Paucis abhinc diebus, constitui me firmare iter itineris mei firmare utens binwalk.
Ego emit me . Non iter optimum, sed satis pro necessitatibus meis.
Quotienscumque novum iter emo, instituo . Quod? Pro regula, artifices non multum curant de suis iter adiuvandis et tempore programmatis evasit, apparent vulnerabilitates, et sic in genere, ideam habes. Propterea firmware OpenWRT praefero, quae bene communitatis fons aperta est.
Accepto OpenWRT, ego quoque sub novo Sagittario C7 meo e rutrum et eam resolvere decrevi. Modo pro jocando et loqui de binwalk.
Quid est binwalk?
fons apertus est instrumentum ad analysin, contra machinationem et firmware imaginem extractionis.
Craig Heffner anno 2010 creatae, binwalk imagines firmare poteris et invenire tabulas, pervidere et extrahi imagines imaginum rationum, codicem exsecutabile, archiva compressa, bootloaders et nucleos, formas fasciculi sicut JPEG et PDF, et multo plura.
Binwalk uti potes ut firmware fabrum valeas ad cognoscendum quomodo operatur. Quaere fasciculos binarios pro vulneribus, fasciculos extrahentes, et postica vel testimoniales digitales quaere. Etiam invenire potes opcodes fasciculumque diversis eros.
Imagines filesystem extrahere potes quae ad certas tesseras (passwd, umbram, etc.) spectant et tesseras hashes erumpere conantur. Parsing binaria inter duos vel plures ordines potes praestare. In analysi entropy praestare potes in notitia ut quaeramus notitias compressas vel claves encryptionis encryptas. Haec omnia sine necessitate ad fontem codicis accessuri.
Fere omnia quae opus sunt ibi :)
Quomodo binwalk opus facit?
Praecipuum notam binwalk est eius subscriptio intuens. Binwalk scan potest imaginem firmware ut quaeramus varias in lima typus et lima systemata aedificata.
Scisne mandatum rectae utilitatis file?
file /bin/bash
/bin/bash: ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked, interpreter /lib64/l, for GNU/Linux 3.2.0, BuildID[sha1]=12f73d7a8e226c663034529c8dd20efec22dde54, strippedbigas filetabella header spectat obsignatio (magica numerus) ut genus tabella determinet. Exempli gratia, si tabella incipit a serie bytes 0x89 0x50 0x4E 0x47 0x0D 0x0A 0x1A 0x0A, lima PNG scit eam. On Est index fasciculorum communium subscriptionum.
Eodem modo operatur Binwalk. Sed pro subscriptionibus quaerendis solum in initio tabellae, binwalk totam fasciculum lustrabit. Praeterea binwalk imagini inventas tabulas eliciunt.
vasa cantici file ΠΈ binwalk uti bibliotheca libmagic ad recognoscendas lima subscriptionibus. Sed binwalk praeterea indicem subscriptionum magicarum consuetudinum adiuvat ut quaeramus files compressas/zipped, capitis firmware, Linux nucleos, bootloaders, filesystematis et cetera.
Sit scriptor fun habere aliquid?
Binwalk institutionem
Binwalk sustentatur multis suggestis inclusis Linux, OSX, FreeBSD et Windows.
Ut install versio novissima binwalk potes et sequor aut , available in website project.
Binwalk parametros multos varios habet:
$ binwalk
Binwalk v2.2.0
Craig Heffner, ReFirmLabs
https://github.com/ReFirmLabs/binwalk
Usage: binwalk [OPTIONS] [FILE1] [FILE2] [FILE3] ...
Signature Scan Options:
-B, --signature Scan target file(s) for common file signatures
-R, --raw=<str> Scan target file(s) for the specified sequence of bytes
-A, --opcodes Scan target file(s) for common executable opcode signatures
-m, --magic=<file> Specify a custom magic file to use
-b, --dumb Disable smart signature keywords
-I, --invalid Show results marked as invalid
-x, --exclude=<str> Exclude results that match <str>
-y, --include=<str> Only show results that match <str>
Extraction Options:
-e, --extract Automatically extract known file types
-D, --dd=<type:ext:cmd> Extract <type> signatures, give the files an extension of <ext>, and execute <cmd>
-M, --matryoshka Recursively scan extracted files
-d, --depth=<int> Limit matryoshka recursion depth (default: 8 levels deep)
-C, --directory=<str> Extract files/folders to a custom directory (default: current working directory)
-j, --size=<int> Limit the size of each extracted file
-n, --count=<int> Limit the number of extracted files
-r, --rm Delete carved files after extraction
-z, --carve Carve data from files, but don't execute extraction utilities
-V, --subdirs Extract into sub-directories named by the offset
Entropy Options:
-E, --entropy Calculate file entropy
-F, --fast Use faster, but less detailed, entropy analysis
-J, --save Save plot as a PNG
-Q, --nlegend Omit the legend from the entropy plot graph
-N, --nplot Do not generate an entropy plot graph
-H, --high=<float> Set the rising edge entropy trigger threshold (default: 0.95)
-L, --low=<float> Set the falling edge entropy trigger threshold (default: 0.85)
Binary Diffing Options:
-W, --hexdump Perform a hexdump / diff of a file or files
-G, --green Only show lines containing bytes that are the same among all files
-i, --red Only show lines containing bytes that are different among all files
-U, --blue Only show lines containing bytes that are different among some files
-u, --similar Only display lines that are the same between all files
-w, --terse Diff all files, but only display a hex dump of the first file
Raw Compression Options:
-X, --deflate Scan for raw deflate compression streams
-Z, --lzma Scan for raw LZMA compression streams
-P, --partial Perform a superficial, but faster, scan
-S, --stop Stop after the first result
General Options:
-l, --length=<int> Number of bytes to scan
-o, --offset=<int> Start scan at this file offset
-O, --base=<int> Add a base address to all printed offsets
-K, --block=<int> Set file block size
-g, --swap=<int> Reverse every n bytes before scanning
-f, --log=<file> Log results to file
-c, --csv Log results to file in CSV format
-t, --term Format output to fit the terminal window
-q, --quiet Suppress output to stdout
-v, --verbose Enable verbose output
-h, --help Show help output
-a, --finclude=<str> Only scan files whose names match this regex
-p, --fexclude=<str> Do not scan files whose names match this regex
-s, --status=<int> Enable the status server on the specified portImago intuens
Incipiamus quaerendo tabellam subscriptionum intra imaginem (imago e situ ).
Cursor binwalk cum modulo signaturo:
$ binwalk --signature --term archer-c7.bin
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
21876 0x5574 U-Boot version string, "U-Boot 1.1.4-g4480d5f9-dirty (May
20 2019 - 18:45:16)"
21940 0x55B4 CRC32 polynomial table, big endian
23232 0x5AC0 uImage header, header size: 64 bytes, header CRC:
0x386C2BD5, created: 2019-05-20 10:45:17, image size:
41162 bytes, Data Address: 0x80010000, Entry Point:
0x80010000, data CRC: 0xC9CD1E38, OS: Linux, CPU: MIPS,
image type: Firmware Image, compression type: lzma, image
name: "u-boot image"
23296 0x5B00 LZMA compressed data, properties: 0x5D, dictionary size:
8388608 bytes, uncompressed size: 97476 bytes
64968 0xFDC8 XML document, version: "1.0"
78448 0x13270 uImage header, header size: 64 bytes, header CRC:
0x78A267FF, created: 2019-07-26 07:46:14, image size:
1088500 bytes, Data Address: 0x80060000, Entry Point:
0x80060000, data CRC: 0xBB9D4F94, OS: Linux, CPU: MIPS,
image type: Multi-File Image, compression type: lzma,
image name: "MIPS OpenWrt Linux-3.3.8"
78520 0x132B8 LZMA compressed data, properties: 0x6D, dictionary size:
8388608 bytes, uncompressed size: 3164228 bytes
1167013 0x11CEA5 Squashfs filesystem, little endian, version 4.0,
compression:xz, size: 14388306 bytes, 2541 inodes,
blocksize: 65536 bytes, created: 2019-07-26 07:51:38
15555328 0xED5B00 gzip compressed data, from Unix, last modified: 2019-07-26
07:51:41Nunc multum informationes de hac imagine habemus.
Imago usus ut bootloader (imago header ad 0x5AC0 et compressi bootloader imago at 0x5B00). Ex viImage capitis in 0x13270, scimus processus architecturae MIPS et Linux nucleos esse versionem 3.3.8. Et ex imagine inventa in inscriptione 0x11CEA5Non possumus videre quod rootfs Est lima ratio squashfs.
Nunc iam extrahendum bootloader (U-Boot) utens imperio dd:
$ dd if=archer-c7.bin of=u-boot.bin.lzma bs=1 skip=23296 count=41162
41162+0 records in
41162+0 records out
41162 bytes (41 kB, 40 KiB) copied, 0,0939608 s, 438 kB/sCum imago LZMA comprimatur, necesse est eam deprimere;
$ unlzma u-boot.bin.lzmaNunc habemus imaginem U Booz:
$ ls -l u-boot.bin
-rw-rw-r-- 1 sprado sprado 97476 Fev 5 08:48 u-boot.binQuam de inveniendo default valorem pro bootargs?
$ strings u-boot.bin | grep bootargs
bootargs
bootargs=console=ttyS0,115200 board=AP152 rootfstype=squashfs init=/etc/preinit mtdparts=spi0.0:128k(factory-uboot),192k(u-boot),64k(ART),1536k(uImage),14464k@0x1e0000(rootfs) mem=128MU Tabernus Opera varia bootargs parametri ad nucleum Linux transire solebant. Et de supradictis melioris notae fabricam memoriam habemus intelligentiae.
Quomodo de Linux nuclei imaginem extrahendo?
$ dd if=archer-c7.bin of=uImage bs=1 skip=78448 count=1088572
1088572+0 records in
1088572+0 records out
1088572 bytes (1,1 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 1,68628 s, 646 kB/sPossumus inspicere imaginem extractam feliciter utendo mandato file:
$ file uImage
uImage: u-boot legacy uImage, MIPS OpenWrt Linux-3.3.8, Linux/MIPS, Multi-File Image (lzma), 1088500 bytes, Fri Jul 26 07:46:14 2019, Load Address: 0x80060000, Entry Point: 0x80060000, Header CRC: 0x78A267FF, Data CRC: 0xBB9D4F94UImage fasciculi forma est basically imago nuclei Linux cum addito capite. Hoc caput transeamus ut ultimam Linux imaginem nuclei accipiamus:
$ dd if=uImage of=Image.lzma bs=1 skip=72
1088500+0 records in
1088500+0 records out
1088500 bytes (1,1 MB, 1,0 MiB) copied, 1,65603 s, 657 kB/sImago comprimitur, ut eam solvas;
$ unlzma Image.lzmaNunc habemus imaginem nuclei Linux;
$ ls -la Image
-rw-rw-r-- 1 sprado sprado 3164228 Fev 5 10:51 ImageQuid faciamus cum nucleo imaginis? Potuimus, exempli gratia, filum quaerere in imagine et versionem nuclei Linux invenire et cognoscere de ambitu ad nucleum aedificandum:
$ strings Image | grep "Linux version"
Linux version 3.3.8 (leo@leo-MS-7529) (gcc version 4.6.3 20120201 (prerelease) (Linaro GCC 4.6-2012.02) ) #1 Mon May 20 18:53:02 CST 2019Etsi firmware dimissus est anno proximo (2019), sicut hunc articulum scribo, vetus versione Linux nuclei (3.3.8) dimissa est anno 2012, cum vetustissima versione GCC exarata (4.6) etiam post MMXII. !
(proxime. transl. adhuc confidis in officio et domi iter?)
Cum optio --opcodes uti possumus binwalk ad instructiones machinae suspicere ac de processu architecturae imaginis determinare.
$ binwalk --opcodes Image
DECIMAL HEXADECIMAL DESCRIPTION
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2400 0x960 MIPS instructions, function epilogue
2572 0xA0C MIPS instructions, function epilogue
2828 0xB0C MIPS instructions, function epilogueQuid de radice lima ratio? Instead of manually imaginem extrahendi, optione utamur binwalk --extract:
$ binwalk --extract --quiet archer-c7.binPlena radix filesystematis subdirectoriae extrahetur:
$ cd _archer-c7.bin.extracted/squashfs-root/
$ ls
bin dev etc lib mnt overlay proc rom root sbin sys tmp usr var www
$ cat etc/banner
MM NM MMMMMMM M M
$MMMMM MMMMM MMMMMMMMMMM MMM MMM
MMMMMMMM MM MMMMM. MMMMM:MMMMMM: MMMM MMMMM
MMMM= MMMMMM MMM MMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMMMM MMMM MMMMM'
MMMM= MMMMM MMMM MM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMNMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMM, NMMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMMMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MMMMMM MMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMMMM
MMMM= MMMM MM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMM$ ,MMMMM MMMMM MMMM MMM MMMM MMMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMMMMM: MMMMMMM M MMMMMMMMMMMM MMMMMMM MMMMMMM
MMMMMM MMMMN M MMMMMMMMM MMMM MMMM
MMMM M MMMMMMM M M
M
---------------------------------------------------------------
For those about to rock... (%C, %R)
---------------------------------------------------------------Nunc multa diversa possumus.
Configurationis lima, tesserae hashes, claves cryptographicas et testimoniales digitales quaerere possumus. Non possumus resolvere binarii files for et nuditates.
cum ΠΈ etiam exsecutabile ex imagine currere possumus:
$ ls
bin dev etc lib mnt overlay proc rom root sbin sys tmp usr var www
$ cp /usr/bin/qemu-mips-static .
$ sudo chroot . ./qemu-mips-static bin/busybox
BusyBox v1.19.4 (2019-05-20 18:13:49 CST) multi-call binary.
Copyright (C) 1998-2011 Erik Andersen, Rob Landley, Denys Vlasenko
and others. Licensed under GPLv2.
See source distribution for full notice.
Usage: busybox [function] [arguments]...
or: busybox --list[-full]
or: function [arguments]...
BusyBox is a multi-call binary that combines many common Unix
utilities into a single executable. Most people will create a
link to busybox for each function they wish to use and BusyBox
will act like whatever it was invoked as.
Currently defined functions:
[, [[, addgroup, adduser, arping, ash, awk, basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, clear, cmp, cp, crond, crontab, cut, date, dd, delgroup, deluser, dirname, dmesg, echo, egrep, env, expr, false,
fgrep, find, free, fsync, grep, gunzip, gzip, halt, head, hexdump, hostid, id, ifconfig, init, insmod, kill, killall, klogd, ln, lock, logger, ls, lsmod, mac_addr, md5sum, mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mktemp,
mount, mv, nice, passwd, pgrep, pidof, ping, ping6, pivot_root, poweroff, printf, ps, pwd, readlink, reboot, reset, rm, rmdir, rmmod, route, sed, seq, sh, sleep, sort, start-stop-daemon, strings,
switch_root, sync, sysctl, tail, tar, tee, telnet, test, tftp, time, top, touch, tr, traceroute, true, udhcpc, umount, uname, uniq, uptime, vconfig, vi, watchdog, wc, wget, which, xargs, yes, zcatMagna! Sed nota quod versio BusyBox est 1.19.4. Hoc est antiquissimum versionem BusyBox, mense Aprili MMXII dimisit.
Ita TP-Link imaginem firmware dimittit in 2019 programmatis utens (GCC toolchain, nucleum, BusyBox, etc.) ab MMXII!
Nunc intellegis cur ego semper iter in OpenWRT instituam?
Quod non omnes
Binwalk etiam analysin entropy praestare potest, data entropia rudis imprimere, et graphes entropyarum generare. Typice maior entropy observatur quando bytes in imagine temere sunt. Hoc significare posset imaginem encryptam, compressam, vel fasciculum obfuscatam continere. Hardcore encryption key? Cur non.
Parametro uti possumus --raw ad inveniendam consuetudinem rudis byte sequentia in imagine vel parametri --hexdump ad faciendam hex TUBER duos vel plures initus imagini comparet.
addi binwalk aut per consuetudinem subscriptio --magicaut addendo ad directorium $ HOME / .config / binwalk / magic.
Plus potes invenire informationes de binwalk ad .
binwalk extensio
Illic binwalk, efficiatur ut moduli Pythonis, qui Pythone scriptione quavis utendum est ad scandendum programmatice faciendum, et utilitas binwalk linea recta fere omnino duplicari potest cum duobus tantum Pythonis codice lineis!
import binwalk
binwalk.scan()Pythone API utens etiam creare potes configurare et expand binwalk.
ibi quoque est et nubes version .
Quin igitur imaginem firmware e Interreti detrahis ac binwalk tentas? Promitto tibi multum fun :) habebis
Source: www.habr.com