TL; DR: Artikel kasebut ngomong babagan cara sing trep, cepet lan dipercaya kanggo ngenali program Linux sing nulis data menyang disk, sing mbantu ngenali beban gedhe utawa ora normal ing subsistem disk, lan uga ngidini sampeyan ngira overhead sistem file. Iki utamanΓ© bener kanggo SSD ing PC, EMMC, lan memori Flash ing komputer Papan siji.
Nalika nulis artikel iki, aku nemokake yen nulis sawetara kilobyte data menyang sistem file BTRFS nyebabake nulis 3 megabyte data nyata menyang disk.
Pambuka
"Oh, omong kosong, sel memori ing SSD modern bakal gagal sawise pirang-pirang dekade panggunaan normal, aja kuwatir, luwih-luwih transfer swap, mesin virtual lan folder profil browser menyang HDD" - jawaban sing khas kanggo pitakonan babagan linuwih drive solid-state kanthi dijamin β150 TBW. Yen sampeyan ngira carane akeh data piranti lunak khas bisa nulis, misale jek sing 10-20 GB saben dina wis tokoh gedhe, supaya ana maksimum 40 GB, luwih. Diwenehi nomer kasebut, jawabane cukup cukup - butuh 10 taun kanggo entuk dijamin Nilai kanggo jumlah sel sing ditindih, kanthi 40 GB data sing direkam saben dina.
Nanging, ing 6 taun aku wis nggunakake SSD katelu: controller pisanan gagal, lan nomer loro wiwit mindhah data antarane sel kaping pirang-pirang dina, kang nyebabake 30 detik telat ing layanan rekaman.
Sawise 7 sasi nggunakake SSD anyar, Aku mutusakΓ© kanggo mriksa jumlah data ditulis, minangka kacarita dening drive dhewe liwat SMART.
19.7 TB.
Ing mung 7 sasi, aku nggunakake 13% saka jumlah dijamin data direkam, senadyan kasunyatan sing wis diatur ing sesuai karo Rekomendasi kanggo aligning partisi lan nyetel FS, aku meh ora tau nggunakake swap, disk mesin virtual dumunung. ing HDD!
Iki minangka angka sing ora normal; ing tingkat iki, garansi TBW bakal ngluwihi sadurunge periode garansi disk 5 taun tekan. Lan komputer ora bisa nulis 93 gigabyte saben dina! Kita kudu mriksa jumlah data sing ditulis ing disk sajrone 10 menit ...
Total:
Writes Queued: 24,712, 2,237MiB
Writes Completed: 25,507, 2,237MiB
Write Merges: 58, 5,472KiB
2.2 GiB, oh-ho-ho!
Nemtokake jumlah data sing ditulis menyang piranti disk
Yen piranti sampeyan ndhukung S.M.A.R.T. (SSD, EMMC, sawetara MicroSD industri), mula sampeyan kudu njaluk data saka drive nggunakake program. smartctl, skdump utawa mmc (saka mmc-utils).
Conto output saka program smartctl
$ sudo smartctl -a /dev/sdb
smartctl 7.0 2019-03-31 r4903 [x86_64-linux-5.3.11-200.fc30.x86_64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-18, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family: Samsung based SSDs
Device Model: Samsung SSD 860 EVO mSATA 250GB
Serial Number: S41MNC0KA13477K
LU WWN Device Id: 5 002538 e700fa64b
Firmware Version: RVT41B6Q
User Capacity: 250β―059β―350β―016 bytes [250 GB]
Sector Size: 512 bytes logical/physical
Rotation Rate: Solid State Device
Form Factor: mSATA
Device is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is: ACS-4 T13/BSR INCITS 529 revision 5
SATA Version is: SATA 3.1, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 3.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Tue Nov 19 01:48:50 2019 MSK
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x00) Offline data collection activity
was never started.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 0) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x53) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
No Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
No Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 85) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x003d) SCT Status supported.
SCT Error Recovery Control supported.
SCT Feature Control supported.
SCT Data Table supported.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 1
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 100 100 010 Pre-fail Always - 0
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 098 098 000 Old_age Always - 5171
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 099 099 000 Old_age Always - 459
177 Wear_Leveling_Count 0x0013 096 096 000 Pre-fail Always - 62
179 Used_Rsvd_Blk_Cnt_Tot 0x0013 100 100 010 Pre-fail Always - 0
181 Program_Fail_Cnt_Total 0x0032 100 100 010 Old_age Always - 0
182 Erase_Fail_Count_Total 0x0032 100 100 010 Old_age Always - 0
183 Runtime_Bad_Block 0x0013 100 100 010 Pre-fail Always - 0
187 Uncorrectable_Error_Cnt 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0032 058 039 000 Old_age Always - 42
195 ECC_Error_Rate 0x001a 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
199 CRC_Error_Count 0x003e 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
235 POR_Recovery_Count 0x0012 099 099 000 Old_age Always - 29
241 Total_LBAs_Written 0x0032 099 099 000 Old_age Always - 38615215765
SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
No self-tests have been logged. [To run self-tests, use: smartctl -t]
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Not_testing
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.SSD Kula nyimpen jumlah data sing ditulis ing parameter 241 Total_LBAs_Written, ing pamblokiran logis (LBA) tinimbang bita. Ukuran blok logis ing kasusku yaiku 512 bait (bisa dideleng ing output smartctl, ing Ukuran Sektor). Kanggo entuk bita, sampeyan kudu ngalikake nilai parameter kanthi 512.
38615215765 Γ 512 Γ· 1000 Γ· 1000 Γ· 1000 Γ· 1000 = 19,770 Π’Π
38615215765 Γ 512 Γ· 1024 Γ· 1024 Γ· 1024 Γ· 1024 = 17,981 Π’ΠΈΠProgram kasebut skdump ing SSDku nyoba napsirake nilai Total_LBAs_Written kanthi cara dhewe, mulane ditampilake 1296217.695 TB, sing jelas ora bener.
Kanggo ngerteni jumlah informasi sing direkam ing tingkat piranti, kita bakal nggunakake program kasebut btrace saka paket blktrace. Iki nuduhake statistik umum kanggo kabeh wektu program mlaku, lan proses lan benang individu (kalebu kernel) sing nindakake rekaman kasebut.
Jalanake perintah ing ngisor iki kanggo ngumpulake informasi sajrone 10 menit, ing ngendi / dev / sdb minangka disk sampeyan:
# btrace -w 600 -a write /dev/sdbOutput printah khas
β¦
8,16 0 3253 50.085433192 0 C WS 125424240 + 64 [0]
8,16 0 3254 50.085550024 0 C WS 193577744 + 64 [0]
8,16 0 3255 50.085685165 0 C WS 197246976 + 64 [0]
8,16 0 3256 50.085936852 0 C WS 125736264 + 128 [0]
8,16 0 3257 50.086060780 0 C WS 96261752 + 64 [0]
8,16 0 3258 50.086195031 0 C WS 94948640 + 64 [0]
8,16 0 3259 50.086327355 0 C WS 124656144 + 64 [0]
8,16 0 3260 50.086843733 15368 C WSM 310218496 + 32 [0]
8,16 0 3261 50.086975238 753 A WSM 310218368 + 32 <- (8,20) 291339904
8,16 0 3262 50.086975560 753 Q WSM 310218368 + 32 [dmcrypt_write/2]
8,16 0 3263 50.086977345 753 G WSM 310218368 + 32 [dmcrypt_write/2]
8,16 0 3264 50.086978072 753 I WSM 310218368 + 32 [dmcrypt_write/2]
8,16 0 3265 50.086979159 753 D WSM 310218368 + 32 [dmcrypt_write/2]
8,16 0 3266 50.087055685 0 C WSM 310218368 + 32 [0]
8,16 0 3267 50.087060168 753 A WSM 310218592 + 160 <- (8,20) 291340128
8,16 0 3268 50.087060367 753 Q WSM 310218592 + 160 [dmcrypt_write/2]
8,16 0 3269 50.087061242 753 G WSM 310218592 + 160 [dmcrypt_write/2]
8,16 0 3270 50.087061698 753 I WSM 310218592 + 160 [dmcrypt_write/2]
8,16 0 3271 50.087062361 753 D WSM 310218592 + 160 [dmcrypt_write/2]
8,16 0 3272 50.087386179 0 C WSM 310218592 + 160 [0]
8,16 0 3273 50.087436417 15368 A FWS 0 + 0 <- (253,1) 0
8,16 0 3274 50.087437471 15368 Q FWS [LS Thread]
8,16 0 3275 50.087440862 15368 G FWS [LS Thread]
8,16 0 3276 50.088300047 0 C WS 0 [0]
8,16 0 3277 50.088470917 753 A WFSM 18882688 + 8 <- (8,20) 4224
8,16 0 3278 50.088471091 753 Q WFSM 18882688 + 8 [dmcrypt_write/2]
8,16 0 3279 50.088471688 753 G WFSM 18882688 + 8 [dmcrypt_write/2]
8,16 0 3280 50.088474334 32254 D WSM 18882688 + 8 [kworker/0:2H]
8,16 0 3281 50.088515572 0 C WSM 18882688 + 8 [0]
8,16 0 3282 50.089229069 0 C WSM 18882688 [0]
CPU0 (8,16):
Reads Queued: 0, 0KiB Writes Queued: 345, 25,932KiB
Read Dispatches: 0, 0KiB Write Dispatches: 331, 25,788KiB
Reads Requeued: 0 Writes Requeued: 0
Reads Completed: 0, 0KiB Writes Completed: 1,597, 117,112KiB
Read Merges: 0, 0KiB Write Merges: 1, 16KiB
Read depth: 0 Write depth: 177
IO unplugs: 0 Timer unplugs: 0
CPU1 (8,16):
Reads Queued: 0, 0KiB Writes Queued: 502, 39,948KiB
Read Dispatches: 0, 0KiB Write Dispatches: 495, 40,076KiB
Reads Requeued: 0 Writes Requeued: 0
Reads Completed: 0, 0KiB Writes Completed: 0, 0KiB
Read Merges: 0, 0KiB Write Merges: 0, 0KiB
Read depth: 0 Write depth: 177
IO unplugs: 0 Timer unplugs: 0
CPU2 (8,16):
Reads Queued: 0, 0KiB Writes Queued: 297, 26,800KiB
Read Dispatches: 0, 0KiB Write Dispatches: 287, 26,800KiB
Reads Requeued: 0 Writes Requeued: 0
Reads Completed: 0, 0KiB Writes Completed: 0, 0KiB
Read Merges: 0, 0KiB Write Merges: 0, 0KiB
Read depth: 0 Write depth: 177
IO unplugs: 0 Timer unplugs: 0
CPU3 (8,16):
Reads Queued: 0, 0KiB Writes Queued: 418, 24,432KiB
Read Dispatches: 0, 0KiB Write Dispatches: 408, 24,448KiB
Reads Requeued: 0 Writes Requeued: 0
Reads Completed: 0, 0KiB Writes Completed: 0, 0KiB
Read Merges: 0, 0KiB Write Merges: 2, 272KiB
Read depth: 0 Write depth: 177
IO unplugs: 0 Timer unplugs: 0
Total (8,16):
Reads Queued: 0, 0KiB Writes Queued: 1,562, 117,112KiB
Read Dispatches: 0, 0KiB Write Dispatches: 1,521, 117,112KiB
Reads Requeued: 0 Writes Requeued: 0
Reads Completed: 0, 0KiB Writes Completed: 1,597, 117,112KiB
Read Merges: 0, 0KiB Write Merges: 3, 288KiB
IO unplugs: 0 Timer unplugs: 0
Throughput (R/W): 0KiB/s / 2,338KiB/s
Events (8,16): 9,287 entries
Skips: 0 forward (0 - 0.0%)
btrace ngidini sampeyan ndeleng kanthi jelas jumlah data sing direkam, nanging angel ngerti program sing direkam saka output.
Nemtokake program sing nulis menyang drive
Program kasebut iotop bakal nuduhake pangolahan nulis menyang disk lan ukuran data ditulis.
Output paling trep diwenehake dening paramèter ing ngisor iki:
# iotop -obPatOutput program sampel
02:55:47 Total DISK READ : 0.00 B/s | Total DISK WRITE : 30.65 K/s
02:55:47 Actual DISK READ: 0.00 B/s | Actual DISK WRITE: 0.00 B/s
TIME PID PRIO USER DISK READ DISK WRITE SWAPIN IO COMMAND
b'02:55:47 753 be/4 root 0.00 B 0.00 B 0.00 % 0.04 % [dmcrypt_write/2]'
b'02:55:47 788 be/4 root 72.00 K 18.27 M 0.00 % 0.02 % [btrfs-transacti]'
b'02:55:47 15057 be/4 valdikss 216.00 K 283.05 M 0.00 % 0.01 % firefox'
b'02:55:47 1588 ?dif root 0.00 B 0.00 B 0.00 % 0.00 % Xorg -nolisten tcp -auth /var/run/sddm/{398f030f-9667-4dff-b371-81eaae48dfdf} -background none -noreset -displayfd 18 -seat seat0 vt1'
b'02:55:47 15692 be/4 valdikss 988.00 K 9.41 M 0.00 % 0.00 % python3 /usr/bin/gajim'
b'02:55:47 15730 ?dif valdikss 9.07 M 0.00 B 0.00 % 0.00 % telegram-desktop --'
b'02:55:47 2174 ?dif valdikss 1840.00 K 2.47 M 0.00 % 0.00 % yakuake'
b'02:55:47 19827 be/4 root 16.00 K 896.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % [kworker/u16:7-events_unbound]'
b'02:55:47 19074 be/4 root 16.00 K 480.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % [kworker/u16:4-btrfs-endio-write]'
b'02:55:47 19006 be/4 root 16.00 K 1872.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % [kworker/u16:1-events_unbound]'
b'02:55:47 1429 be/4 root 484.00 K 0.00 B 0.00 % 0.00 % accounts-daemon'
b'02:55:47 15820 be/4 valdikss 312.00 K 0.00 B 0.00 % 0.00 % firefox -contentproc -childID 6 -isForBrowser -prefsLen 7894 -prefMapSize 223880 -parentBuildID 20191022164834 -greomni /usr/lib64/firefox/omni.ja -appomni /usr/lib64/firefox/browser/omni.ja -appdir /usr/lib64/firefox/browser 15057 tab'
b'02:55:47 2125 ?dif valdikss 0.00 B 92.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % plasmashell'
b'02:55:47 1268 be/3 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % auditd'
b'02:55:47 1414 be/4 root 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % sssd_nss --uid 0 --gid 0 --logger=files'
b'02:55:47 15238 be/4 valdikss 0.00 B 4.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % thunderbird'
b'02:55:47 18605 be/4 root 0.00 B 3.19 M 0.00 % 0.00 % [kworker/u16:0-btrfs-endio-write]'
b'02:55:47 18867 be/4 root 0.00 B 96.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % [kworker/u16:5-btrfs-endio-meta]'
b'02:55:47 19070 be/4 root 0.00 B 160.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % [kworker/u16:2-btrfs-freespace-write]'
b'02:55:47 19645 be/4 root 0.00 B 2.17 M 0.00 % 0.00 % [kworker/u16:3-events_unbound]'
b'02:55:47 19982 be/4 root 0.00 B 496.00 K 0.00 % 0.00 % [kworker/u16:6-btrfs-endio-write]'Firefox nyekel mripatmu, ngrekam 283 megabyte ing sawetara menit saka iotop mlaku.
Nemtokake file sing bakal ditulis
Informasi babagan proses rudo pekso disk apik, nanging dalan sing nggawe rekaman luwih apik.
Ayo nggunakake program fatrace, sing nglacak owah-owahan ing sistem file.
# fatrace -f WOutput program sampel
firefox(15057): CW /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/moz-extension+++e5c304fb-af40-498a-9ba8-47eb0416e933^userContextId=4294967295/idb/3647222921wleabcEoxlt-eengsairo.sqlite-wal
firefox(15057): CW /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/moz-extension+++e5c304fb-af40-498a-9ba8-47eb0416e933^userContextId=4294967295/idb/3647222921wleabcEoxlt-eengsairo.sqlite
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/data.sqlite-journal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/data.sqlite-journal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/data.sqlite-journal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/data.sqlite-journal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/data.sqlite-journal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/data.sqlite-journal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/data.sqlite-journal
firefox(15057): CW /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/usage-journal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/usage
firefox(15057): CW /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/usage
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/data.sqlite-journal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/data.sqlite
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/data.sqlite
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/data.sqlite
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/webappsstore.sqlite-wal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/webappsstore.sqlite-wal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/webappsstore.sqlite-wal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/webappsstore.sqlite-wal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/webappsstore.sqlite-wal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/webappsstore.sqlite-wal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/webappsstore.sqlite-wal
firefox(15057): CW /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/https+++habr.com/ls/data.sqlite-journal
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/webappsstore.sqlite
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/webappsstore.sqlite
firefox(15057): W /home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/webappsstore.sqliteFatrace ora bisa nuduhake jumlah data sing direkam amarga nggunakake pelacakan sing cukup prasaja yen file diakses liwat inotify.
Saka output sampeyan bisa ndeleng carane Habr nyimpen artikelku ing panyimpenan lokal browser nalika aku nulis, uga ekstensi Group Speed ββββDial, sing, nalika kita bisa nemokake nggunakake fatrace, maca data saben. 30 detik. Iku maca, ora nulis: CW sadurunge file ngandika sing file dibukak kanggo maca lan nulis, karo nggawe simultaneous saka berkas yen ilang (disebut openat karo O_RDWR|O_CREAT flag), nanging ora ngandika informasi sembarang bener ditulis kanggo berkas.
Yen ngono, kanggo mesthekake iki, ayo nggunakake strace, kanthi saringan kanggo telpon sistem file:
strace -yy -e trace=open,openat,close,write -f -p 15057 2>&1 | grep extensionoutput printah
[pid 20352] openat(AT_FDCWD, "/home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/moz-extension+++e5c304fb-af40-498a-9ba8-47eb0416e933^userContextId=4294967295/idb/3647222921wleabcEoxlt-eengsairo.sqlite", O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_CLOEXEC, 0644) = 153</home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/moz-extension+++e5c304fb-af40-498a-9ba8-47eb0416e933^userContextId=4294967295/idb/3647222921wleabcEoxlt-eengsairo.sqlite>
[pid 20352] read(153</home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/moz-extension+++e5c304fb-af40-498a-9ba8-47eb0416e933^userContextId=4294967295/idb/3647222921wleabcEoxlt-eengsairo.sqlite>, "SQLite format 3 20 22 @ d 23"..., 100) = 100
[pid 20352] read(153</home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/moz-extension+++e5c304fb-af40-498a-9ba8-47eb0416e933^userContextId=4294967295/idb/3647222921wleabcEoxlt-eengsairo.sqlite>, "SQLite format 3 20 22 @ d 23"..., 4096) = 4096
[pid 20352] openat(AT_FDCWD, "/home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/moz-extension+++e5c304fb-af40-498a-9ba8-47eb0416e933^userContextId=4294967295/idb/3647222921wleabcEoxlt-eengsairo.sqlite-wal", O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_CLOEXEC, 0644) = 166</home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/moz-extension+++e5c304fb-af40-498a-9ba8-47eb0416e933^userContextId=4294967295/idb/3647222921wleabcEoxlt-eengsairo.sqlite-wal>
β¦
[pid 20352] read(54</home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/moz-extension+++e5c304fb-af40-498a-9ba8-47eb0416e933^userContextId=4294967295/idb/3647222921wleabcEoxlt-eengsairo.sqlite>, " r4304364354354364- 4204!4'414" 250 &"..., 4096) = 4096
[pid 20352] read(54</home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/moz-extension+++e5c304fb-af40-498a-9ba8-47eb0416e933^userContextId=4294967295/idb/3647222921wleabcEoxlt-eengsairo.sqlite>, " 136Pt2262504 O24532016:"16.27 r245306>2461t1q370"..., 4096) = 4096
[pid 20352] close(77</home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/moz-extension+++e5c304fb-af40-498a-9ba8-47eb0416e933^userContextId=4294967295/idb/3647222921wleabcEoxlt-eengsairo.sqlite-wal>) = 0
[pid 20352] close(54</home/valdikss/.mozilla/firefox/xyf4vqh2.default/storage/default/moz-extension+++e5c304fb-af40-498a-9ba8-47eb0416e933^userContextId=4294967295/idb/3647222921wleabcEoxlt-eengsairo.sqlite>) = 0
Ora ana telpon write(), sing nuduhake yen ora ana entri menyang file kasebut.
Nemtokake Overhead Sistem File
Bentenane gedhe ing maca iotop ΠΈ btrace menehi kula idea kanggo nyoba sistem file kanthi manual nulis data menyang file lan ngawasi btrace maos.
Yen sampeyan ngilangi nulis menyang disk kanthi boot menyang mode darurat systemd lan nulis kanthi manual saperangan bita data menyang file ana, btrace kanggo SSD saka btrfs ngrekam laporan 3 megabyte data nyata. Sistem file sing anyar digawe ing 8 GB flash drive nulis minimal 264 KiB nalika nulis siji bait.
Kanggo mbandhingake, nulis saperangan bita menyang file ing ext4 pungkasane nulis 24 kilobyte data menyang disk.
Ing 2017, Jayashree Mohan, Rohan Kadekodi lan Vijay Chidambaram , asil kanggo btrfs lan ext4 ing 4KB nyerat konsisten karo mine.
Kesimpulan lan kesimpulan
Liwat manipulasi sing diterangake ditemokake:
- Kerep nyathet tugas printer kanthi daemon cetak CUPS menyang /var/cache/ cangkir saben menit. Masalah kasebut diatasi kanthi ngresiki /var/spool/ cangkir (sanajan ora ana proyek cetak);
- Kasunyatan manawa database diwaca saben 30 detik dening ekstensi Group Speed ββββDial kanggo Firefox;
- Log periodik dening macem-macem layanan nelusuri kinerja ing Fedora, asil ing sawetara megabyte data ditulis kanggo btrfs: pmcd.service, pmie.service, pmlogger.service;
- Amplifikasi gedhe nalika nulis data cilik nggunakake btrfs.
Kesimpulan: sampeyan ora kudu nggunakake btrfs yen program asring nulis jumlah data sing cilik (sawetara kilobyte), yen ora, bakal ngasilake megabyte data sing ditulis. Iki utamanΓ© bener kanggo komputer siji-papan karo OS ing MicroSD.
Source: www.habr.com