ±éã®ãã¯ã€ã IP ã®äžã§ã°ããŒãã« ã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããã«è§£æŸããããšã§ãã
ããããããã¯åžžã«åœãŠã¯ãŸãããã§ã¯ãããŸãããæåã¯å šå¡ã«ãã¯ã€ã IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ãäžããããŸããããããã«ãã¯ã€ã IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ã®äžè¶³ã®åé¡ãåé¿ããããã«ããŸãã«ãããçºæãããŸããã NAT (ãããã¯ãŒã¯ ã¢ãã¬ã¹å€æ) - IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ãå€æããã¡ã«ããºã .
NAT ãã¹ãŠã®ã«ãŒã¿ãŒã§åäœããããŒã«ã« ãããã¯ãŒã¯ããã°ããŒãã« ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ã§ããããã«ãªããŸãã
ããæ·±ãç解ããããã«ãXNUMX ã€ã®äŸãèŠãŠã¿ãŸãããã
1. æåã®ã±ãŒã¹: ããªãããè³Œå ¥ãã çœãIPã¢ãã¬ã¹ 91.105.8.10 ããŒã«ã« ãããã¯ãŒã¯äžã«ã¯è€æ°ã®ããã€ã¹ãæ¥ç¶ãããŠããŸãã
åããŒã«ã« ããã€ã¹ã«ã¯ç¬èªã®ã°ã¬ãŒ IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ããããŸãã ãã ããã€ã³ã¿ãŒããããžã®ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ã¯ãã¯ã€ã IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ããã®ã¿å¯èœã§ãã
ãããã£ãŠãããšãã°ãIP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ 1 ã® PC192.168.1.3 ã Yandex æ€çŽ¢ãšã³ãžã³ã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ããããšã決å®ããå Žåãã«ãŒã¿ãŒã¯ PC1 ã®ãªã¯ãšã¹ããã°ããŒãã« ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã«è§£æŸãããã®ã¡ã«ããºã ã«æ¥ç¶ããŸãã NATã©ã¡ã PC1 ã® IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ãçœãã°ããŒãã« IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ 91.105.8.10 ã«å€æããŸãã
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2. XNUMX çªç®ã®ã±ãŒã¹: ãŸããããŒã«ã« ãããã¯ãŒã¯ã«è€æ°ã®ããã€ã¹ãæ¥ç¶ãããŠããŸãããã€ã³ã¿ãŒããã ãããã€ããŒãããã¯ã€ã IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ãè³Œå ¥ããŠããŸããã
ãã®å ŽåãããŒã«ã«ã¢ãã¬ã¹ PC1(192.168.1.3) æåã«å€æããã NATã«ãŒã¿ãŒã® 'om ã¯æ¬¡ã®ããã«ãªããŸã ç°è²ã® IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ 172.17.115.3ãã€ã³ã¿ãŒããããããã€ããŒããæäŸãããã°ã¬ãŒã® IP ã¢ãã¬ã¹ãå€æãããŸãã NATãããã€ããŒã®ã«ãŒã¿ãŒ çœãIPã¢ãã¬ã¹ 91.105.108.10, ãããŠãã®åŸåããŠã€ã³ã¿ãŒãããïŒã°ããŒãã«ãããã¯ãŒã¯ïŒã«ã¢ã¯ã»ã¹ã§ããããã«ãªããŸãã
ã€ãŸãããã®å Žåãããã€ã¹ã XNUMX åé ããŠããããšãããããŸãã NATããã
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4. DHCP - ãµãŒããŒãšãµãããã
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ãã®æ©èœãå®è¡ãããã®ã¯ DHCP ãµãŒããŒ.
åã«ãŒã¿ãŒã«è£ åãããŠãã DHCPãµãŒããŒã èªåçã«ååŸãããIPã¢ãã¬ã¹ã¯ã åçIPã¢ãã¬ã¹.
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