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Nggawe gambar Ubuntu kanggo ARM "saka awal"

Nalika pembangunan mung diwiwiti, asring ora jelas paket sing bakal dituju menyang rootfs target.

Ing tembung liyane, iku banget awal kanggo njupuk LFS, buildroot utawa yocto (utawa mergo), nanging sampeyan wis kudu miwiti. Kanggo wong sugih (Aku duwe 4GB eMMC ing conto pilot) ana cara metu kanggo disebarakΓ© kanggo pangembang distribusi sing bakal ngidini wong cepet ngirim soko sing saiki ilang, banjur kita bisa tansah ngumpulake dhaptar paket lan nggawe dhaptar kanggo target rootfs.

Artikel iki dudu anyar lan minangka instruksi copy-paste sing prasaja.

Tujuan artikel kasebut yaiku kanggo mbangun rootfs Ubuntu kanggo papan ARM (ing kasusku, adhedhasar Colibri imx7d).

Nggawe gambar

Kita ngumpulake rootfs target kanggo replikasi.

Mbukak Pack Ubuntu Base

Kita milih release dhewe adhedhasar kabutuhan lan pilihan kita dhewe. Ing kene aku menehi 20.

$ mkdir ubuntu20
$ cd ubuntu20
$ mkdir rootfs
$ wget http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-base/releases/20.04/release/ubuntu-base-20.04-base-armhf.tar.gz
$ tar xf ubuntu-base-20.04-base-armhf.tar.gz -C rootfs

Priksa dhukungan BINFMT ing kernel

Yen sampeyan duwe distribusi umum, banjur ana dhukungan kanggo BINFMT_MISC lan kabeh wis diatur, yen ora, aku yakin sampeyan ngerti carane ngaktifake dhukungan BINFMT ing kernel.

Priksa manawa BINFMT_MISC diaktifake ing kernel:

$ zcat /proc/config.gz | grep BINFMT
CONFIG_BINFMT_ELF=y
CONFIG_COMPAT_BINFMT_ELF=y
CONFIG_BINFMT_SCRIPT=y
CONFIG_BINFMT_MISC=y

Saiki sampeyan kudu mriksa setelan:

$ ls /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc
qemu-arm  register  status
$ cat /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/qemu-arm
enabled
interpreter /usr/bin/qemu-arm
flags: OC
offset 0
magic 7f454c4601010100000000000000000002002800
mask ffffffffffffff00fffffffffffffffffeffffff

Sampeyan bisa ndhaptar kanthi manual nggunakake, contone, kene instruksi iki.

Nyetel lengen statis qemu

Saiki kita butuh conto qemu sing dipasang kanthi statis.

!!! PERHATIAN!!!
Yen sampeyan arep nggunakake wadhah kanggo mbangun barang, priksa:
https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=23960
https://bugs.launchpad.net/qemu/+bug/1805913
Banjur kanggo host x86_64 lan tamu lengen sampeyan kudu nggunakake versi qemu i386:
http://ftp.ru.debian.org/debian/pool/main/q/qemu/qemu-user-static_5.0-13_i386.deb

$ wget http://ftp.debian.org/debian/pool/main/q/qemu/qemu-user-static_5.0-13_amd64.deb
$ alient -t qemu-user-static_5.0-13_amd64.deb
# ΠΏΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ Π² rootfs ΠΈ имя исполняСмого Ρ„Π°ΠΉΠ»Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ с /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc/qemu-arm
$ mkdir qemu
$ tar xf qemu-user-static-5.0.tgz -C qemu
$ file qemu/usr/bin/qemu-arm-static
qemu/usr/bin/qemu-arm-static: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (GNU/Linux), statically linked, BuildID[sha1]=be45f9a321cccc5c139cc1991a4042907f9673b6, for GNU/Linux 3.2.0, stripped
$ cp qemu/usr/bin/qemu-arm-static rootfs/usr/bin/qemu-arm
$ file rootfs/usr/bin/qemu-arm
rootfs/usr/bin/qemu-arm: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (GNU/Linux), statically linked, BuildID[sha1]=be45f9a321cccc5c139cc1991a4042907f9673b6, for GNU/Linux 3.2.0, stripped

chroot

Skrip prasaja:

ch-mount.sh

#!/bin/bash

function mnt() {
    echo "MOUNTING"
    sudo mount -t proc /proc proc
    sudo mount --rbind /sys sys
    sudo mount --make-rslave sys
    sudo mount --rbind /dev dev
    sudo mount --make-rslave dev
    sudo mount -o bind /dev/pts dev/pts
    sudo chroot 
}

function umnt() {
    echo "UNMOUNTING"
    sudo umount proc
    sudo umount sys
    sudo umount dev/pts
    sudo umount dev

}

if [ "$1" == "-m" ] && [ -n "$2" ] ;
then
    mnt $1 $2
elif [ "$1" == "-u" ] && [ -n "$2" ];
then
    umnt $1 $2
else
    echo ""
    echo "Either 1'st, 2'nd or both parameters were missing"
    echo ""
    echo "1'st parameter can be one of these: -m(mount) OR -u(umount)"
    echo "2'nd parameter is the full path of rootfs directory(with trailing '/')"
    echo ""
    echo "For example: ch-mount -m /media/sdcard/"
    echo ""
    echo 1st parameter : 
    echo 2nd parameter : 
fi

Kita ngujo asil:

$ ./ch-mount.sh -m rootfs/
# cat /etc/os-release
NAME="Ubuntu"
VERSION="20.04 LTS (Focal Fossa)"
ID=ubuntu
ID_LIKE=debian
PRETTY_NAME="Ubuntu 20.04 LTS"
VERSION_ID="20.04"
HOME_URL="https://www.ubuntu.com/"
SUPPORT_URL="https://help.ubuntu.com/"
BUG_REPORT_URL="https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/"
PRIVACY_POLICY_URL="https://www.ubuntu.com/legal/terms-and-policies/privacy-policy"
VERSION_CODENAME=focal
UBUNTU_CODENAME=focal
# uname -a
Linux NShubin 5.5.9-gentoo-x86_64 #1 SMP PREEMPT Mon Mar 16 14:34:52 MSK 2020 armv7l armv7l armv7l GNU/Linux

Mung kanggo seneng-seneng, ayo ngukur ukuran sadurunge lan sawise nginstal paket minimal (kanggo kula):

# du -d 0 -h / 2>/dev/null
63M     /

Ayo nganyari:

# apt update
# apt upgrade --yes

Ayo instal paket sing kita minati:

# SYSTEMD_IGNORE_CHROOT=yes apt install --yes autoconf kmod socat ifupdown ethtool iputils-ping net-tools ssh g++ iproute2 dhcpcd5 incron ser2net udev systemd gcc minicom vim cmake make mtd-utils util-linux git strace gdb libiio-dev iiod

File lan modul header kernel minangka perkara sing kapisah. Mesthi, kita ora bakal nginstal bootloader, kernel, modul, wit piranti liwat Ubuntu. Dheweke bakal teka menyang kita saka njaba utawa kita bakal nglumpukake awake dhewe utawa bakal diwenehake dening pabrikan papan, ing kasus apa wae, iki ngluwihi ruang lingkup instruksi iki.

Kanggo sawetara ombone, divergensi versi bisa ditampa, nanging luwih apik kanggo njupuk saka mbangun kernel.

# apt install --yes linux-headers-generic

Ayo ndeleng apa sing kedadeyan lan ternyata akeh banget:

# apt clean
# du -d 0 -h / 2>/dev/null
770M    /

Aja lali nyetel sandhi.

Packing gambar

$ sudo tar -C rootfs --transform "s|^./||" --numeric-owner --owner=0 --group=0 -c ./ | tar --delete ./ | gzip > rootfs.tar.gz

Kajaba iku, kita bisa nginstal etckeeper kanthi setelan autopush

Inggih, ayo ngomong kita mbagekke perakitan kita, karya wiwit carane paling apik kanggo ngumpul mengko versi beda saka sistem kita.

etckeeper bisa teka kanggo bantuan kita.

Keamanan minangka prakara pribadi:

  • sampeyan bisa nglindhungi cabang tartamtu
  • generate tombol unik kanggo saben piranti
  • mateni push pasukan
  • lsp. ...
# ssh-keygen
# apt install etckeeper
# etckeeper init
# cd /etc
# git remote add origin ...

Ayo nyiyapake autopush

Mesthi wae, kita bisa nggawe cabang ing piranti kasebut luwih dhisik (kayata kita nggawe skrip utawa layanan sing bakal diluncurake sepisanan).

# cat /etc/etckeeper/etckeeper.conf
PUSH_REMOTE="origin"

Utawa kita bisa nindakake sing luwih pinter ...

Cara males

Ayo kita duwe sawetara jinis pengenal unik, sebutno nomer seri prosesor (utawa MAC - perusahaan serius tuku sawetara):

kucing / proc / cpuinfo

# cat /proc/cpuinfo
processor       : 0
model name      : ARMv7 Processor rev 5 (v7l)
BogoMIPS        : 60.36
Features        : half thumb fastmult vfp edsp neon vfpv3 tls vfpv4 idiva idivt vfpd32 lpae evtstrm 
CPU implementer : 0x41
CPU architecture: 7
CPU variant     : 0x0
CPU part        : 0xc07
CPU revision    : 5

processor       : 1
model name      : ARMv7 Processor rev 5 (v7l)
BogoMIPS        : 60.36
Features        : half thumb fastmult vfp edsp neon vfpv3 tls vfpv4 idiva idivt vfpd32 lpae evtstrm 
CPU implementer : 0x41
CPU architecture: 7
CPU variant     : 0x0
CPU part        : 0xc07
CPU revision    : 5

Hardware        : Freescale i.MX7 Dual (Device Tree)
Revision        : 0000
Serial          : 06372509

Banjur kita bisa nggunakake jeneng cabang sing bakal kita push:

# cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep Serial | cut -d':' -f 2 | tr -d [:blank:]
06372509

Ayo nggawe skrip prasaja:

# cat /etc/etckeeper/commit.d/40myown-push
#!/bin/sh
set -e

if [ "$VCS" = git ] && [ -d .git ]; then
  branch=$(cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep Serial | cut -d':' -f 2 | tr -d [:blank:])
  cd /etc/
  git push origin master:${branch}
fi

Lan kabeh - sawise sawetara wektu, kita bisa ndeleng owah-owahan lan nggawe dhaptar paket kanggo perangkat kukuh target.

Bahan sing disaranake

BINFMT_MISC
Dhukungan Kernel kanggo macem-macem Format Binar (binfmt_misc)
Kompilasi karo chroot pangguna qemu
Mbangun rootfs Ubuntu kanggo ARM
Cara nggawe live Ubuntu adat saka awal
Crossdev qemu-static-user-chroot
etckeeper

masalah getdents64

readdir () ngasilake NULL (errno = EOVERFLOW) kanggo qemu statis pangguna 32-bit ing host 64-bit
Ext4 64 bit hash break 32 bit glibc 2.28+
compiler_id_detection gagal kanggo armhf nalika nggunakake QEMU user-mode emulation
CMake ora bisa mlaku ing qemu-arm

Source: www.habr.com