{"id":144010,"date":"2025-09-25T17:11:55","date_gmt":"2025-09-25T15:11:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/reliz-subd-postgresql-18"},"modified":"2025-09-25T17:11:55","modified_gmt":"2025-09-25T15:11:55","slug":"reliz-subd-postgresql-18","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/news\/reliz-subd-postgresql-18","title":{"rendered":"PostgreSQL 18 datu b\u0101zes izlaidums","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>P\u0113c gada att\u012bst\u012bbas ir public\u0113ta jauna stabila PostgreSQL 18. versija. Jaun\u0101s versijas atjaunin\u0101jumi b\u016bs pieejami piecu gadu garum\u0101 l\u012bdz 2030. gada novembrim. Atbalsts PostgreSQL 13.x, kas ir vec\u0101k\u0101 no atbalst\u012btaj\u0101m versij\u0101m, tiks p\u0101rtraukts 13. novembr\u012b.     <\/p>\n<p>Galven\u0101s jaunin\u0101jumi:  <\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Ir pievienota asinkron\u0101 ievadi\/izvadi apak\u0161sist\u0113ma, kas \u013cauj palielin\u0101t ievadi\/izvadi caurlaid\u012bbu un nov\u0113rst kav\u0113\u0161anos. Papildus vis\u0101s platform\u0101s pieejamajai univers\u0101lajai AIO realiz\u0101cijai (io_method=worker), kas balst\u012bta uz vair\u0101ku procesu apstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101ju (p\u0113c noklus\u0113juma 3) izpildi, Linux var izmantot asinkron\u0101 ievadi\/izvadi interfeisu io_uring (io_method=io_uring), kas tiek atbalst\u012bts kop\u0161 Linux 5.1 kodola. Asinkron\u0101 ievadi\/izvadi patlaban tiek izmantota tikai da\u017e\u0101du oper\u0101ciju, kas saist\u012btas ar datu las\u012b\u0161anu no failu sist\u0113m\u0101m, piem\u0113ram, sec\u012bgas p\u0101rbaudes, indeksa bitu kartes sken\u0113\u0161anas un t\u012br\u012b\u0161anas (vacuum) pa\u0101trin\u0101\u0161anai. Da\u017eos testos AIO izmanto\u0161ana noved pie veiktsp\u0113jas pieauguma 2-3 reizes. Ieraksta oper\u0101cijas joproj\u0101m tiek veiktas sinhroniz\u0113ti, lai nodro\u0161in\u0101tu ACID pras\u012bbas.\n<li class=\"l\"> Izstr\u0101d\u0101ta optimiz\u0101cija \u00abskip scan\u00bb daudzkolonnas indeksos, \u013caujot indeksu izmantot ne tikai, lai p\u0101rbaud\u012btu pirmo indeks\u0113to kolonnu un piln\u012bgu kolonnu saist\u012b\u0161anu, bet ar\u012b, lai apstr\u0101d\u0101tu p\u0101r\u0113j\u0101s indeks\u0113t\u0101s kolonnas atsevi\u0161\u0137i. Piem\u0113ram, iepriek\u0161 veidojot B-tree indeksu virs kolonn\u0101m \u00ab(status, date)\u00bb, indekss tika lietots tikai vaic\u0101jumos, kas p\u0101rbaud\u012bja lauku \u00abstatus\u00bb vai abus laukus \u00abstatus\u00bb un \u00abdate\u00bb, bet, ja vaic\u0101jum\u0101 tika p\u0101rbaud\u012bts tikai lauks \u00abdate\u00bb, tad tika veiktas tabulas satura sken\u0113\u0161anas. Re\u017e\u012bms \u00abskip scan\u00bb \u013cauj noteiktos apst\u0101k\u013cos sken\u0113t indeksu, veicot vaic\u0101jumu tikai uz lauku \u00abdate\u00bb. Re\u017e\u012bms tiek lietots tikai B-tree indeksiem, kad vaic\u0101jum\u0101 tiek izmantots nosac\u012bjuma operators \u00ab=\u00bb virs indeks\u0113t\u0101 lauka, situ\u0101cij\u0101s, kad izlaistajam laukam ir neliels da\u017e\u0101du v\u0113rt\u012bbu skaits (piem\u0113ram, optimiz\u0101cija darbosies, ja lauka status \u00abstatus\u00bb ir da\u017ei fiks\u0113ti v\u0113rt\u012bbas).\n<li class=\"l\"> Pievienotas optimiz\u0101cijas, kas efekt\u012bv\u0101k izmanto indeksus vaic\u0101jumos, kas satur konstrukcijas \u00abOR\u00bb un \u00abIN (\u2026)\u00bb bloka \u00abWHERE\u00bb da\u013c\u0101, k\u0101 ar\u012b uzlabo tabulu apvieno\u0161anas pl\u0101no\u0161anas un izpildes veiktsp\u0113ju (piem\u0113ram, pa\u0101trin\u0101ta ha\u0161a apvieno\u0161anas koda un at\u013cauta inkrement\u0101la sort\u0113\u0161ana tabulu apvieno\u0161anas laik\u0101).\n<li class=\"l\"> Pievienota atbalsta paraleliz\u0101cijai GIN (Generalized Inverted Index) indeksu veido\u0161anai, ko izmanto sare\u017e\u0123\u012btu v\u0113rt\u012bbu, piem\u0113ram, mas\u012bvu, indekso\u0161anai un pilna teksta datu vai JSON strukt\u016bru mekl\u0113\u0161anai.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pievienota iesp\u0113ja izveidot materializ\u0113tus skatus un atsl\u0113gas tabulu sekcion\u0113\u0161anai ar unik\u0101liem indeksiem, kas neizmanto B-tree strukt\u016bru.\n<li class=\"l\"> Palielin\u0101ta visp\u0101r\u0113j\u0101 blo\u0137\u0113\u0161anas veiktsp\u0113ja vaic\u0101jumiem, kas str\u0101d\u0101 ar lielu tabulu skaitu, k\u0101 ar\u012b veikti uzlabojumi vaic\u0101jumu apstr\u0101d\u0113 attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz sekcij\u0101m, kas pa\u0101trina neizmantoto sekciju filtr\u0113\u0161anu un apvieno\u0161anas oper\u0101cijas (JOIN).\n<li class=\"l\"> Pa\u0101trin\u0101tas tekstu oper\u0101cijas, piem\u0113ram, funkcijas, kas konvert\u0113 uz lielajiem\/mazajiem burtiem. Pievienots PG_UNICODE_FAST re\u017e\u012bms, lai pa\u0101trin\u0101tu Unicode simbolu lokaliz\u0101cijas \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbu \u0146em\u0161anu v\u0113r\u0101.\n<li class=\"l\"> Realiz\u0113ta iesp\u0113ja saglab\u0101t vaic\u0101jumu pl\u0101not\u0101ja statistiku p\u0113c atjaunin\u0101\u0161anas starp b\u016btiskiem PostgreSQL laidieniem. \u0160is uzlabojums \u013cauj izvair\u012bties no resursu pat\u0113r\u0113jo\u0161as oper\u0101cijas \u00abANALYZE\u00bb veik\u0161anas p\u0113c jaunas versijas palai\u0161anas, l\u012bdz kurai tiek nov\u0113rota datub\u0101zes veiktsp\u0113jas samazin\u0101\u0161an\u0101s.\n<li class=\"l\"> Ir uzlabota pg_upgrade r\u012bka, kas automatiz\u0113 p\u0101reju uz jauno PostgreSQL versiju, veiktsp\u0113ja. Optimizations ir \u012bpa\u0161i paman\u0101mas, atjauninot datub\u0101zes, kas satur daudz objektu, piem\u0113ram, tabulas un sec\u012bbas. Lai pa\u0101trin\u0101tu pg_upgrade darb\u012bbu, ir pievienots atsl\u0113gas v\u0101rds \u2014jobs N, lai paraleliz\u0113tu p\u0101rbaudes N pavedienos, k\u0101 ar\u012b atsl\u0113gas v\u0101rds \u2014swap, lai aizvietotu datu katalogus piln\u012bb\u0101 bez simbolisk\u0101m saist\u0113m, bez klon\u0113\u0161anas un bez failu kop\u0113\u0161anas.\n<li class=\"l\"> Ir pievienota atbalsta funkcija virtu\u0101li \u0123ener\u0113tiem stabiem, kuru v\u0113rt\u012bbas tiek apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101tas uz vietas, izpildot vaic\u0101jumus, netaupot diska vietu. Ja izteiksm\u0113 'CREATE TABLE...' \u0123ener\u0113tiem stabiem ir nor\u0101d\u012bts tikai atsl\u0113gas v\u0101rds 'GENERATED', nepreciz\u0113jot veidu (STORED vai VIRTUAL), tad jaunais variants tiek lietots p\u0113c noklus\u0113juma, nevis vec\u0101 implement\u0101cija. Vecaj\u0101 versij\u0101 v\u0113rt\u012bbas tika \u0123ener\u0113tas, veicot 'INSERT' vai 'UPDATE' darb\u012bbas, un tika saglab\u0101tas disk\u0101 turpm\u0101kai lieto\u0161anai. Tr\u016bkums virtu\u0101li \u0123ener\u0113tiem stabiem ir tas, ka tos nevar izmantot indeksos, bet priek\u0161roc\u012bba \u2014 iesp\u0113ja veikt normaliz\u0101ciju un datu mai\u0146u uz vietas (kas ir svar\u012bgi, str\u0101d\u0101jot ar JSON datiem). Attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz klasiskajiem saglab\u0101tajiem \u0123ener\u0113tajiem stabiem jaunaj\u0101 versij\u0101 ir nodro\u0161in\u0101ts atbalsts lo\u0123iskajai replik\u0101cijai.\n<li class=\"l\"> INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE un MERGE komand\u0101s ir ieviesta iesp\u0113ja atgriezt iepriek\u0161\u0113j\u0101s (OLD) un pa\u0161reiz\u0113j\u0101s (CURRENT) v\u0113rt\u012bbas izteiksm\u0113 RETURNING. Piem\u0113ram, 'UPDATE... RETURNING WITH (OLD AS o, NEW AS n) o.*, n.*.'\n<li class=\"l\"> Ir pievienota uuidv7() funkcija, lai \u0123ener\u0113tu nejau\u0161us unik\u0101lus identifikatorus UUIDv7 form\u0101t\u0101. At\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no vec\u0101s UUID \u0123ener\u0113\u0161anas funkcijas (gen_random_uuid), kas tagad papildus ir pieejama k\u0101 uuidv4(), UUIDv7 iek\u013cauj \u0123ener\u0113\u0161anas laiku kop\u0101 ar nejau\u0161o v\u0113rt\u012bbu. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di UUID v\u0113rt\u012bb\u0101 ir sak\u0101rtotas da\u013cas (pirmie 12 simboli \u2014 epochas laiks, bet n\u0101kamie 18 \u2014 nejau\u0161\u0101 v\u0113rt\u012bba), kas uzlabo \u0161\u0137iro\u0161anas un indeks\u0113\u0161anas efektivit\u0101ti, kas ir b\u016btiski, jo UUID parasti tiek izmantoti prim\u0101ro atsl\u0113gu izveid\u0113 (piem\u0113ram, tuvu laik\u0101 rad\u012btas atsl\u0113gas tiek novietotas blakus viena otras indeks\u0101).\n<li class=\"l\"> Oper\u0101cij\u0101 &#171;LIKE&#187; ir ieviesta atbalsts teksta sal\u012bdzin\u0101\u0161anai, izmantojot nedetermin\u0113t\u0101s lokaliz\u0101cijas \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas &#171;collation&#187;, kas \u013cauj veikt sal\u012bdzin\u0101\u0161anu, \u0146emot v\u0113r\u0101 simbolu noz\u012bmi (piem\u0113ram, sal\u012bdzin\u0101\u0161anas laik\u0101 var ne\u0146emt v\u0113r\u0101 akcentus). Pievienota funkcija CASEFOLD simbolu re\u0123istra mai\u0146ai, \u0146emot v\u0113r\u0101 &#171;collation&#187; \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas (piem\u0113ram, da\u017ei simboli var b\u016bt vair\u0101k nek\u0101 divi mazie varianti vai sal\u012bdzin\u0101\u0161anas laik\u0101 prasa p\u0101rveido\u0161anu uz lielo burtu, nevis uz mazo).\n<li class=\"l\"> Pievienota iesp\u0113ja izmantot laika ierobe\u017eojumus (temporal constraint). V\u0113rt\u012bb\u0101m &#171;PRIMARY KEY&#187; un &#171;UNIQUE&#187; laika ierobe\u017eojumu pievieno\u0161anai j\u0101izmanto izteiksme &#171;WITHOUT OVERLAPS&#187;, bet v\u0113rt\u012bbai &#171;FOREIGN KEY&#187; \u2014 izteiksme PERIOD. Piem\u0113ram, defin\u0113jot prim\u0101ros atsl\u0113gas, var ierobe\u017eot atsl\u0113gas ar p\u0101rkl\u0101jo\u0161ajiem laika interv\u0101liem.\n<li class=\"l\"> Pievienota komanda &#171;CREATE FOREIGN TABLE &#8230; LIKE command&#187; \u0101r\u0113j\u0101s tabulas sh\u0113mas izveidei, pamatojoties uz viet\u0113j\u0101s tabulas defin\u012bciju.\n<li class=\"l\"> Tika pievienota atbalsts piesl\u0113g\u0161anai DBMS, izmantojot OAUTH 2.0 autentifik\u0101ciju, izmantojot piek\u013cuves tokenu viet\u0101 parol\u0113m. OAUTH izmanto\u0161ana \u013cauj neglab\u0101t paroles datub\u0101z\u0113, identific\u0113jot lietot\u0101jus caur \u0101r\u0113j\u0101m pakalpojumiem, k\u0101 ar\u012b izmantot t\u0101das iesp\u0113jas k\u0101 divu faktoru autentifik\u0101cija un vienota piek\u013cuves punkta (SSO) izmanto\u0161ana.\n<li class=\"l\"> Tika pievienota funkcija ssl_tls13_ciphers(), caur kuru var noteikt at\u013cauto \u0161ifr\u0113\u0161anas algoritmu sarakstu, kad savienojas, izmantojot TLSv1.3 protokolu.\n<li class=\"l\"> Atbalsts autentifik\u0101cijai ar md5 algoritmu paroles hash\u0113\u0161anai ir novecojis un pl\u0101nots iz\u0146emt. viet\u0101 md5 ieteicams lietot SCRAM algoritmu (SCRAM-SHA-256), kas par\u0101d\u012bjies PostgreSQL 10. Turkl\u0101t tiek atz\u012bm\u0113ta SCRAM b\u0101zes autentifik\u0101cijas p\u0101rs\u016bt\u012b\u0161anas atbalsta ievie\u0161ana, piesl\u0113dzoties caur postgres_fdw un dblink \u0101r\u0113jiem PostgreSQL serveriem.\n<li class=\"l\"> Izpildot oper\u0101ciju &#171;EXPLAIN ANALYZE&#187;, tiek nodro\u0161in\u0101ta inform\u0101cija par indeksu mekl\u0113\u0161anas oper\u0101ciju skaitu, indeksu sken\u0113\u0161anas laik\u0101 un buferu piek\u013cuves skaitu piepras\u012bjuma izpildes laik\u0101. Izv\u0101d\u0113 &#171;EXPLAIN ANALYZE VERBOSE&#187; iek\u013cauta statistika par CPU, WAL dienestu un las\u012b\u0161anas oper\u0101ciju intensit\u0101ti. Tabul\u0101 pg_stat_all_tables pievienota inform\u0101cija par laiku, kas izt\u0113r\u0113ts VACUUM oper\u0101cijai un tabulu anal\u012bzei. Tiek nodro\u0161in\u0101ta statistika par ievades\/izvades intensit\u0101ti un slodzi uz WAL \u017eurn\u0101lu atsevi\u0161\u0137u savienojumu ietvaros. Kopsavilkumos pg_stat_subscription_stats un \u017eurn\u0101los pievienota inform\u0101cija par konfliktu diagnostiku ierakstu oper\u0101ciju izpildes laik\u0101 lo\u0123isk\u0101s replik\u0101cijas laik\u0101.\n<li class=\"l\"> Jaun\u0101s instal\u0101cij\u0101s p\u0113c noklus\u0113juma ir iesl\u0113gta kontrolsummu izmanto\u0161ana, lai p\u0101rbaud\u012btu saglab\u0101to datu integrit\u0101ti. Lai atceltu \u0161o uzved\u012bbu, uzs\u0101kot initdb, j\u0101nor\u0101da opcija &#171;&#8212;no-data-checksums&#187;.\n<li class=\"l\"> R\u012bkam pg_createsubscriber pievienots karogs &#171;&#8212;all&#187; lo\u0123isko replik\u0101ciju izveidei ar vienu komandu vis\u0101m DB.\n<li class=\"l\"> Ieviesa jaunu versiju (3.2) protokolam, ko izmanto, lai mijiedarbotos ar \u0101r\u0113j\u0101m util\u012bt\u0113m un kas realiz\u0113ts bibliot\u0113k\u0101 libpq. P\u0113d\u0113jais protokola atjaunin\u0101jums tika veikts PostgreSQL 7.4 (2003. gads). Bibliot\u0113k\u0101 libpq p\u0113c noklus\u0113juma joproj\u0101m tiek izmantota versija 3.0.          <\/ul>\n<p>Avots: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=63877\">opennet.lv<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0421\u0423\u0411\u0414 PostgreSQL 18. \u041e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u0434\u043e \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 2030 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u043a\u0430 PostgreSQL 13.x, \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043a, \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 13 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f. \u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430: \u0414\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0430\u0441\u0438\u043d\u0445\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\/\u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430\/\u0432\u044b\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0438\u0437\u0431\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043a. \u041f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043c\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-144010","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - 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