ααααααααΆα ααΎααααΈααααΆααααΈαα αααααααααα ααα αΆααααααΆα αααα»αααΆααααααΆααααα αααα»αα αα»ααααααΆα αααΎα ααΆαα αααΎααα St. Petersburg αα·α Moscow αααααΆαααα»αααααα DevOps α αααα»αααΆαααααααααΆααααΎαααΆαααα»αα αα»αααΆα αααΎα (αααα»αα αα»αααα’ααΆα αααΎαα§ααΆα ααα Yandex) αα½ααααα½αααααααααααΆααΈαα
- α’αααΈβαα βααΆ inode;
- αααααΆααα ααα»ααα’αααΈαααα’αααα’αΆα ααα½αααΆαααα α»ααααα»αααΆααααααααΆα (α¬α§ααΆα αααα α ααα»α’αααΈααΆαααΆα’αααα’αΆα α’ααααα αααΆα ααααΉαααΆαααΊααΌα ααααΆ)α
ααΆααΉαβααΆαα αααα»αβααααΆααβααΆβαααα»αβααααΆααβαααααΆαβααβαααβα αααΆαα ααα»ααααβαααβαααα»αβα αΆααβααααΎαβαααααα α αααααβαααα ααβααβα ααααααΉαβααΆαβααα βα‘αΎαα ααΎααααΈαααα αα ααααααΉααααααααα»αααΆαααααααα αααααα ααααααααα αα α αΎααααααααΆααααα½αα―ααααα αΎα αααα»ααααα»ααααααα’αααααααα αααα ααααΆααΆααΆααααααααααααααΆααα’ααααααααα
αααα»αααΉαα αΆααααααΎαααΈααΆα α§. ααΈααααΆαααααΉα (ααΎαααΉααααααα flash drives, SSDs αα·αααααααααΎααααααααα; α§ααΆα ααα, ααΌααα·α αΆαααΆααΆαα½α 20 α¬ 80 gig ααααΆαα αΆαα, α αΆααααΆααααΈααα ααααα»αααΆα 512 αα) α
ααΆαααΉααα·αααΉαααΈαααααααααααΆαααα αααααααΆααααααα ααΆααααΌαααΆααααα
ααααΆααααααααααα
ααΆαααα»αα ααΆααααααααΆαααααα
αΆααααααΎαααΈ 0α (ααΆααααΌαααΆαααα α
ααΆ LBA ααααααΆααααα’α·ααα
ααΈαααα
ααΌα
αααα’αΆα
ααΎαααΎαααΈααΌαααΆααααα»αααΆαααααααααα»α LBA ααΆααααα·α HDD α ααααα·ααΈααα α’αααα’αΆα
ααΎαααα ααααα»αααααααΆαααααα’αααααΆαααΌα
αααα
root@ubuntu:/home/serp# blockdev --getpbsz /dev/sdb
512
ααααα·αααΆαααΎααΊααΆααΆαααΆα αα½ααααααΆααααΆαααΆααααΌα (ααααααααααααΆααααΆαααΆαααα)α ααΆαα αααΎαααΆααΉαααΆααααΆααααααΆααααΆαααΈαααααΌαααΆαααααΎα msdos αα·α gpt α ααΌα ααααα αΎα msdos ααΊααΆααααααα αΆαααααααΆααααααΆααα αΌαααα 2Tb, gpt ααΊααΆααααααααααΈαα½ααααααΆααααααααΆααααααααΆααα αΌαααα 1 zettabyte αα 512 byte blocksα αααα»αααααΈααααααΎαααΎαααΆαααΆαααΆααααααααα msdos ααΌα αααα’αΆα ααΎαααΎαααΈααΌαααΆα ααΆαααΆαα αΆααααααΎαααααααα»αααα 1 αααααααααααΌαααααααΌαααΆαααααΎαααααΆαα MBR α
αα αααα»αααΆαααΆαααααΌαααααααα»ααααααΎαααααααααα―αααΆα ext2 ααα ααααα»αααααΆαααΎαααααααΆααΊ 4096 αα αααααααΌαααΆααααα»ααααα αΆαααα αααα»αααΌααααααα α’αααα’αΆα ααΎαααα ααααα»αααααααααα―αααΆαααΌα αααα
root@ubuntu:/home/serp# tune2fs -l /dev/sdb1
tune2fs 1.42.9 (4-Feb-2014)
Filesystem volume name: <none>
Last mounted on: <not available>
Filesystem UUID: a600bf40-f660-41f6-a3e6-96c303995479
Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53
Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features: ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype sparse_super large_file
Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash
Default mount options: user_xattr acl
Filesystem state: clean
Errors behavior: Continue
Filesystem OS type: Linux
Inode count: 65536
Block count: 261888
Reserved block count: 13094
Free blocks: 257445
Free inodes: 65525
First block: 0
Block size: 4096
Fragment size: 4096
Reserved GDT blocks: 63
Blocks per group: 32768
Fragments per group: 32768
Inodes per group: 8192
Inode blocks per group: 512
Filesystem created: Fri Aug 2 15:02:13 2019
Last mount time: n/a
Last write time: Fri Aug 2 15:02:14 2019
Mount count: 0
Maximum mount count: -1
Last checked: Fri Aug 2 15:02:13 2019
Check interval: 0 (<none>)
Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)
First inode: 11
Inode size: 256
Required extra isize: 28
Desired extra isize: 28
Default directory hash: half_md4
Directory Hash Seed: c0155456-ad7d-421f-afd1-c898746ccd76
αααΆαααΆαααααααααααΎαααααΌαααΆαααΊ "ααα ααααα»α" α
α₯α‘αΌααααααααααα½αα±ααα αΆααα’αΆααααααααΊααααα’αΆαα―αααΆα /home/serp/testfile? α―αααΆαααΆααααα»αααααααααα―αααΆααα½α α¬α αααΎα ααααα·ααααααααααααΆααααΌαααΆααααααΆαα»αα ααααΆααβαααααβα―αααΆα ααΎβααααΌαβααβαααβααααβααΆ? ααΎαααα»ααα½αααΆααααααα»ααα½αα’αΆα?
αααααΊααΆααααααααα inodes ααΆαααααααααα ααααααααα―αααΆα ext2fs ααΆα "ααΆααΆα" αααααΆαααααααΆααααααΆααα’ααΈααΌαααΆααα’ααα α ααα½ααα inodes αααα»αααααΈ ext2fs ααααΌαααΆαααααααα ααααααααΎαααααααααα―αααΆαα ααΎαααΎαααααααααααΌαααΆααα αααα»ααααΆαααΆαααααα "ααΆαα Inode" αααα·ααααα tune2fs αααααΊα§α ααΎαααΆα 65536 αααααα inode ααΆαααααααΆααααααΎαααααΌαααΆαα αααααΈαααααα»αααααααααα―αααΆααααααΆααα―αααΆααααααΎααααα»ααααααααα ααΎααααΎααΌα ααααα ααΎααααΈαααααααααα inode αααααΆααα―αααΆααααααΆααααααα±αα?
ααααα αα·αααα inode αααααααΌαααααΆααΆααα αααα»ααα α αΎααααααα»α ext2fs ααΊααΆααααααα―αααΆααα·ααα αααααΊα§α ααααΆαααα inode ααααΆαααααα½ααααααα ααΎααααΈαααααααααααααααΆα ααΆα αΆαααα αααα’ααΈααααΌααα "ααα" "2" ααααΌαααΆαααααααα ααα«αα ααΌααααα‘ααααΎαααααΉαααΆααα inode ααα 2α
root@ubuntu:/# debugfs /dev/sdb1
debugfs 1.42.9 (4-Feb-2014)
debugfs: stat <2>
Inode: 2 Type: directory Mode: 0755 Flags: 0x0
Generation: 0 Version: 0x00000000:00000002
User: 0 Group: 0 Size: 4096
File ACL: 0 Directory ACL: 0
Links: 3 Blockcount: 8
Fragment: Address: 0 Number: 0 Size: 0
ctime: 0x5d43cb51:16b61bcc -- Fri Aug 2 16:34:09 2019
atime: 0x5d43c247:b704301c -- Fri Aug 2 15:55:35 2019
mtime: 0x5d43cb51:16b61bcc -- Fri Aug 2 16:34:09 2019
crtime: 0x5d43b5c6:00000000 -- Fri Aug 2 15:02:14 2019
Size of extra inode fields: 28
BLOCKS:
(0):579
TOTAL: 1
ααΌα αααα’αααα’αΆα ααΎαααΎα αααααααΎαααααΌαααΆαααΆααα αααα»ααααα»αααα 579α αα αααα»ααααααΎαααΉαααααΎαααα node αααααΆαααα home α αΎααααααααααΆαααααα α»αααΆααααααααααΆαααα αΌαααααααα»α serp directory ααΎαααΎαααα node αααααΆααα―αααΆααααααΆαααααΎαα»αα ααααα·αααΎααααΆααααΆαααααΆααααΆααα αααα·αα·αααααΎαααΆααΎαααααααΉαααααΌαα αΎαααΆααΎααααααΆαα αΆαααΆα ααα ααΈαααααΆαα·ααα·ααΆαααα ααΎαβααααΎ:
root@ubuntu:/# dd if=/dev/sdb1 of=/home/serp/dd_image bs=4096 count=1 skip=579
1+0 records in
1+0 records out
4096 bytes (4,1 kB) copied, 0,000184088 s, 22,3 MB/s
root@ubuntu:/# hexdump -c /home/serp/dd_image
αα αααα»αααααααα’αααα’αΆα α’αΆααααααα―αααΆααα αααα»αααα
ααΌα ααααβαααα»αβααβαααβαααα½αβα ααααα "ααΎβααΆαβα ααα»ααβα’αααΈβααααβαααβααΆαβααα α»αβαααα»αβααΆαβααβααα‘ααβα’αΆα βααΎαβα‘αΎα?"
ααΆααααααΆ ααΆααΉαααΎαα‘αΎα ααααα·αααΎαα·αααΆααααα»αααααααα αααα»αααααααααα―αααΆαα ααΎααΆαα’αααΈα’αΆα ααααΎααΆααααα»αααααΈααα? αααα ααΈ "αα»αα’αααΈααααα·αα αΆαααΆα α" ααΆαααααααα’ααααα½αααα αα αΆαααΆαα αααα»αααααααααα―αααΆα ext2,3 αα·α 4 ααΆαααΏαααΌα ααΆ "α ααα½ααααα»ααααααΆαααααα»ααα»α" α ααααα·αααΎα’ααααααα‘ααααΎααααααΈααΆαααΎ ααΎαααΆα "13094" αααα»αααααααα ααΆαααααααΊααΆαααα»ααααα’αΆα αααααααΆααααα’αααααααΎααααΆαα root ααα»αααααα ααα»ααααααααα·αααΎα’αααααααΌαααΆααααααααΆααααα αΆα±ααααΆαααΆαααα αα ααΆαααααααααΆαααααααα’αΆαααα α’αααα’αΆα ααααΎα±αααα½αααΆααΆααααααΆααααα»ααααααααααααΆ ααααααααΆαα±ααααΆαααααααααααααα½αα ααα½αα
root@ubuntu:/mnt# tune2fs -m 0 /dev/sdb1
tune2fs 1.42.9 (4-Feb-2014)
Setting reserved blocks percentage to 0% (0 blocks)
ααΆαααααα ααΆαααααΆαααΎα α’αααααΆα 5% ααααα αααΆαααααα·αααΆααααααΆααααΆαααααα α αΎαααΆααααααααα αααΆαααααΎα ααΆα’αΆα ααΆαααΆααααααΈα αααΆααα
ααΎααΆα’αΆα ααΆα’αααΈααα? ααΆααα’αΆα αα αα½α αααααΆααΆααααα»αα₯ααα·ααααα ααα»αααααα·αααΆαααααΆαααααααα ααΆααααααΆααΆααΎαα‘αΎαααααα·αααΎα’αααααΆαααααα»αααα―αααΆααα ααΎααααααααα―αααΆαααααα’ααααααααΌα ααΆαααα ααααα»αααααααααα―αααΆαα ααααα·α αΆαααΆααΆ 1 inode ααααΌαααΆαα αααΆαααΎα―αααΆα 1 α¬αα α αΎαααα»αααααΎαααΆα (αααααΆααααααααααα―αααΆααααααΆααααααα±αα) 65536 - ααααΆαααΆαααΊα αααΎαααΆαααΆααα·αα αααα’αΆα ααΎαααΎααααΆαα αααΆααααΈααααααααααΆααααααααΆ dfα
serp@ubuntu:~$ df -hi
Filesystem Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on
udev 493K 480 492K 1% /dev
tmpfs 493K 425 493K 1% /run
/dev/xvda1 512K 240K 273K 47% /
none 493K 2 493K 1% /sys/fs/cgroup
none 493K 2 493K 1% /run/lock
none 493K 1 493K 1% /run/shm
none 493K 2 493K 1% /run/user
/dev/xvdc1 320K 4,1K 316K 2% /var
/dev/xvdb1 64K 195 64K 1% /home
/dev/xvdh1 4,0M 3,1M 940K 78% /var/www
serp@ubuntu:~$ df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
udev 2,0G 4,0K 2,0G 1% /dev
tmpfs 395M 620K 394M 1% /run
/dev/xvda1 7,8G 2,9G 4,6G 39% /
none 4,0K 0 4,0K 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
none 5,0M 0 5,0M 0% /run/lock
none 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /run/shm
none 100M 0 100M 0% /run/user
/dev/xvdc1 4,8G 2,6G 2,0G 57% /var
/dev/xvdb1 990M 4,0M 919M 1% /home
/dev/xvdh1 63G 35G 25G 59% /var/www
ααΌα αααα’αΆα ααΎαααΎααααΆαα αααΆαααα ααΎααΆαααΆα /var/www α ααα½ααααα»αα₯ααα·ααααααα αααα»αααααααααα―αααΆα αα·αα ααα½αααααΆααα₯ααα·ααααααααααααα½ααααΆαααααΆααα
αααα»αααααΈαααα’αααα’ααα₯ααααααΌ αααα»αααΉααα·αααααΆααα’αααααΈα’αααααΆαα·αα»αααααααααα ... α’ααααΆααα (ααΎαα»α ααααΆαααααα»ααα)α ααΌα
αααααααααΆααααΆαααΆααααα―αααΆαααΌα
ααα»α α’ααααα½αααααααΎαααΎαααααααααα―αααΆααααααααΆαααα α§ααΆα ααα btrfs inodes αα·αα’αΆα
αααα
ααααΆααα ααΈααααα ααααΈβααααΌαβααΆαβαααααΎαβααΆαααααβααΎβα
αΆαααΆα
αα
ααααα: www.habr.com