Ing dina Setu 30 Mei 2020, ana masalah sing ora jelas karo sertifikat SSL/TLS populer saka vendor Sectigo (biyen Comodo). Sertifikat kasebut terus ing urutan sing sampurna, nanging salah sawijining sertifikat CA penengah ing rantai sing diwenehake sertifikat kasebut dadi bosok. Kahanan kasebut ora fatal, nanging ora nyenengake: versi browser saiki ora nggatekake apa-apa, nanging umume otomatisasi lan browser / OS lawas ora siap kanggo giliran kasebut.
Habr ora ana sing istimΓ©wa, mula program pendidikan / postmortem iki ditulis.
TL; DR Solusi kasebut ana ing pungkasan.
Ayo lewati teori dhasar babagan PKI, SSL/TLS, https, lsp. Mekanika otentikasi kanthi sertifikat keamanan domain kasusun saka mbangun rantai sawetara sertifikat nganti siji sing dipercaya dening browser utawa sistem operasi, sing disimpen ing Toko Trust sing disebut. Dhaptar iki disebarake karo sistem operasi, ekosistem runtime, utawa browser. Sembarang sertifikat duwe tanggal kadaluwarsa, sawise iku dianggep ora dipercaya, kalebu sertifikat ing toko kepercayaan. Kaya apa rantai kapercayan sadurunge dina fateful? Utilitas web bakal mbantu kita ngerteni. saka Qualys.
Dadi, salah sawijining sertifikat "komersial" sing paling populer yaiku Sectigo Positive SSL (sadurunge disebut Comodo Positive SSL, sertifikat kanthi jeneng iki isih digunakake), yaiku sertifikat DV sing diarani. DV minangka tingkat sertifikasi sing paling primitif, tegese mriksa akses menyang manajemen domain kanggo sing ngetokake sertifikat kasebut. Bener, DV tegese "validasi domain". Kanggo referensi: ana uga OV (validasi organisasi) lan EV (validasi lengkap), lan sertifikat gratis saka Ayo Encrypt uga DV. Kanggo wong-wong sing sakperangan alesan ora wareg karo mekanisme ACME, produk SSL Positif paling cocok ing syarat-syarat rasio rega / fitur (sertifikat domain siji biaya watara $5-7 saben taun karo validitas sertifikat total nganti 2 taun 3 sasi).
Nganti saiki, sertifikat Sectigo DV (RSA) standar diwenehake karo rantai CA penengah ing ngisor iki:
Certificate #1:
Data:
Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial Number:
7d:5b:51:26:b4:76:ba:11:db:74:16:0b:bc:53:0d:a7
Signature Algorithm: sha384WithRSAEncryption
Issuer: C=US, ST=New Jersey, L=Jersey City, O=The USERTRUST Network, CN=USERTrust RSA Certification Authority
Validity
Not Before: Nov 2 00:00:00 2018 GMT
Not After : Dec 31 23:59:59 2030 GMT
Subject: C=GB, ST=Greater Manchester, L=Salford, O=Sectigo Limited, CN=Sectigo RSA Domain Validation Secure Server CA
Certificate #2:
Data:
Version: 3 (0x2)
Serial Number:
13:ea:28:70:5b:f4:ec:ed:0c:36:63:09:80:61:43:36
Signature Algorithm: sha384WithRSAEncryption
Issuer: C=SE, O=AddTrust AB, OU=AddTrust External TTP Network, CN=AddTrust External CA Root
Validity
Not Before: May 30 10:48:38 2000 GMT
Not After : May 30 10:48:38 2020 GMT
Subject: C=US, ST=New Jersey, L=Jersey City, O=The USERTRUST Network, CN=USERTrust RSA Certification AuthorityOra ana "sertifikat katelu", sing ditandatangani dhewe saka AddTrust AB, amarga ing sawetara wektu iku dianggep minangka prilaku ala kanggo nyakup sertifikat root sing ditandatangani dhewe ing rantai. Sampeyan bisa uga nyathet yen CA penengah sing diterbitake dening UserTrust saka AddTrust duwe tanggal kadaluwarsa tanggal 30 Mei 2020. Iki ora gampang, amarga prosedur decommissioning wis direncanakake kanggo CA iki. Dipercaya manawa ing tanggal 30 Mei 2020, sertifikat sing ditandatangani salib saka UserTrust bakal katon ing kabeh toko kapercayan ing wektu iki (ing hood iku sertifikat sing padha, utawa luwih kunci umum) lan rantai, sanajan nganggo sertifikat wis untrusted klebu, bakal duwe construction path alternatif lan ora ana sing bakal sok dong mirsani. Nanging, rencana kasebut gagal amarga kasunyatan, yaiku istilah "sistem warisan". Pancen, pamilik browser versi saiki ora ngerteni apa-apa, nanging gunung otomatisasi sing dibangun ing perpustakaan curl lan ssl/tls saka sawetara basa pamrograman lan lingkungan eksekusi kode rusak. Sampeyan kudu ngerti manawa akeh produk ora dipandu dening alat bangunan chain sing dibangun ing OS, nanging "nggawa" toko kepercayaan karo dheweke. Lan padha ora tansah ngemot apa sing arep kanggo ndeleng . Lan ing Linux, paket kaya ca-sertifikat ora tansah dianyari. Pungkasane, kabeh katon rapi, nanging ana sing ora bisa ditindakake ing kene.
Saka Figure 1 iku cetha sing sanajan kanggo akèh-akèhé kabeh katon minangka biasanipun, kanggo sawetara soko nyuwil lan lalu lintas dropped noticeably (garis abang kiwa), banjur tuwuh nalika siji saka sertifikat tombol diganti (baris tengen). Ana uga lonjakan ing tengah, nalika sertifikat liyane diganti, sing uga gumantung. Wiwit kanggo mayoritas kabeh visual terus bisa luwih utawa kurang biasane (kajaba glitches aneh kayata kasekengan kanggo mbukak gambar ing Habrastorage), kita bisa tarik kesimpulan ora langsung babagan jumlah klien warisan lan bot ing Habr.
Gambar 1. Grafik lalu lintas ing HabrΓ©.
Saka Figure 2, sampeyan bisa ngira-ngira carane ing versi browser saiki chain "alternatif" dibangun kanggo certificate CA dipercaya ing browser pangguna, malah yen ana sertifikat "bosok" ing chain. Iki, minangka Sectigo dhewe pracaya, minangka alesan banget kanggo ora nindakake apa-apa.
Gambar 2. Rantai menyang sertifikat sing dipercaya saka browser versi modern.
Nanging ing Figure 3 sampeyan bisa ndeleng carane kabeh katon nalika ana sing salah lan kita duwe sistem warisan. Ing kasus iki, sambungan HTTPS ora ditetepake lan kita ndeleng kesalahan kaya "validasi sertifikat gagal" utawa padha.
Gambar 3. Rantai kasebut ora sah amarga sertifikat root lan sertifikat penengah sing ditandatangani "busuk."
Ing Figure 4 kita wis ndeleng "solusi" kanggo sistem warisan: ana certificate penengah liyane, utawa rodo "cross-signature" saka CA liyane, kang biasane wis diinstal ing sistem warisan. Iki sing kudu dilakoni: golek sertifikat iki (sing ditandhani minangka download Ekstra) lan ngganti "busuk" karo.
Gambar 4. Rantai alternatif kanggo sistem warisan.
Miturut cara: masalah kasebut ora duwe publisitas sing wiyar utawa diskusi umum, kalebu amarga sombong banget saka Sectigo. Ing kene, umpamane, pendapat salah sawijining panyedhiya sertifikat ing kanggo kahanan iki:
Sadurunge padha [Sektigo] saben wong sing yakin ora ana masalah. Nanging, kasunyatane sawetara server / piranti warisan kena pengaruh.
Kuwi kahanan sing konyol. Kita menehi perhatian marang AddTrust RSA / ECC kaping pirang-pirang sajrone setaun lan saben wektu Sectigo njamin ora ana masalah.
Aku pribadi takon ing Stack Overflow babagan iki sasi kepungkur, nanging ketoke, pamirsa proyek kasebut ora cocok kanggo pitakonan kasebut, mula aku kudu mangsuli dhewe sawise analisis.
Sektigo Ana FAQ babagan iki, nanging ora bisa diwaca lan dawa supaya ora bisa digunakake. Mangkene kutipan sing dadi inti saka kabeh publikasi:
Apa sing Sampeyan Butuhake
Kanggo umume kasus panggunaan, kalebu sertifikat sing nglayani sistem klien utawa server modern, ora ana tumindak sing dibutuhake, manawa sampeyan wis ngetokake sertifikat sing digandhengake karo root AddTrust.Nganti tanggal 30 April 2020: Kanggo pangolahan bisnis sing gumantung ing sistem lawas banget, wis Sectigo kasedhiya (kanthi standar ing bundles certificate) ROOT Warisan anyar kanggo salib-tondo asto, "AAA Certificate Services" ROOT. Nanging, ati-ati banget babagan proses apa wae sing gumantung marang sistem warisan sing lawas banget. Sistem sing durung nampa nganyari sing dibutuhake kanggo ndhukung oyod anyar kayata Sectigo's COMODO root mesthi bakal ilang nganyari keamanan penting liyane lan kudu dianggep ora aman. Yen sampeyan isih pengin nglintasi tandha kanggo AAA Certificate Services ROOT, hubungi Sectigo langsung.
Aku seneng banget karo tesis "lawas banget", mesthi. Contone, curl ing console Ubuntu Linux 18.04 LTS (OS dhasar kita saiki) kanthi nganyari paling anyar ora luwih saka sasi meh ora bisa diarani lawas, nanging ora bisa digunakake.
Umume distributor sertifikat ngeculake cathetan keputusane ing wayah sore tanggal 30 Mei. Contone, banget teknis cocok saka (kanthi katrangan khusus babagan apa sing kudu ditindakake lan nganggo bundel CA sing siap digawe ing arsip zip, nanging mung RSA):
Gambar 5. Pitu langkah kanggo ndandani kabeh kanthi cepet.
Ana saka Redhat, nanging kabeh luwih Warisan lan sampeyan kudu nginstal sertifikat Warisan ROOT malah luwih saka Comodo kanggo kabeh bisa.
kaputusan
Iku worth duplikat solusi kene uga. Ing ngisor iki ana rong set rantai sertifikat DV Sectigo (ora Comodo!), Siji kanggo sertifikat RSA biasanipun, liyane kanggo sertifikat ECC (ECDSA) kurang menowo (kita wis nggunakake rong chain kanggo sawetara wektu). Kanthi ECC luwih angel, amarga umume solusi ora nggatekake anane sertifikat kasebut amarga prevalensi sing sithik. AkibatΓ©, sertifikat penengah sing dibutuhake ditemokake ing .
Rantai kanggo sertifikat adhedhasar algoritma kunci RSA. Bandhingake karo chain lan cathet yen mung sertifikat ngisor wis diganti, nalika ndhuwur tetep padha. Aku mbedakake ing kahanan saben dina kanthi telung karakter pungkasan saka blok base64, ora ngetung simbol "padha" (ing kasus iki. En8= ΠΈ 1+V):
# Subject: /C=GB/ST=Greater Manchester/L=Salford/O=Sectigo Limited/CN=Sectigo RSA Domain Validation Secure Server CA
# Algo: RSA, key size: 2048
# Issuer: /C=US/ST=New Jersey/L=Jersey City/O=The USERTRUST Network/CN=USERTrust RSA Certification Authority
# Not valid before: 2018-11-02T00:00:00Z
# Not valid after: 2030-12-31T23:59:59Z
# SHA-1 Fingerprint: 33:E4:E8:08:07:20:4C:2B:61:82:A3:A1:4B:59:1A:CD:25:B5:F0:DB
# SHA-256 Fingerprint: 7F:A4:FF:68:EC:04:A9:9D:75:28:D5:08:5F:94:90:7F:4D:1D:D1:C5:38:1B:AC:DC:83:2E:D5:C9:60:21:46:76
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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00u/I5sUKUErmgQfky3xxzlIPK1aEn8=
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
# Subject: /C=US/ST=New Jersey/L=Jersey City/O=The USERTRUST Network/CN=USERTrust RSA Certification Authority
# Algo: RSA, key size: 4096
# Issuer: /C=GB/ST=Greater Manchester/L=Salford/O=Comodo CA Limited/CN=AAA Certificate Services
# Not valid before: 2019-03-12T00:00:00Z
# Not valid after: 2028-12-31T23:59:59Z
# SHA-1 Fingerprint: D8:9E:3B:D4:3D:5D:90:9B:47:A1:89:77:AA:9D:5C:E3:6C:EE:18:4C
# SHA-256 Fingerprint: 68:B9:C7:61:21:9A:5B:1F:01:31:78:44:74:66:5D:B6:1B:BD:B1:09:E0:0F:05:CA:9F:74:24:4E:E5:F5:F5:2B
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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-----END CERTIFICATE-----Rantai kanggo sertifikat adhedhasar algoritma kunci ECC. Kajaba karo rantai kanggo RSA, mung sertifikat ngisor diganti, lan ndhuwur tetep padha (ing kasus iki. fmA== ΠΈ v/c=):
# Subject: /C=GB/ST=Greater Manchester/L=Salford/O=Sectigo Limited/CN=Sectigo ECC Domain Validation Secure Server CA
# Algo: EC secp256r1, key size: 256
# Issuer: /C=US/ST=New Jersey/L=Jersey City/O=The USERTRUST Network/CN=USERTrust ECC Certification Authority
# Not valid before: 2018-11-02T00:00:00Z
# Not valid after: 2030-12-31T23:59:59Z
# SHA-1 Fingerprint: E8:49:90:CB:9B:F8:E3:AB:0B:CA:E8:A6:49:CB:30:FE:4D:C4:D7:67
# SHA-256 Fingerprint: 61:E9:73:75:E9:F6:DA:98:2F:F5:C1:9E:2F:94:E6:6C:4E:35:B6:83:7C:E3:B9:14:D2:24:5C:7F:5F:65:82:5F
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
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4ToKFbZl+/OnFFzqnvOhcjHvClECEQcKmc8fmA==
-----END CERTIFICATE-----
# Subject: /C=US/ST=New Jersey/L=Jersey City/O=The USERTRUST Network/CN=USERTrust ECC Certification Authority
# Algo: EC secp384r1, key size: 384
# Issuer: /C=GB/ST=Greater Manchester/L=Salford/O=Comodo CA Limited/CN=AAA Certificate Services
# Not valid before: 2019-03-12T00:00:00Z
# Not valid after: 2028-12-31T23:59:59Z
# SHA-1 Fingerprint: CA:77:88:C3:2D:A1:E4:B7:86:3A:4F:B5:7D:00:B5:5D:DA:CB:C7:F9
# SHA-256 Fingerprint: A6:CF:64:DB:B4:C8:D5:FD:19:CE:48:89:60:68:DB:03:B5:33:A8:D1:33:6C:62:56:A8:7D:00:CB:B3:DE:F3:EA
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIID0zCCArugAwIBAgIQVmcdBOpPmUxvEIFHWdJ1lDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQwFADB7
MQswCQYDVQQGEwJHQjEbMBkGA1UECAwSR3JlYXRlciBNYW5jaGVzdGVyMRAwDgYD
VQQHDAdTYWxmb3JkMRowGAYDVQQKDBFDb21vZG8gQ0EgTGltaXRlZDEhMB8GA1UE
AwwYQUFBIENlcnRpZmljYXRlIFNlcnZpY2VzMB4XDTE5MDMxMjAwMDAwMFoXDTI4
MTIzMTIzNTk1OVowgYgxCzAJBgNVBAYTAlVTMRMwEQYDVQQIEwpOZXcgSmVyc2V5
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aG9yaXR5MHYwEAYHKoZIzj0CAQYFK4EEACIDYgAEGqxUWqn5aCPnetUkb1PGWthL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-----END CERTIFICATE-----Sing cukup akeh iku. Matur nuwun kawigatosanipun.
Source: www.habr.com