Sawetara dina kepungkur, aku mutusake kanggo mbalikke firmware router nggunakake binwalk.
Aku tuku dhewe . Ora router paling apik, nanging cukup kanggo kabutuhan.
Saben-saben aku tuku router anyar, aku nginstal . Kanggo apa? Minangka aturan, manufaktur ora preduli banget babagan ndhukung router lan suwene piranti lunak dadi ketinggalan jaman, kerentanan katon, lan liya-liyane, umume, sampeyan entuk ide kasebut. Mulane, aku luwih seneng perangkat kukuh OpenWRT, sing uga didhukung dening komunitas open-source.
Sawise ngundhuh OpenWRT, aku uga miturut Archer C7 anyarku saka situs web resmi lan mutusake kanggo nganalisa. Murni kanggo seneng-seneng lan ngomong bab binwalk.
Apa iku binwalk?
minangka alat open source kanggo analisis, reverse engineering lan ekstraksi gambar perangkat kukuh.
Digawe ing 2010 dening Craig Heffner, binwalk bisa mindhai gambar firmware lan nemokake file, ngenali lan extract gambar sistem file, kode eksekusi, arsip kompres, bootloader lan kernels, format file kayata JPEG lan PDF, lan akeh liyane.
Sampeyan bisa nggunakake binwalk kanggo reverse engineer firmware kanggo ngerti cara kerjane. Telusuri file binar kanggo kerentanan, ekstrak file, lan goleki backdoors utawa sertifikat digital. Sampeyan uga bisa nemokake opcodes kanggo Bunch saka CPU beda.
Sampeyan bisa extract gambar filesystem kanggo nggoleki file sandi tartamtu (passwd, bayangan, etc.) lan nyoba kanggo break sandi hashes. Sampeyan bisa nindakake parsing binar antarane loro utawa luwih file. Sampeyan bisa nindakake analisis entropi ing data kanggo nggoleki data sing dikompres utawa kunci enkripsi sing dienkode. Kabeh iki tanpa perlu ngakses kode sumber.
UmumΓ©, kabeh sing sampeyan butuhake ana :)
Kepiye cara kerja binwalk?
Fitur utama binwalk yaiku pemindaian teken. Binwalk bisa mindhai gambar perangkat kukuh kanggo nggoleki macem-macem jinis file lan sistem file sing dibangun.
Apa sampeyan ngerti utilitas baris perintah file?
file /bin/bash
/bin/bash: ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /lib64/l, for GNU/Linux 3.2.0, BuildID[sha1]=12f73d7a8e226c663034529c8dd20efec22dde54, strippedtim filekaton ing header file lan goleki tandha (nomer sihir) kanggo nemtokake jinis file. Contone, yen file diwiwiti kanthi urutan bita 0x89 0x50 0x4E 0x47 0x0D 0x0A 0x1A 0x0A, ngerti iku file PNG. On Ana dhaptar tandha file umum.
Binwalk dianggo kanthi cara sing padha. Nanging tinimbang nggoleki tandha mung ing wiwitan file, binwalk bakal mindai kabeh file. Kajaba iku, binwalk bisa ngekstrak file sing ditemokake ing gambar kasebut.
Piranti file ΠΈ binwalk nggunakake perpustakaan libmagic kanggo ngenali teken file. Nanging binwalk Kajaba iku, ndhukung dhaptar teken sihir khusus kanggo nggoleki file sing dikompres / zip, header firmware, kernel Linux, bootloader, sistem file lan liya-liyane.
Ayo padha seneng-seneng?
Instalasi Binwalk
Binwalk didhukung ing macem-macem platform kalebu Linux, OSX, FreeBSD lan Windows.
Kanggo nginstal versi paling anyar saka binwalk sampeyan bisa lan tindakake utawa , kasedhiya ing situs web proyek.
Binwalk duwe macem-macem parameter:
$ binwalk
Binwalk v2.2.0
Craig Heffner, ReFirmLabs
https://github.com/ReFirmLabs/binwalk
Usage: binwalk [OPTIONS] [FILE1] [FILE2] [FILE3] ...
Signature Scan Options:
-B, --signature Scan target file(s) for common file signatures
-R, --raw=<str> Scan target file(s) for the specified sequence of bytes
-A, --opcodes Scan target file(s) for common executable opcode signatures
-m, --magic=<file> Specify a custom magic file to use
-b, --dumb Disable smart signature keywords
-I, --invalid Show results marked as invalid
-x, --exclude=<str> Exclude results that match <str>
-y, --include=<str> Only show results that match <str>
Extraction Options:
-e, --extract Automatically extract known file types
-D, --dd=<type:ext:cmd> Extract <type> signatures, give the files an extension of <ext>, and execute <cmd>
-M, --matryoshka Recursively scan extracted files
-d, --depth=<int> Limit matryoshka recursion depth (default: 8 levels deep)
-C, --directory=<str> Extract files/folders to a custom directory (default: current working directory)
-j, --size=<int> Limit the size of each extracted file
-n, --count=<int> Limit the number of extracted files
-r, --rm Delete carved files after extraction
-z, --carve Carve data from files, but don't execute extraction utilities
-V, --subdirs Extract into sub-directories named by the offset
Entropy Options:
-E, --entropy Calculate file entropy
-F, --fast Use faster, but less detailed, entropy analysis
-J, --save Save plot as a PNG
-Q, --nlegend Omit the legend from the entropy plot graph
-N, --nplot Do not generate an entropy plot graph
-H, --high=<float> Set the rising edge entropy trigger threshold (default: 0.95)
-L, --low=<float> Set the falling edge entropy trigger threshold (default: 0.85)
Binary Diffing Options:
-W, --hexdump Perform a hexdump / diff of a file or files
-G, --green Only show lines containing bytes that are the same among all files
-i, --red Only show lines containing bytes that are different among all files
-U, --blue Only show lines containing bytes that are different among some files
-u, --similar Only display lines that are the same between all files
-w, --terse Diff all files, but only display a hex dump of the first file
Raw Compression Options:
-X, --deflate Scan for raw deflate compression streams
-Z, --lzma Scan for raw LZMA compression streams
-P, --partial Perform a superficial, but faster, scan
-S, --stop Stop after the first result
General Options:
-l, --length=<int> Number of bytes to scan
-o, --offset=<int> Start scan at this file offset
-O, --base=<int> Add a base address to all printed offsets
-K, --block=<int> Set file block size
-g, --swap=<int> Reverse every n bytes before scanning
-f, --log=<file> Log results to file
-c, --csv Log results to file in CSV format
-t, --term Format output to fit the terminal window
-q, --quiet Suppress output to stdout
-v, --verbose Enable verbose output
-h, --help Show help output
-a, --finclude=<str> Only scan files whose names match this regex
-p, --fexclude=<str> Do not scan files whose names match this regex
-s, --status=<int> Enable the status server on the specified portPindai gambar
Ayo miwiti kanthi nggoleki teken file ing jero gambar (gambar saka situs ).
Mlaku binwalk kanthi parameter --signature:
$ binwalk --signature --term archer-c7.bin
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21876 0x5574 U-Boot version string, "U-Boot 1.1.4-g4480d5f9-dirty (May
20 2019 - 18:45:16)"
21940 0x55B4 CRC32 polynomial table, big endian
23232 0x5AC0 uImage header, header size: 64 bytes, header CRC:
0x386C2BD5, created: 2019-05-20 10:45:17, image size:
41162 bytes, Data Address: 0x80010000, Entry Point:
0x80010000, data CRC: 0xC9CD1E38, OS: Linux, CPU: MIPS,
image type: Firmware Image, compression type: lzma, image
name: "u-boot image"
23296 0x5B00 LZMA compressed data, properties: 0x5D, dictionary size:
8388608 bytes, uncompressed size: 97476 bytes
64968 0xFDC8 XML document, version: "1.0"
78448 0x13270 uImage header, header size: 64 bytes, header CRC:
0x78A267FF, created: 2019-07-26 07:46:14, image size:
1088500 bytes, Data Address: 0x80060000, Entry Point:
0x80060000, data CRC: 0xBB9D4F94, OS: Linux, CPU: MIPS,
image type: Multi-File Image, compression type: lzma,
image name: "MIPS OpenWrt Linux-3.3.8"
78520 0x132B8 LZMA compressed data, properties: 0x6D, dictionary size:
8388608 bytes, uncompressed size: 3164228 bytes
1167013 0x11CEA5 Squashfs filesystem, little endian, version 4.0,
compression:xz, size: 14388306 bytes, 2541 inodes,
blocksize: 65536 bytes, created: 2019-07-26 07:51:38
15555328 0xED5B00 gzip compressed data, from Unix, last modified: 2019-07-26
07:51:41Saiki kita duwe akeh informasi babagan gambar iki.
Gambar nggunakake minangka bootloader (header gambar ing 0x5AC0 lan gambar bootloader sing dikompres ing 0x5B00). Adhedhasar header uImage ing 0x13270, kita ngerti manawa arsitektur prosesor yaiku MIPS lan kernel Linux yaiku versi 3.3.8. Lan adhedhasar gambar sing ditemokake ing alamat kasebut 0x11CEA5, kita bisa ndeleng sing rootfs yaiku sistem file squashfs.
Ayo saiki extract bootloader (U-Boot) nggunakake printah dd:
$ dd if=archer-c7.bin of=u-boot.bin.lzma bs=1 skip=23296 count=41162
41162+0 records in
41162+0 records out
41162 bytes (41 kB, 40 KiB) copied, 0,0939608 s, 438 kB/sAmarga gambar dikompres nggunakake LZMA, kita kudu decompress:
$ unlzma u-boot.bin.lzmaSaiki kita duwe gambar U-Boot:
$ ls -l u-boot.bin
-rw-rw-r-- 1 sprado sprado 97476 Fev 5 08:48 u-boot.binCarane golek nilai standar kanggo bootargs?
$ strings u-boot.bin | grep bootargs
bootargs
bootargs=console=ttyS0,115200 board=AP152 rootfstype=squashfs init=/etc/preinit mtdparts=spi0.0:128k(factory-uboot),192k(u-boot),64k(ART),1536k(uImage),14464k@0x1e0000(rootfs) mem=128MVariabel Lingkungan U-Boot bootargs digunakake kanggo ngirim parameter menyang kernel Linux. Lan saka ndhuwur, kita duwe pangerten luwih saka memori lampu kilat piranti.
Kepiye cara ngekstrak gambar kernel Linux?
$ dd if=archer-c7.bin of=uImage bs=1 skip=78448 count=1088572
1088572+0 records in
1088572+0 records out
1088572 bytes (1,1 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 1,68628 s, 646 kB/sKita bisa mriksa manawa gambar kasebut diekstrak kanthi sukses nggunakake printah kasebut file:
$ file uImage
uImage: u-boot legacy uImage, MIPS OpenWrt Linux-3.3.8, Linux/MIPS, Multi-File Image (lzma), 1088500 bytes, Fri Jul 26 07:46:14 2019, Load Address: 0x80060000, Entry Point: 0x80060000, Header CRC: 0x78A267FF, Data CRC: 0xBB9D4F94Format file uImage dhasar minangka gambar kernel Linux kanthi header tambahan. Ayo mbusak header iki kanggo entuk gambar kernel Linux pungkasan:
$ dd if=uImage of=Image.lzma bs=1 skip=72
1088500+0 records in
1088500+0 records out
1088500 bytes (1,1 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 1,65603 s, 657 kB/sGambar kasebut dikompres, mula dibongkar:
$ unlzma Image.lzmaSaiki kita duwe gambar kernel Linux:
$ ls -la Image
-rw-rw-r-- 1 sprado sprado 3164228 Fev 5 10:51 ImageApa sing bisa kita lakoni karo gambar kernel? Contone, kita bisa nggoleki senar ing gambar lan nemokake versi kernel Linux lan sinau babagan lingkungan sing digunakake kanggo mbangun kernel:
$ strings Image | grep "Linux version"
Linux version 3.3.8 (leo@leo-MS-7529) (gcc version 4.6.3 20120201 (prerelease) (Linaro GCC 4.6-2012.02) ) #1 Mon May 20 18:53:02 CST 2019Sanajan perangkat kukuh dirilis taun kepungkur (2019), nalika nulis artikel iki, iki nggunakake versi lawas saka kernel Linux (3.3.8) sing dirilis ing taun 2012, disusun karo versi GCC (4.6) sing lawas banget uga wiwit taun 2012. !
(approx. transl. Apa sampeyan isih percaya karo router ing kantor lan ing omah?)
Kanthi pilihan --opcodes kita uga bisa nggunakake binwalk kanggo nggoleki instruksi mesin lan nemtokake arsitektur prosesor gambar:
$ binwalk --opcodes Image
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2400 0x960 MIPS instructions, function epilogue
2572 0xA0C MIPS instructions, function epilogue
2828 0xB0C MIPS instructions, function epilogueKepiye babagan sistem file root? Tinimbang ngekstrak gambar kanthi manual, ayo gunakake pilihan kasebut binwalk --extract:
$ binwalk --extract --quiet archer-c7.binSistem file root lengkap bakal diekstrak menyang subdirektori:
$ cd _archer-c7.bin.extracted/squashfs-root/
$ ls
bin dev etc lib mnt overlay proc rom root sbin sys tmp usr var www
$ cat etc/banner
MM NM MMMMMMM M M
$MMMMM MMMMM MMMMMMMMMMM MMM MMM
MMMMMMMM MM MMMMM. MMMMM:MMMMMM: MMMM MMMMM
MMMM= MMMMMM MMM MMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMMMM MMMM MMMMM'
MMMM= MMMMM MMMM MM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMNMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMM, NMMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMMM MMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMM$ ,MMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMM MMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMMMMM: MMMMMMM M MMMMMMMMMMMM MMMMMMM MMMMMMM
MMMMMM MMMMN M MMMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMM M MMMMMMM M M
M
---------------------------------------------------------------
For those about to rock... (%C, %R)
---------------------------------------------------------------Saiki kita bisa nindakake macem-macem perkara.
Kita bisa nggoleki file konfigurasi, hash sandi, kunci kriptografi lan sertifikat digital. Kita bisa nganalisa file binar kanggo lan vulnerabilities.
Kanthi bantuan saka ΠΈ kita malah bisa mbukak (niru) eksekusi saka gambar:
$ ls
bin dev etc lib mnt overlay proc rom root sbin sys tmp usr var www
$ cp /usr/bin/qemu-mips-static .
$ sudo chroot . ./qemu-mips-static bin/busybox
BusyBox v1.19.4 (2019-05-20 18:13:49 CST) multi-call binary.
Copyright (C) 1998-2011 Erik Andersen, Rob Landley, Denys Vlasenko
and others. Licensed under GPLv2.
See source distribution for full notice.
Usage: busybox [function] [arguments]...
or: busybox --list[-full]
or: function [arguments]...
BusyBox is a multi-call binary that combines many common Unix
utilities into a single executable. Most people will create a
link to busybox for each function they wish to use and BusyBox
will act like whatever it was invoked as.
Currently defined functions:
[, [[, addgroup, adduser, arping, ash, awk, basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, clear, cmp, cp, crond, crontab, cut, date, dd, delgroup, deluser, dirname, dmesg, echo, egrep, env, expr, false,
fgrep, find, free, fsync, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, head, hexdump, hostid, id, ifconfig, init, insmod, kill, killall, klogd, ln, lock, logger, ls, lsmod, mac_addr, md5sum, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mktemp,
mount, mv, nice, passwd, pgrep, pidof, ping, ping6, pivot_root, poweroff, printf, ps, pwd, readlink, reboot, reset, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, sed, seq, sh, sleep, sort, start-stop-daemon, strings,
switch_root, sync, sysctl, tail, tar, tee, telnet, test, tftp, time, top, touch, tr, traceroute, true, udhcpc, umount, uname, uniq, uptime, vconfig, vi, watchdog, wc, wget, which, xargs, yes, zcatapik tenan! Nanging elinga yen versi BusyBox yaiku 1.19.4. Iki minangka versi BusyBox sing lawas banget, dirilis ing April 2012.
Dadi TP-Link ngeculake gambar firmware ing 2019 nggunakake piranti lunak (GCC toolchain, kernel, BusyBox, lsp) wiwit taun 2012!
Saiki sampeyan ngerti kenapa aku tansah nginstal OpenWRT ing router?
Ora mung kuwi
Binwalk uga bisa nindakake analisis entropi, nyithak data entropi mentah, lan ngasilake grafik entropi. Biasane, entropi luwih gedhe diamati nalika bait ing gambar kasebut acak. Iki bisa uga ateges gambar kasebut ngemot file sing dienkripsi, dikompres, utawa diblokir. Kunci enkripsi hardcore? Ngapa ora.
Kita uga bisa nggunakake parameter kasebut --raw kanggo nemokake urutan byte mentah khusus ing gambar utawa parameter --hexdump kanggo nindakake hex dump mbandingaken loro utawa luwih file input.
bisa ditambahake menyang binwalk liwat file teken khusus sing ditemtokake ing baris printah nggunakake parameter --magic, utawa kanthi nambahake menyang direktori $ HOME / .config / binwalk / magic.
Sampeyan bisa nemokake informasi luwih lengkap babagan binwalk ing .
ekstensi binwalk
Ana binwalk, dipun ginakaken minangka modul Python sing bisa digunakake dening sembarang script Python kanggo programmatically nindakake scan binwalk, lan sarana baris printah binwalk bisa meh rampung duplikat karo mung rong baris kode Python!
import binwalk
binwalk.scan()Nggunakake API Python sampeyan uga bisa nggawe kanggo ngatur lan nggedhekake binwalk.
Uga ana lan versi maya .
Dadi apa sampeyan ora ngundhuh gambar perangkat kukuh saka Internet lan nyoba binwalk? Aku janji sampeyan bakal seneng banget :)
Source: www.habr.com