Variae DNS operationis rationes saepe iam ab auctore tactae sunt in pluribus ut pars diarii editis. Eodem tempore, principale momentum semper in melioratione securitatis huius clavilis interretialis semper fuit.
Usque nuper, non obstante manifesta vulnerabilitate negotiationis DNS, quae adhuc, magna ex parte, in clara traducta est, ad actiones malicias ex parte provisorum quaerunt, ut reditus augeant emdendo vendo in contento, securitatem regiminis institutionum et censuram; tum scelestos simpliciter, processus non obstante praesentia variarum technologiarum ut DNSSEC/DANE, DNScrypt, DNS-super-TLS et DNS super-HTTPS, stabulantur. Et si solutiones servientes et nonnullae ex iis diu satis notae et promptae exstiterint, eorum subsidium a programmatibus clientis multum desiderandum relinquit.
Fortunate res mutatur. Praesertim tincidunt de Incendia popularis navigatoris de consilia ad enable auxilium modus per defaltam (DoH) в ближайшее время. Это должно помочь защитить DNS трафик пользователя WWW от вышеупомянутых угроз, однако потенциально способно вызвать новые.
1. DNS super-HTTPS difficultates
In primo aspectu, principium massae introductionis DNS-super-HTTPS in programmatibus interretialibus causat tantum reactionem positivum. Sed diabolus, ut dicunt, est in singulis.
Первой проблемой, которая ограничивает сферу массового применения DoH, является его ориентация исключительно на веб-трафик. Действительно, протокол HTTP и его актуальная редакция HTTP/2, на которой базируется DoH, является основой WWW. Но Интернет это не только веб. Существует масса популярых сервисов, такие, как электронная почта, всевозможные мессенджеры, системы передачи файлов, стриминг мультимедиа и проч., которые не используют HTTP. Таким образом, несмотря на восприятие многими DoH как панацеи, он оказывается неприменим без дополнительных (да и не нужных) усилий, ни для чего иного, кроме браузерных технологий. К слову, на эту роль куда как более достойным кандидатом выглядит DNS-over-TLS, который реализует инкапсуляцию стандартного DNS трафика в защищённый стандартный протокол TLS.
Secunda quaestio, quae potentia multo magis significativa est quam prima, est actualis desertio inhaerentis decentralizationis DNS consilio in favorem utendi unius servo DoH specificati in uncinis navigatoriis. Praesertim Mozilla suggerit utens servitio Cloudflare. Simile officium etiam ab aliis figuris interretialibus prominentibus immissum est, nominatim Google. Evenit ut exsecutionem DNS-super-HTTPS in forma qua nunc proponitur solum dependentiam finis utentium in maximis officiis auget. Non est occultum informationes quas quaestionibus DNS analysis praebere potest, etiam plura de eo colligere notitia, ac accurate et congruentia augere.
Hac de re auctor fuit et permanet fautor massae exsecutionis non DNS-super-HTTPS, sed DNS super-TLS una cum DNSSEC/DANE ut universale, securum et non ad ulteriorem centralem instrumentorum interretialem conducentem. pro securitate DNS negotiationis. Infeliciter, ob rationes evidentes, expectari non potest rapidam introductionem molis subsidii ad DoH alternativam in clientelam programmatum, et adhuc regio technologiae technologiae securitatis est.
Sed quoniam DoH nunc habemus, cur non utimur ea post custodias potentiales elapsus per corporationes per suos ministros ad nostrum proprium DNS-super-HTTPS servitorem?
2. DNS super-HTTPS protocollum
Si vexillum spectes describens protocollum DNS-super-HTTPS, videre potes esse re vera telam API quae te permittit ut vexillum DNS in involucro HTTP in protocollo encapsulare sinat. Hoc effectum est per capita specialia HTTP, necnon conversionem formarum binarum DNS transmissarum datarum (videatur. et documentis subsequentibus) in forma, quae tibi transmittere et recipere permittit, ac etiam cum metadata necessario laboret.
Secundum vexillum, solum HTTP/2 et nexum securum TLS sustentantur.
Mittens petitionem DNS fieri potest utens vexillum GET ac POST modos. In primo casu, petitio transmutatur in chorda base64URL-encoded, et in secundo per corpus postulati POST in forma binaria. Hoc in casu, peculiaris notitiarum MIME genus in petitione et responsione DNS adhibetur applicationem / dns-nuntius.
root@eprove:~ # curl -H 'accept: application/dns-message' 'https://my.domaint/dns-query?dns=q80BAAABAAAAAAAAB2V4YW1wbGUDY29tAAABAAE' -v
* Trying 2001:100:200:300::400:443...
* TCP_NODELAY set
* Connected to eprove.net (2001:100:200:300::400) port 443 (#0)
* ALPN, offering h2
* ALPN, offering http/1.1
* successfully set certificate verify locations:
* CAfile: /usr/local/share/certs/ca-root-nss.crt
CApath: none
* TLSv1.3 (OUT), TLS handshake, Client hello (1):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Server hello (2):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Encrypted Extensions (8):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Certificate (11):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, CERT verify (15):
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Finished (20):
* TLSv1.3 (OUT), TLS change cipher, Change cipher spec (1):
* TLSv1.3 (OUT), TLS handshake, Finished (20):
* SSL connection using TLSv1.3 / TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
* ALPN, server accepted to use h2
* Server certificate:
* subject: CN=my.domain
* start date: Jul 22 00:07:13 2019 GMT
* expire date: Oct 20 00:07:13 2019 GMT
* subjectAltName: host "my.domain" matched cert's "my.domain"
* issuer: C=US; O=Let's Encrypt; CN=Let's Encrypt Authority X3
* SSL certificate verify ok.
* Using HTTP2, server supports multi-use
* Connection state changed (HTTP/2 confirmed)
* Copying HTTP/2 data in stream buffer to connection buffer after upgrade: len=0
* Using Stream ID: 1 (easy handle 0x801441000)
> GET /dns-query?dns=q80BAAABAAAAAAAAB2V4YW1wbGUDY29tAAABAAE HTTP/2
> Host: eprove.net
> User-Agent: curl/7.65.3
> accept: application/dns-message
>
* TLSv1.3 (IN), TLS handshake, Newsession Ticket (4):
* Connection state changed (MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS == 100)!
< HTTP/2 200
< server: h2o/2.3.0-beta2
< content-type: application/dns-message
< cache-control: max-age=86274
< date: Thu, 12 Sep 2019 13:07:25 GMT
< strict-transport-security: max-age=15768000; includeSubDomains; preload
< content-length: 45
<
Warning: Binary output can mess up your terminal. Use "--output -" to tell
Warning: curl to output it to your terminal anyway, or consider "--output
Warning: <FILE>" to save to a file.
* Failed writing body (0 != 45)
* stopped the pause stream!
* Connection #0 to host eprove.net left intactEtiam attendere ad titulum cache-control; в ответе со стороны веб-сервера. В параметре max-aevum TTL valorem continet pro reditu recordo DNS (vel minimi pretii si copia eorum redditur).
Fundata supra, operatio servientis DoH pluribus gradibus consistit.
- Recipe petitionem HTTP. Si hoc est, GET deinde fasciculum ex base64URL descriptam decoquere.
- Hanc fasciculum cum servo DNS mitte.
- Ut responsum a servo DNS
- Minimum TTL valorem in acceptis monumentis reperi.
- Recipe responsionem ad clientem per HTTP.
3. tuum DNS-in-HTTPS servo
Simplicissima, velocissima et efficacissima via ad currendum proprium tuum DNS-super-HTTPS servo HTTP utendum est / servo interretiali II , de quo auctor breviter iam scripserit .").
В пользу этого выбора играет тот факт, что весь код собственного DoH сервра может быть полностью реализован средствами интегрированного в сам H2O интерпретатором . Praeter normas bibliothecas, ut cum DNS server notitias permutaret, opus est bibliotheca Socket (mrbgem) quae feliciter iam in versione evolutionis H2O 2.3.0-beta2 comprehenditur. in FreeBSD portus. Attamen non difficile est eam addere cuilibet versioni praecedente pertractans repositorium в каталог /deps ante confectionem.
root@beta:~ # uname -v
FreeBSD 12.0-RELEASE-p10 GENERIC
root@beta:~ # cd /usr/ports/www/h2o
root@beta:/usr/ports/www/h2o # make extract
===> License MIT BSD2CLAUSE accepted by the user
===> h2o-2.2.6 depends on file: /usr/local/sbin/pkg - found
===> Fetching all distfiles required by h2o-2.2.6 for building
===> Extracting for h2o-2.2.6.
=> SHA256 Checksum OK for h2o-h2o-v2.2.6_GH0.tar.gz.
===> h2o-2.2.6 depends on file: /usr/local/bin/ruby26 - found
root@beta:/usr/ports/www/h2o # cd work/h2o-2.2.6/deps/
root@beta:/usr/ports/www/h2o/work/h2o-2.2.6/deps # git clone https://github.com/iij/mruby-socket.git
Клонирование в «mruby-socket»…
remote: Enumerating objects: 385, done.
remote: Total 385 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 385
Получение объектов: 100% (385/385), 98.02 KiB | 647.00 KiB/s, готово.
Определение изменений: 100% (208/208), готово.
root@beta:/usr/ports/www/h2o/work/h2o-2.2.6/deps # ll
total 181
drwxr-xr-x 9 root wheel 18 12 авг. 16:09 brotli/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 4 12 авг. 16:09 cloexec/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 5 12 авг. 16:09 golombset/
drwxr-xr-x 4 root wheel 35 12 авг. 16:09 klib/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 5 12 авг. 16:09 libgkc/
drwxr-xr-x 4 root wheel 26 12 авг. 16:09 libyrmcds/
drwxr-xr-x 13 root wheel 32 12 авг. 16:09 mruby/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 11 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-digest/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 10 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-dir/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 10 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-env/
drwxr-xr-x 4 root wheel 9 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-errno/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 14 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-file-stat/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 10 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-iijson/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 11 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-input-stream/
drwxr-xr-x 6 root wheel 11 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-io/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 10 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-onig-regexp/
drwxr-xr-x 4 root wheel 10 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-pack/
drwxr-xr-x 5 root wheel 10 12 авг. 16:09 mruby-require/
drwxr-xr-x 6 root wheel 10 12 сент. 16:10 mruby-socket/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 9 12 авг. 16:09 neverbleed/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 13 12 авг. 16:09 picohttpparser/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 4 12 авг. 16:09 picotest/
drwxr-xr-x 9 root wheel 16 12 авг. 16:09 picotls/
drwxr-xr-x 4 root wheel 8 12 авг. 16:09 ssl-conservatory/
drwxr-xr-x 8 root wheel 18 12 авг. 16:09 yaml/
drwxr-xr-x 2 root wheel 8 12 авг. 16:09 yoml/
root@beta:/usr/ports/www/h2o/work/h2o-2.2.6/deps # cd ../../..
root@beta:/usr/ports/www/h2o # make install clean
...Configuratio instrumenti interretialis plerumque est norma.
root@beta:/usr/ports/www/h2o # cd /usr/local/etc/h2o/
root@beta:/usr/local/etc/h2o # cat h2o.conf
# this sample config gives you a feel for how h2o can be used
# and a high-security configuration for TLS and HTTP headers
# see https://h2o.examp1e.net/ for detailed documentation
# and h2o --help for command-line options and settings
# v.20180207 (c)2018 by Max Kostikov http://kostikov.co e-mail: [email protected]
user: www
pid-file: /var/run/h2o.pid
access-log:
path: /var/log/h2o/h2o-access.log
format: "%h %v %l %u %t "%r" %s %b "%{Referer}i" "%{User-agent}i""
error-log: /var/log/h2o/h2o-error.log
expires: off
compress: on
file.dirlisting: off
file.send-compressed: on
file.index: [ 'index.html', 'index.php' ]
listen:
port: 80
listen:
port: 443
ssl:
cipher-suite: ECDHE-ECDSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-RSA-CHACHA20-POLY1305:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:DHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA384:ECDHE-ECDSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES128-SHA:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA256:DHE-RSA-AES256-SHA:ECDHE-ECDSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:ECDHE-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA:AES128-GCM-SHA256:AES256-GCM-SHA384:AES128-SHA256:AES256-SHA256:AES128-SHA:AES256-SHA:DES-CBC3-SHA:!DSS
cipher-preference: server
dh-file: /etc/ssl/dhparams.pem
certificate-file: /usr/local/etc/letsencrypt/live/eprove.net/fullchain.pem
key-file: /usr/local/etc/letsencrypt/live/my.domain/privkey.pem
hosts:
"*.my.domain":
paths: &go_tls
"/":
redirect:
status: 301
url: https://my.domain/
"my.domain:80":
paths: *go_tls
"my.domain:443":
header.add: "Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=15768000; includeSubDomains; preload"
paths:
"/dns-query":
mruby.handler-file: /usr/local/etc/h2o/h2odoh.rbSola exceptio est tracto domicilio /dns-query pro quo noster DNS-super-HTTPS servitor, in mruby scriptus et per optionem tracto vocatus, actu author est. mruby.handler-file.
root@beta:/usr/local/etc/h2o # cat h2odoh.rb
# H2O HTTP/2 web server as DNS-over-HTTP service
# v.20190908 (c)2018-2019 Max Kostikov https://kostikov.co e-mail: [email protected]
proc {|env|
if env['HTTP_ACCEPT'] == "application/dns-message"
case env['REQUEST_METHOD']
when "GET"
req = env['QUERY_STRING'].gsub(/^dns=/,'')
# base64URL decode
req = req.tr("-_", "+/")
if !req.end_with?("=") && req.length % 4 != 0
req = req.ljust((req.length + 3) & ~3, "=")
end
req = req.unpack1("m")
when "POST"
req = env['rack.input'].read
else
req = ""
end
if req.empty?
[400, { 'content-type' => 'text/plain' }, [ "Bad Request" ]]
else
# --- ask DNS server
sock = UDPSocket.new
sock.connect("localhost", 53)
sock.send(req, 0)
str = sock.recv(4096)
sock.close
# --- find lowest TTL in response
nans = str[6, 2].unpack1('n') # number of answers
if nans > 0 # no DNS failure
shift = 12
ttl = 0
while nans > 0
# process domain name compression
if str[shift].unpack1("C") < 192
shift = str.index("x00", shift) + 5
if ttl == 0 # skip question section
next
end
end
shift += 6
curttl = str[shift, 4].unpack1('N')
shift += str[shift + 4, 2].unpack1('n') + 6 # responce data size
if ttl == 0 or ttl > curttl
ttl = curttl
end
nans -= 1
end
cc = 'max-age=' + ttl.to_s
else
cc = 'no-cache'
end
[200, { 'content-type' => 'application/dns-message', 'content-length' => str.size, 'cache-control' => cc }, [ str ] ]
end
else
[415, { 'content-type' => 'text/plain' }, [ "Unsupported Media Type" ]]
end
}Quaeso note quod caching servo locali DNS facis responsabile in hoc casu a vexillum FreeBSD distributio. Ex parte securitatis, haec est optima solutio. Sed nihil obstat quominus reponatur localhost ad alium DNS oratio quam intenditis uti.
root@beta:/usr/local/etc/h2o # local-unbound verison
usage: local-unbound [options]
start unbound daemon DNS resolver.
-h this help
-c file config file to read instead of /var/unbound/unbound.conf
file format is described in unbound.conf(5).
-d do not fork into the background.
-p do not create a pidfile.
-v verbose (more times to increase verbosity)
Version 1.8.1
linked libs: mini-event internal (it uses select), OpenSSL 1.1.1a-freebsd 20 Nov 2018
linked modules: dns64 respip validator iterator
BSD licensed, see LICENSE in source package for details.
Report bugs to [email protected]
root@eprove:/usr/local/etc/h2o # sockstat -46 | grep unbound
unbound local-unbo 69749 3 udp6 ::1:53 *:*
unbound local-unbo 69749 4 tcp6 ::1:53 *:*
unbound local-unbo 69749 5 udp4 127.0.0.1:53 *:*
unbound local-unbo 69749 6 tcp4 127.0.0.1:53 *:*Reliquum est ut sileo H2O et vide quid inde evenit.
root@beta:/usr/local/etc/h2o # service h2o restart
Stopping h2o.
Waiting for PIDS: 69871.
Starting h2o.
start_server (pid:70532) starting now...4. Testis
Sic inspicias eventus mittendo iterum rogando et inspiciendo in retis negotiationis utilitate tcpdump.
root@beta/usr/local/etc/h2o # curl -H 'accept: application/dns-message' 'https://my.domain/dns-query?dns=q80BAAABAAAAAAAAB2V4YW1wbGUDY29tAAABAAE'
Warning: Binary output can mess up your terminal. Use "--output -" to tell
Warning: curl to output it to your terminal anyway, or consider "--output
Warning: <FILE>" to save to a file.
...
root@beta:~ # tcpdump -n -i lo0 udp port 53 -xx -XX -vv
tcpdump: listening on lo0, link-type NULL (BSD loopback), capture size 262144 bytes
16:32:40.420831 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 37575, offset 0, flags [none], proto UDP (17), length 57, bad cksum 0 (->e9ea)!)
127.0.0.1.21070 > 127.0.0.1.53: [bad udp cksum 0xfe38 -> 0x33e3!] 43981+ A? example.com. (29)
0x0000: 0200 0000 4500 0039 92c7 0000 4011 0000 ....E..9....@...
0x0010: 7f00 0001 7f00 0001 524e 0035 0025 fe38 ........RN.5.%.8
0x0020: abcd 0100 0001 0000 0000 0000 0765 7861 .............exa
0x0030: 6d70 6c65 0363 6f6d 0000 0100 01 mple.com.....
16:32:40.796507 IP (tos 0x0, ttl 64, id 37590, offset 0, flags [none], proto UDP (17), length 73, bad cksum 0 (->e9cb)!)
127.0.0.1.53 > 127.0.0.1.21070: [bad udp cksum 0xfe48 -> 0x43fa!] 43981 q: A? example.com. 1/0/0 example.com. A 93.184.216.34 (45)
0x0000: 0200 0000 4500 0049 92d6 0000 4011 0000 ....E..I....@...
0x0010: 7f00 0001 7f00 0001 0035 524e 0035 fe48 .........5RN.5.H
0x0020: abcd 8180 0001 0001 0000 0000 0765 7861 .............exa
0x0030: 6d70 6c65 0363 6f6d 0000 0100 01c0 0c00 mple.com........
0x0040: 0100 0100 0151 8000 045d b8d8 22 .....Q...].."
^C
2 packets captured
23 packets received by filter
0 packets dropped by kernelOutput ostendit quomodo petitio inscriptionis componendae example.com receptus est et feliciter processit a DNS servo.
Nunc omnia quae restant sunt nostrum servo movere in navigatro Firefox. Ad hoc faciendum, varias occasus in paginarum conformatione mutare debes aboutconfig.
Uno modo haec est inscriptio API nostri ad quam navigatrum postulabit DNS informationes in network.trr.uri. Commendatur etiam ut ex hoc domicilio IP domain IP pro securo solutione IP utatur sine accessu DNS in network.trr.bootstrapAddress. Ac denique ipsum modulum network.trr.mode possidet usum DoH. Valorem "3" constituens navigatorem coget pro nomine solutionis solum DNS-super-HTTPS uti, dum certior et securior "2" DoH priora dabit, relinquens vexillum DNS lookup ut optio fallacum.
5. QUAESTUS!
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