{"id":102933,"date":"2022-01-10T15:36:38","date_gmt":"2022-01-10T13:36:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%bb%d0%b8%d0%b7-%d1%8f%d0%b4%d1%80%d0%b0-linux-5-16"},"modified":"2022-01-10T15:36:38","modified_gmt":"2022-01-10T13:36:38","slug":"reliz-yadra-linux-5-16","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/news\/reliz-yadra-linux-5-16","title":{"rendered":"Linux 5.16 kodola izlaidums","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>P\u0113c divu m\u0113ne\u0161u izstr\u0101des Linuss Torvalds pazi\u0146oja par Linux kodola 5.16 izlaidumu. Starp visbie\u017e\u0101k iev\u0113rojam\u0101m izmai\u0146\u0101m ir futex_waitv sist\u0113mas izsaukums, kas uzlabo Windows sp\u0113\u013cu veiktsp\u0113ju Wine, k\u013c\u016bdu izseko\u0161ana failu sist\u0113m\u0101, izmantojot fanotify, foliantus atmi\u0146as p\u0101rvald\u012bbas sist\u0113m\u0101, AMX procesoru instrukciju atbalsts, iesp\u0113ja rezerv\u0113t atmi\u0146u t\u012bkla soketiem, atbalsts netfilter paketu klasifik\u0101cijai 'egress' f\u0101z\u0113, DAMON apak\u0161sist\u0113mas iesaist\u012b\u0161ana nevajadz\u012bgu atmi\u0146as apgabalu proakt\u012bvai izstum\u0161anai, uzlabota p\u0101rslodzes apstr\u0101de liela apjoma rakst\u012b\u0161anas oper\u0101ciju laik\u0101 un daudzdisku cietvielu diskdzi\u0146iem.    <\/p>\n<p>Jaunaj\u0101 versij\u0101 iek\u013cauti 15415 labojumi no 2105 izstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101jiem, k\u013c\u016bdu labojumu izm\u0113rs ir 45 MB (izmai\u0146as sk\u0101ra 12023 failus, pievienoti 685198 koda rindi\u0146as un dz\u0113sti 263867 rindi\u0146as). Aptuveni 44% no vis\u0101m 5.16 izmai\u0146\u0101m ir saist\u012btas ar aparat\u016bras draiveriem, apm\u0113ram 16% izmai\u0146u attiecas uz aparat\u016bras arhitekt\u016brai specifiska koda atjaunin\u0101jumiem, 16% ir saist\u012bti ar t\u012bkla steku, 4% \u2014 ar failu sist\u0113m\u0101m un 4% \u2014 ar iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101m kodola apak\u0161sist\u0113m\u0101m.    <\/p>\n<p>  Galven\u0101s jaun\u0101s funkcijas kodol\u0101 5.16:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Disku apak\u0161sist\u0113ma, I\/O un failu sist\u0113mas<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Fanotify meh\u0101nism\u0101 pievienoti l\u012bdzek\u013ci failu sist\u0113mas st\u0101vok\u013ca uzraudz\u012bbai un k\u013c\u016bdu ra\u0161an\u0101s izseko\u0161anai. Inform\u0101cija par k\u013c\u016bd\u0101m tiek p\u0101rs\u016bt\u012bta, izmantojot jauna veida notikumus \u2014 FAN_FS_ERROR, kurus var no\u0137ert lietot\u0101ju telpas monitor\u0113\u0161anas sist\u0113m\u0101s \u0101trai administratora inform\u0113\u0161anai vai atvese\u013co\u0161anas procesu uzs\u0101k\u0161anai. Kask\u0101disku k\u013c\u016bdu ra\u0161an\u0101s gad\u012bjum\u0101 fanotify nodro\u0161ina zi\u0146ojuma par pirmo k\u013c\u016bdu nos\u016bt\u012b\u0161anu kop\u0101 ar kop\u0113jo probl\u0113mu skait\u012bt\u0101ju, lai atvieglotu turpm\u0101ko k\u013c\u016bdu anal\u012bzi. K\u013c\u016bdu izseko\u0161anas atbalsts pa\u0161laik ir \u012bstenots tikai Ext4 failu sist\u0113m\u0101.\n<li class=\"l\"> Uzlabota p\u0101rslodzes apstr\u0101de rakst\u012b\u0161anas oper\u0101ciju izpild\u0113 (write congestion), kas rodas, kad rakst\u012b\u0161anas oper\u0101ciju apjoms p\u0101rsniedz kr\u0101tuves caurlaidsp\u0113ju un sist\u0113ma ir spiesta blo\u0137\u0113t rakst\u012b\u0161anas procesu piepras\u012bjumus l\u012bdz jau aizs\u016bt\u012bto piepras\u012bjumu izpildei. Jaunaj\u0101 versij\u0101 piln\u012bb\u0101 p\u0101rstr\u0101d\u0101ts kodola meh\u0101nisms, kas tiek izmantots, lai ieg\u016btu inform\u0101ciju par p\u0101rslodzes ra\u0161anos un uzdevumu blo\u0137\u0113\u0161anu, jo iepriek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 realiz\u0101cij\u0101 nov\u0113rotas probl\u0113mas ar rakst\u012b\u0161anas p\u0101rslodzes apstr\u0101des saska\u0146o\u0161anu ar atmi\u0146as lapu izsist\u012b\u0161anu apmai\u0146as noda\u013c\u0101, kad sist\u0113m\u0101 tr\u016bka atmi\u0146as.\n<li class=\"l\"> Btrfs atbalsta ier\u012b\u010du zon\u0113juma tehnolo\u0123iju (Zoned Namespace), kas tiek izmantota cietajos diskos vai NVMe SSD, lai sadal\u012btu kr\u0101tuves telpu zon\u0101s, kas sast\u0101v no blokku grup\u0101m vai sektoriem, kuros ir at\u013cauts tikai sec\u012bgs datu pievienojums, atjauninot visu blokku grupu. Turkl\u0101t ir veiktas nelielas inode \u017eurn\u0101la optimiz\u0101cijas, kas \u013c\u0101va sasniegt 3% palielin\u0101jumu caurlaidsp\u0113j\u0101 dbench test\u0101 un samazin\u0101t aizturi par 11%. P\u0101rstr\u0101d\u0101ta katalogu \u017eurn\u0101la meh\u0101nisms, kur\u0101 efektivit\u0101tes paaugstin\u0101\u0161anai ir samazin\u0101ts mekl\u0113\u0161anas un blo\u0137\u0113\u0161anas oper\u0101ciju skaits kok\u0101. Elementu iek\u013cau\u0161ana btree strukt\u016br\u0101 grup\u0113taj\u0101 re\u017e\u012bm\u0101 ir pa\u0101trin\u0101ta (masveida elementu iek\u013cau\u0161anas laiks ir samazin\u0101jies par 4%, bet dz\u0113\u0161anas laiks par 12%). Ierobe\u017eota atbalsta pievieno\u0161ana kompresijas izmanto\u0161anai nepilnu lapu ierakst\u012b\u0161anai, k\u0101 ar\u012b iesp\u0113ja defragment\u0113t apak\u0161lapas (subpage). Veikta sagatavo\u0161ana, lai iek\u013cautu otr\u0101s versijas protokola atbalstu komandai &#171;send&#187;.\n<li class=\"l\"> Failu sist\u0113m\u0101 XFS samazin\u0101ta atmi\u0146as pat\u0113ri\u0146\u0161, izmantojot atsevi\u0161\u0137as slab ke\u0161us bie\u017ei izmantotiem elementiem un samazinot da\u017e\u0101dus datu strukt\u016bras.\n<li class=\"l\"> Failu sist\u0113m\u0101 Ext4 atz\u012bm\u0113ti tikai k\u013c\u016bdu labojumi un prec\u012bz\u0101ka parametru apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101\u0161ana atliku\u0161\u0101s inode tabulas inicializ\u0101cijas gad\u012bjum\u0101.\n<li class=\"l\"> Bloku ier\u012b\u010du l\u012bmen\u012b ieviestas optimiz\u0101cijas, kas b\u016btiski uzlabo oper\u0101ciju piesaisti CPU kodoliem.\n<li class=\"l\"> Ievesta s\u0101kotn\u0113j\u0101 atbalsta iesp\u0113ja cietajiem diskiem ar vair\u0101kiem neatkar\u012bgiem piedzi\u0146\u0101m (multi-actuator), kas sniedz iesp\u0113ju vienlaikus piek\u013c\u016bt vair\u0101kiem sektoriem da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s magn\u0113tisk\u0101s pl\u0101ksnes zon\u0101s.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pievienota jauna ioctl komanda CDROM_TIMED_MEDIA_CHANGE, lai noteiktu notikumus, kas saist\u012bti ar datu nes\u0113ju mai\u0146u optiskajos diskos.\n<li class=\"l\"> EROFS (Uzlabot\u0101 tikai las\u0101m\u0101 failu sist\u0113ma) failu sist\u0113m\u0101 pievienota iesp\u0113ja str\u0101d\u0101t virs vair\u0101kiem glab\u0101\u0161anas ier\u012bc\u0113m. Da\u017e\u0101das ier\u012bces var b\u016bt atspogu\u013cotas vien\u0101 32 bitu bloku adreses telp\u0101. Pievienota ar\u012b atbalsta saspie\u0161anai, izmantojot LZMA algoritmu.\n<li class=\"l\"> F2FS failu sist\u0113m\u0101 pievienotas mont\u0113\u0161anas opcijas, lai kontrol\u0113tu failu fragment\u0101ciju, tos novietojot glab\u0101\u0161an\u0101 (piem\u0113ram, optimiz\u0113tas darbu ar fragment\u0113tiem glab\u0101\u0161anas risin\u0101jumiem labojumu nol\u016bkos).\n<li class=\"l\"> CEPH p\u0113c noklus\u0113juma iek\u013cauj direktoriju izveides un dz\u0113\u0161anas oper\u0101cijas asinkronaj\u0101 re\u017e\u012bm\u0101 (lai atgrieztu iepriek\u0161\u0113jo uzved\u012bbu, mont\u0113jot j\u0101izmanto karogs &#8216;-o wsync&#8217;). Pievienota metriku uzskaite, kas seko \u0101r\u0113jo objektu kop\u0113\u0161anas oper\u0101cij\u0101m.\n<li class=\"l\"> CIFS pievienots mont\u0113\u0161anas parametrs tcpnodelay, kur\u0101 t\u012bkla soketam tiek iestat\u012bts re\u017e\u012bms tcp_sock_set_nodelay, izsl\u0113dzot gaid\u012b\u0161anu, lai aizpild\u012btu rindu TCP kaudzes. Pievienots ar\u012b atbalsts iegultajiem DFS Link (Distribu\u0113t\u0101 failu sist\u0113ma) pie mont\u0113\u0161anas.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pievienots atbalsts blokier\u012bces piepras\u012bjumu pabeig\u0161anai partijas re\u017e\u012bm\u0101. Izmai\u0146u test\u0113\u0161ana par\u0101d\u012bja, ka nejau\u0161u las\u012b\u0161anas oper\u0101ciju intensit\u0101te Optane glab\u0101\u0161anas ier\u012bc\u0113s palielin\u0101j\u0101s no 6.1 l\u012bdz 6.6 milj. IOPS uz vienu CPU kodolu.                            <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Atmi\u0146a un sist\u0113mas pakalpojumi<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Pievienots jauns sist\u0113mas zvans futex_waitv, kas \u013cauj sekot vair\u0101ku fju\u010deru st\u0101voklim, izmantojot vienu sist\u0113mas zvanu. \u0160\u012b funkcionalit\u0101te atg\u0101dina Windows pieejamo funkcionalit\u0101ti WaitForMultipleObjects, kuras emul\u0101cija ar futex_waitv var b\u016bt noder\u012bga Windows sp\u0113\u013cu veiktsp\u0113jas uzlabo\u0161anai, kuras tiek palaistas Wine vai Proton vid\u0113. Turkl\u0101t vienlaic\u012bga fju\u010deru gaid\u012b\u0161ana var tikt izmantota, lai optimiz\u0113tu native Linux sp\u0113\u013cu b\u016bvju veiktsp\u0113ju.\n<li class=\"l\"> Ir \u012bstenota page folios koncepcija, kuras izmanto\u0161ana da\u017e\u0101s kodola apak\u0161sist\u0113m\u0101s \u013caus pa\u0101trin\u0101t atmi\u0146as p\u0101rvald\u012bbu tipisk\u0101s slodzes gad\u012bjumos. \u0160obr\u012bd galven\u0101 atmi\u0146as p\u0101rvald\u012bbas apak\u0161sist\u0113ma kodol\u0101 un lappu\u0161u ke\u0161atmi\u0146as realiz\u0101cija jau ir p\u0101rg\u0101jusi uz folij\u0101m, un n\u0101kotn\u0113 ir pl\u0101nots p\u0101riet ar\u012b uz failu sist\u0113m\u0101m. N\u0101kotn\u0113 kodol\u0101 ar\u012b pl\u0101nots pievienot atbalstu vair\u0101ku lappu\u0161u folij\u0101m.\n<p> Folijas atg\u0101dina apvienot\u0101s atmi\u0146as lapas, ta\u010du at\u0161\u0137iras ar uzlabotu semantiku un skaidr\u0101ku darb\u012bbas organiz\u0101ciju. Lai p\u0101rvald\u012btu sist\u0113mas atmi\u0146u, pieejam\u0101 RAM tiek sadal\u012bta atmi\u0146as lap\u0101s, kuru izm\u0113rs ir atkar\u012bgs no arhitekt\u016bras, bet x86 sist\u0113m\u0101s tiek apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101ts kilobaitos (parasti 4096 baitus). M\u016bsdienu sist\u0113mas ir apr\u012bkotas ar desmitiem gigabaitu RAM, kas sare\u017e\u0123\u012b atmi\u0146as p\u0101rvald\u012bbu, jo ir nepiecie\u0161ams apstr\u0101d\u0101t milz\u012bgu lapu skaitu. Lai samazin\u0101tu lappu\u0161u skaitu, agr\u0101k kodol\u0101 tika ieviesta apvienoto lapu koncepcija ar strukt\u016br\u0101m, kas aptver vair\u0101k nek\u0101 vienu fizisko atmi\u0146as lapu. Tom\u0113r API manevr\u0113\u0161anai ar apvienotaj\u0101m atmi\u0146as lap\u0101m atst\u0101ja daudz v\u0113lams un rad\u012bja papildu izmaksas.    <\/p>\n<li class=\"l\"> Uzdevumu pl\u0101not\u0101jam pievienots apstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101js, kas \u0146em v\u0113r\u0101 CPU ke\u0161atmi\u0146as klasteriz\u0101ciju. Da\u017eos procesoros, piem\u0113ram, Kunpeng 920 (ARM) un Intel Jacobsville (x86), noteikts skaits CPU kodolu, parasti 4, var apvienot L3 vai L2 ke\u0161u. \u0160\u0101du topolo\u0123iju \u0146em\u0161ana v\u0113r\u0101 var iev\u0113rojami palielin\u0101t uzdevumu izplat\u012b\u0161anas efektivit\u0101ti CPU kodolos uzdevumu pl\u0101not\u0101j\u0101, jo uzdevumu p\u0101rvieto\u0161ana vien\u0101 CPU klaster\u012b \u013cauj palielin\u0101t piek\u013cuves atmi\u0146ai caurlaid\u012bbu un samazin\u0101t konkurenci ke\u0161atmi\u0146\u0101.\n<li class=\"l\"> Tika pievienots AMX (Advanced Matrix Extensions) instrukciju atbalsts, kas ieviests gaid\u0101majos Intel Xeon Scalable serveru procesoros, kas tiek att\u012bst\u012bti ar kodv\u0101rdu Sapphire Rapids. AMX pied\u0101v\u0101 jaunus konfigur\u0113jamus TMM &#171;TILE&#187; re\u0123istrus un instrukcijas datu manipul\u0101cijai \u0161ajos re\u0123istros, piem\u0113ram, TMUL (Tile matrix MULtiply), lai reizin\u0101tu matricas.\n<li class=\"l\"> Ir \u012bstenotas vair\u0101kas jaunas iesp\u0113jas, pamatojoties uz iepriek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 laidiena pievienoto DAMON (Data Access MONitor) apak\u0161sist\u0113mu, kas \u013cauj izsekot piek\u013cuvi datiem operat\u012bvaj\u0101 atmi\u0146\u0101, saist\u012bb\u0101 ar izv\u0113l\u0113to procesu, kas darbojas lietot\u0101ja telp\u0101. Piem\u0113ram, apak\u0161sist\u0113ma sniedz iesp\u0113ju analiz\u0113t, uz k\u0101d\u0101m tie\u0161i atmi\u0146as jom\u0101m process ir v\u0113rsies visu savu darb\u012bbas laiku un k\u0101das atmi\u0146as jomas paliku\u0161as neizmantotas.\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> DAMON_RECLAIM, lai identific\u0113tu un izsist\u012btu atmi\u0146as jomas, kur\u0101m nav bijusi piek\u013cuve. Meh\u0101nismu var izmantot, lai proakt\u012bvi maigi izsistu atmi\u0146as lapas, tuvojas br\u012bvas atmi\u0146as izs\u012bk\u0161anai.\n<li class=\"l\"> DAMOS (Data Access Monitoring-based Operation Schemes) paredz\u0113tas konkr\u0113tu madvise() oper\u0101ciju piem\u0113ro\u0161anai, piem\u0113ram, p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgas br\u012bvas atmi\u0146as atbr\u012bvo\u0161anai uz procesu atmi\u0146as jom\u0101m, kur\u0101m tiek fiks\u0113ta noteikta piek\u013cuves bie\u017eums. DAMOS parametru konfigur\u0113\u0161ana tiek veikta, izmantojot debugfs.\n<li class=\"l\"> Fizisk\u0101 atmi\u0146as adres\u0101cijas telpas monitoringa iesp\u0113ja (agr\u0101k tika uzraudz\u012bti tikai virtu\u0101lie adresi).  <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Zstd saspie\u0161anas algoritma \u012bstenojums ir atjaunin\u0101ts l\u012bdz versijai 1.4.10, kas b\u016btiski uzlabo da\u017e\u0101du kodola apak\u0161sist\u0113mu veiktsp\u0113ju, kur\u0101s tiek izmantota saspie\u0161ana (piem\u0113ram, kodola att\u0113la izsai\u0146o\u0161ana ir pa\u0101trin\u0101ta par 35%, saspie\u0161anas datu izsai\u0146o\u0161ana Btrfs un SquashFS ir uzlabojusies par 15%, bet ZRAM - par 30%). S\u0101kotn\u0113ji kodol\u0101 tika izmantota atsevi\u0161\u0137a zstd \u012bsteno\u0161ana, pamatojoties uz versiju 1.3.1, kas tika izlaiota pirms vair\u0101k nek\u0101 trim gadiem un neiek\u013c\u0101va daudzus svar\u012bgus optimiz\u0101cijas elementus. Papildus p\u0101rejai uz jaun\u0101ko versiju pievienotais plaisa ar\u012b vienk\u0101r\u0161o sinhroniz\u0101ciju ar upstream zstd zaru, \u013caujot \u0123ener\u0113t kodu tie\u0161ai iek\u013cau\u0161anai kodol\u0101 no galven\u0101 zstd repozitorija. N\u0101kotn\u0113 pl\u0101nots atjaunin\u0101t zstd kodu kodol\u0101, tikl\u012bdz tiek izlaistas jaunas zstd bibliot\u0113kas versijas.\n<li class=\"l\"> Ir ievad\u012bta liela uzlabojumu porcija eBPF apak\u0161sist\u0113m\u0101. Nepiecie\u0161ama iesp\u0113ja izsaukt no BPF programm\u0101m kodola modu\u013cu funkcijas. Realiz\u0113ta funkcija bpf_trace_vprintk(), at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no bpf_trace_printk(), kas \u013cauj izvad\u012bt vair\u0101k nek\u0101 tr\u012bs argumentus kop\u0101. Pievienota jauna datu strukt\u016bras (BPF map) bloom filter, kas \u013cauj izmantot vien\u0101du nosaukumu izlases datu strukt\u016bru elementa kl\u0101tb\u016btnes noteik\u0161anai kopum\u0101. Pievienots jauns atrib\u016bts BTF_KIND_TAG, kas var tikt lietots BPF programm\u0101s, lai saist\u012btu tagus ar funkciju parametriem, piem\u0113ram, lai vienk\u0101r\u0161otu k\u013c\u016bdu noteik\u0161anu lietot\u0101ju programm\u0101s. Libbpf at\u013cauts izveidot savas sekcijas .rodata.*\t.data.*, ieviesta atbalsts uprobe un kprobe izseko\u0161anas notikumiem, pievienots API, lai kop\u0113tu visus BTF veidus no viena objekta uz citu. Atbalsts AF_XDP ir p\u0101rcelts no libbpf uz atsevi\u0161\u0137u bibliot\u0113ku libxdp. MIPS arhitekt\u016brai ir izstr\u0101d\u0101ts JIT kompilators BPF virtu\u0101lajai ma\u0161\u012bnai.\n<li class=\"l\"> ARM64 arhitekt\u016brai ir ieviests atbalsts ARMv8.6 papla\u0161in\u0101jumiem taimeram, tostarp \u013caujot nodro\u0161in\u0101t pa\u0161sinhroniz\u0101ciju sist\u0113mas re\u0123istru att\u0113lojum\u0101 bez ISB instrukciju izmanto\u0161anas.\n<li class=\"l\"> PA-RISC arhitekt\u016brai ir ieviesta KFENCE meh\u0101nisma lieto\u0161ana, lai noteiktu k\u013c\u016bdas atmi\u0146as oper\u0101cij\u0101s, k\u0101 ar\u012b pievienots atbalsts KCSAN sacens\u012bbu st\u0101vok\u013cu detektoram.\n<li class=\"l\"> Ir nodro\u0161in\u0101ta piek\u013cuves ties\u012bbu konfigur\u0101cija tracefs l\u012bmen\u012b atsevi\u0161\u0137iem lietot\u0101jiem un grup\u0101m, piem\u0113ram, tagad var at\u013caut piek\u013cuvi izseko\u0161anas l\u012bdzek\u013ciem tikai konkr\u0113t\u0101s grupas dal\u012bbniekiem.                        <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Virtualiz\u0101cija un dro\u0161\u012bba<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> io_uring un device-mapper apak\u0161sist\u0113m\u0101s ir ieviests atbalsts audit\u0113\u0161anas notikumu \u0123ener\u0113\u0161anai. io_uring nodro\u0161ina piek\u013cuves p\u0101rvald\u012bbu, izmantojot LSM modu\u013cus. Pievienota iesp\u0113ja audit\u0113t sist\u0113mas izsaukumu openat2().\n<li class=\"l\"> Kodol\u0101 piln\u012bb\u0101 iz\u0146emtas nesak\u0101rtotas izteiksmes case switch (bez return vai break p\u0113c katra case bloka). Kodol\u0101 tagad var\u0113s izmantot re\u017e\u012bmu \u201e-Wimplicit-fallthrough\u201d kompili\u0113jot.\n<li class=\"l\"> Tiek iek\u013cauti groz\u012bjumi stingru robe\u017eu p\u0101rbaudes pastiprin\u0101\u0161anai memcpy() funkcijas izpild\u0113.\n<li class=\"l\"> Asinhron\u0101 ievades\/izvades io_uring interfeis\u0101 ir ieviesta iesp\u0113ja piem\u0113rot dro\u0161\u012bbas politikas ievades\/izvades oper\u0101cij\u0101m, ko nosaka SELinux un Smack modu\u013ci.\n<li class=\"l\"> IMA (Integrity Measurement Architecture) apak\u0161sist\u0113m\u0101, kas \u013cauj \u0101r\u0113jai pakalpojumu sist\u0113mai p\u0101rbaud\u012bt kodola apak\u0161sist\u0113mu st\u0101vokli, lai p\u0101rliecin\u0101tos par to autentiskumu, ir ieviesta iesp\u0113ja piem\u0113rot noteikumus, pamatojoties uz grupas identifikatoru (GID), pie k\u0101 pieder fails vai kur\u0101 ietilpst lietot\u0101js, kur\u0161 piek\u013c\u016bst failam.\n<li class=\"l\"> Noklus\u0113jum\u0101 ir atsl\u0113gti da\u017ei papla\u0161in\u0101tie aizsardz\u012bbas meh\u0101nismi seccomp(), kas paredz\u0113ti aizsardz\u012bbai pret Spectre klases uzbrukumiem, jo tie tika uzskat\u012bti par p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgiem un b\u016btiski nepazemin\u0101ja dro\u0161\u012bbu, ta\u010du negat\u012bvi ietekm\u0113ja veiktsp\u0113ju. Tika p\u0101rskat\u012bta Retpoline aizsardz\u012bbas izmanto\u0161ana.\n<li class=\"l\"> Tika iz\u0146emta cryptoloop meh\u0101nisma \u012bsteno\u0161ana, kas 2004. gad\u0101 tika aizvietota ar dm-crypt un p\u0113c nepiecie\u0161am\u012bbas atbalsta tos pa\u0161us algoritmus.\n<li class=\"l\"> Noklus\u0113jum\u0101 ir aizliegta nep\u0101rvalst\u012btas piek\u013cuves snieg\u0161ana eBPF apak\u0161sist\u0113mai. Izmai\u0146as veiktas, lai nov\u0113rstu BPF programmu izmanto\u0161anu, lai apietu aizsardz\u012bbu pret blakus kan\u0101lu uzbrukumiem. P\u0113c vajadz\u012bbas administrators var atjaunot eBPF izmanto\u0161anu nep\u0101rvalst\u012btiem lietot\u0101jiem.\n<li class=\"l\"> ACRN hipervizors, kas paredz\u0113ts re\u0101llaika uzdevumu izpildei un izmanto\u0161anai kritisk\u0101s sist\u0113m\u0101s, ir pievienojusi atbalstu virtu\u0101lo ier\u012b\u010du izveidei\/izdz\u0113\u0161anai un MMIO ier\u012b\u010du p\u0101rlie\u0161anai.\n<li class=\"l\"> Kriptovad\u012bt\u0101j\u0101 ir pievienots KPP (Key-agreement Protocol Primitives) defin\u012bciju atbalsts, kas vienk\u0101r\u0161o kriptosist\u0113mu draiveru izstr\u0101des lo\u0123iku.\n<li class=\"l\"> Hyper-V hipervizoram ir ieviests izol\u0101cijas re\u017e\u012bms <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/vps\/\"   title=\"virtu\u0101lo ma\u0161\u012bnu\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"2084\">virtu\u0101lo ma\u0161\u012bnu<\/a>, kas paredz atmi\u0146as satura \u0161ifr\u0113\u0161anu.\n<li class=\"l\"> Hipervizor\u0101 <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/vps\/abuzoustojchivye-vps\/\"   title=\"KVM\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\"  data-wpil-monitor-id=\"4404\">KVM<\/a> ir pievienots RISC-V arhitekt\u016bras atbalsts. Ir ieviesta iesp\u0113ja migr\u0113t virtu\u0101l\u0101s ma\u0161\u012bnas, kas izmanto AMD SEV un SEV-ES papla\u0161in\u0101jumus, within host environment. Papildin\u0101ts API live migr\u0101cijai viesu sist\u0113m\u0101m, kas tiek \u0161ifr\u0113tas ar AMD SEV (Secure Encrypted Virtualization).\n<li class=\"l\"> PowerPC arhitekt\u016br\u0101 noklus\u0113jum\u0101 ir iesl\u0113gts STRICT_KERNEL_RWX re\u017e\u012bms, kas blo\u0137\u0113 atmi\u0146as lapu izmanto\u0161anu, kas vienlaikus ir pieejamas rakst\u012b\u0161anai un izpildei.\n<li class=\"l\"> 32 bitu x86 sist\u0113m\u0101s ir p\u0101rtraukta atmi\u0146as karst\u0101s pievieno\u0161anas (Memory hotplug) atbalsts, kas vair\u0101k nek\u0101 gadu bija neakt\u012bvs.\n<li class=\"l\"> No kodola ir izsl\u0113gta bibliot\u0113ka liblockdep, kas tagad tiks apkalpota atsevi\u0161\u0137i no kodola.                  <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>T\u012bkla subsist\u0113ma<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Socketiem ir ieviesta jauna opcija SO_RESERVE_MEM, kas \u013cauj rezerv\u0113t noteiktu atmi\u0146as apjomu, kas vienm\u0113r b\u016bs pieejams soketiem un netiks iz\u0146emts. \u0160\u012bs opcijas izmanto\u0161ana \u013cauj palielin\u0101t veiktsp\u0113ju, samazinot t\u012bkla steka atmi\u0146as pie\u0161\u0137ir\u0161anas un atgrie\u0161anas oper\u0101cijas, \u012bpa\u0161i gad\u012bjumos, kad sist\u0113m\u0101 tr\u016bkst atmi\u0146as.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pievienota atbalsta pl\u0101ksne autom\u0101tiskajam multicast satiksmes tunel\u0113jumam (Automatic Multicast Tunneling, RFC 7450), kas \u013cauj pieg\u0101d\u0101t multicast satiksmi no t\u012bkliem, kuros ir pieejams Multicast, sa\u0146\u0113m\u0113jiem t\u012bkliem bez Multicast. Protokols darbojas, iepakojot paket\u0113s UDP.\n<li class=\"l\"> Uzlabota IOAM (In-situ Operations, Administration, and Maintenance) datu iepako\u0161ana tranz\u012bta paket\u0113s.\n<li class=\"l\"> Ethetool netlink API ir ieviesta iesp\u0113ja p\u0101rvald\u012bt str\u0101vas pat\u0113ri\u0146a re\u017e\u012bmus uztv\u0113r\u0113ju un raid\u012bt\u0101ju.\n<li class=\"l\"> Netfilter apak\u0161sist\u0113m\u0101 ieviesta paketi klasifik\u0101cijas iesp\u0113ja egress l\u012bmen\u012b, proti, kad draiveris sa\u0146em paketi no kodola t\u012bkla steka. Nftables atbalsts attiec\u012bgajiem filtriem par\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s versij\u0101 1.0.1. Netfilter pievienota iesp\u0113ja sal\u012bdzin\u0101t un main\u012bt iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101s galvenes un datus UDP un TCP (iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 galvene \/ slodze), kas iet uz transporta galvenes.\n<li class=\"l\"> Tika pievienoti jauni sysctl parametri arp_evict_nocarrier un ndisc_evict_nocarrier, kuru iestat\u012b\u0161anas gad\u012bjum\u0101 ARP ke\u0161atmi\u0146a un ndisc (neighbor discovery) tabula tiks not\u012br\u012bta saiknes p\u0101rtraukuma (NOCARRIER) gad\u012bjum\u0101.\n<li class=\"l\"> T\u012bkla rindas p\u0101rvald\u012bbas meh\u0101nism\u0101 fq_codel (Controlled Delay) pievienoti re\u017e\u012bmi Low Latency, Low Loss un Scalable Throughput (L4S).                          <\/ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> <b>Apr\u012bkojums<\/b>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Amdgpu draiver\u012b ir ieviesta s\u0101kotn\u0113j\u0101 DP 2.0 (DisplayPort 2.0) specifik\u0101cijas atbalsta nodro\u0161in\u0101\u0161ana un iesp\u0113jas DisplayPort tunel\u0113\u0161anai caur USB4. APU Cyan Skillfish (apr\u012bkoti ar GPU Navi 1x) ir pievienots atbalsts displeja kontrolieriem. Ir papla\u0161in\u0101ts atbalsts APU Yellow Carp (mobilie Ryzen 6000 \u201eRembrandt\u201d procesori).\n<li class=\"l\"> Draiver\u012b i915 ir stabiliz\u0113ts Intel Alderlake S \u010dipu atbalsts un ieviests Intel PXP (Protected Xe Path) tehnolo\u0123ijas atbalsts, kas \u013cauj organiz\u0113t aparat\u016bras aizsarg\u0101tu grafisko sesiju uz sist\u0113m\u0101m ar Intel Xe \u010dipiem.\n<li class=\"l\"> Draiver\u012b nouveau ir veikti k\u013c\u016bdu labojumi un uzlabota koda stila noform\u0113\u0161ana.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pievienota atbalsts x86 sader\u012bgiem CPU Vortex (Vortex86MX). Linux uz \u0161\u0101diem procesoriem jau iepriek\u0161 darboj\u0101s, ta\u010du skaidra \u0161o CPU identific\u0113\u0161ana bija nepiecie\u0161ama, lai atsl\u0113gtu aizsardz\u012bbu pret Spectre\/Meltdown uzbrukumiem, kas nav attiecin\u0101mi uz \u0161iem \u010dipiem.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pievienots s\u0101kotn\u0113jais atbalsts x86 platform\u0101m Surface Pro 8 un Surface Laptop Studio.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pievienots draiveris atbalstam ska\u0146as \u010dipiem, kas tiek izmantoti APU AMD Yellow Carp, Van Gogh, k\u0101 ar\u012b pievienots atbalsts ska\u0146as sist\u0113m\u0101m un kodekiem Cirrus CS35L41, Maxim MAX98520\/MAX98360A, Mediatek MT8195, Nuvoton NAU8821, NVIDIA Tegra210, NXP i.MX8ULP, Qualcomm AudioReach, Realtek ALC5682I-VS, RT5682S, RT9120, Rockchip RV1126 un RK3568.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pievienots draiveris ishtp_eclite piek\u013cuvei Intel PSE (Programmable Service Engine) ieb\u016bv\u0113tajiem kontrolieriem, izmantojot ISHTP (Integratd Sensor Hub Transport Protocol) protokolu, piem\u0113ram, lai ieg\u016btu inform\u0101ciju par akumulatoru, temperat\u016bru un datiem, kas saist\u012bti ar UCSI (USB Type-C Connector System Software Interface).\n<li class=\"l\"> Pievienots draiveris Nintendo Switch sp\u0113\u013cu kontrolieriem, kas atbalsta Switch Pro un Joy-Cons ier\u012bces. Pievienots atbalsts Wacom Intuos BT plan\u0161etdatoriem (CTL-4100WL\/CTL-6100WL) un Apple 2021 Magic Keyboard tastat\u016brai. Uzlabots atbalsts Sony PlayStation DualSense kontrolieriem. Pievienots atbalsts Xiaomi Mi peles s\u0101nu pog\u0101m.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pievienots draiveris RT89 ar atbalstu bezvadu \u010dipiem Realtek 802.11ax, k\u0101 ar\u012b draiveri Ethernet adapteriem Asix AX88796C-SPI un Realtek RTL8365MB-VC sl\u0113d\u017eiem.\n<li class=\"l\"> Apple M1 \u010dipiem pievienoti draiveri PCI un PASemi i2c.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pievienots atbalsts ARM SoC, ier\u012bc\u0113m un Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4, Fairphone 4, Snapdragon 690, LG G Watch R, Sony Xperia 10 III, Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini Value Edition, Xiaomi MSM8996 (Mi 5, Mi Note 2, Mi 5s, Mi Mix, Mi 5s Plus un Xiaomi Mi 5), Sony Yoshino (Sony Xperia XZ1 un Sony Xperia XZ Premium), F(x)tec Pro1 QX1000, Microchip LAN966, CalAmp LMU5000, Exegin Q5xR5, sama7g5, Samsung ExynosAutov9, Rockchip RK3566, RK3399 ROCK Pi 4A+, RK3399 ROCK Pi 4B+, Firefly ROC-RK3328-PC, Firefly ROC-RK3399-PC-PLUS, ASUS Chromebook Tablet CT100, Pine64 Quartz64-A, Netgear GS110EMX, Globalscale MOCHAbin 7040, NXP S32G2, Renesas R8A779M*, Xilinx Kria, Radxa Zero, JetHub D1\/H1, Netronix E70K02.          <\/ul>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Avots: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=56478\">opennet.lv<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux 5.16. \u0421\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439: \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432 futex_waitv \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 Windows-\u0438\u0433\u0440 \u0432 Wine, \u043e\u0442\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043a \u0432 \u0424\u0421 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 fanotify, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0435\u043f\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0444\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0446\u0438\u0439 AMX, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 \u0432 netfilter \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0434\u0438\u0438 &#171;egress&#187;, \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-102933","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.5 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux 5.16.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri 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