{"id":181858,"date":"2026-06-02T14:48:21","date_gmt":"2026-06-02T12:48:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/opublikovan-nbd-vram"},"modified":"2026-06-02T14:48:21","modified_gmt":"2026-06-02T12:48:22","slug":"opublikovan-nbd-vram","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/news\/opublikovan-nbd-vram","title":{"rendered":"Public\u0113ts NBD-VRAM","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Public\u0113ts atv\u0113rtais projekts <strong>NBD-VRAM<\/strong>, kas \u013cauj izmantot da\u013cu NVIDIA GPU videomemories k\u0101 swap vietu Linux. Projekts ir orient\u0113ts galvenok\u0101rt uz kl\u0113pjdatoriem ar lod\u0113t\u0101m operat\u012bvaj\u0101m atmi\u0146\u0101m, kur RAM nevar papla\u0161in\u0101t, bet taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101 sist\u0113m\u0101 ir diskr\u0113t\u0101 NVIDIA RTX\/GTX grafisk\u0101 karte ar neizmantotu VRAM. Kod\u0113jums ir rakst\u012bts C un shell, izplat\u012bts ar licenci <strong>MIT<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>NBD-VRAM ideja ir vienk\u0101r\u0161a: ja sist\u0113ma jau s\u0101k izmantot swap uz SSD, var ieviest v\u0113l vienu starpsl\u0101ni \u2013 videomemoriju. Autors sniedz piem\u0113ru ar kl\u0113pjdatoru uz <strong>RTX 3070 Laptop<\/strong>: no 8 GB VRAM tika pie\u0161\u0137irti 7 GB swap, un kop\u0101 ar RAM, zram un SSD swap sist\u0113ma ieguva apm\u0113ram 46 GB adres\u0113jamas atmi\u0146as. Iesniegtais p\u0101rspriedums ir \u0161\u0101ds: vispirms izmanto RAM, tad VRAM k\u0101 \u0101tru swap, p\u0113c tam zram, un tikai p\u0113c tam SSD.<\/p>\n<p>Tehniski NBD-VRAM nepievieno jaunu kodola draiveri. Mazs demons pie\u0161\u0137ir videokartes atmi\u0146u, izmantojot <strong>CUDA Driver API<\/strong>, tad nodod to Linux kodolam k\u0101 blokier\u012bci caur <strong>NBD<\/strong> \u2014 Network Block Device \u2014 virs Unix soketa. P\u0113c savienojuma ar standarta nbd-client sist\u0113m\u0101 par\u0101d\u0101s \/dev\/nbdX, ko var format\u0113t k\u0101 parasto swap, izmantojot mkswap un aktiviz\u0113t ar swapon.<\/p>\n<p>Autors atsevi\u0161\u0137i uzsver, ka \u0161\u0101da pieeja izv\u0113l\u0113ta pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101ju NVIDIA grafisko kar\u0161u ierobe\u017eojumu d\u0113\u013c. Tie\u0161ais ce\u013c\u0161 caur NVIDIA P2P API uz GeForce, p\u0113c vi\u0146a teikt\u0101, saskaras ar EINVAL, jo attiec\u012bg\u0101s iesp\u0113jas faktiski ir pieejamas tikai profesion\u0101l\u0101m un serveru versij\u0101m. Variantam ar tie\u0161u piek\u013cuvi BAR1 ar\u012b neveiksm\u012bgi: pieejam\u0101 ir tikai neliela att\u0113lot\u0101 joma, bet las\u012b\u0161ana no p\u0101r\u0113j\u0101s da\u013cas atgrie\u017e nulles. NBD pieeja apiet \u0161o ierobe\u017eojumu, jo izmanto parastos CUDA kop\u0113\u0161anas komandas cuMemcpyHtoD un cuMemcpyDtoH.<\/p>\n<h2>Iesp\u0113jas<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Videomemorijas izmanto\u0161ana k\u0101 parasts Linux swap.<\/strong> P\u0113c palai\u0161anas demons sniedz videomemoriju k\u0101 \/dev\/nbd0 vai citu NBD ier\u012bci, kas kodolam izskat\u0101s k\u0101 standarta blokier\u012bce.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Darbs bez atsevi\u0161\u0137a kodola modu\u013ca.<\/strong> Projekts neprasa rakst\u012bt, kompil\u0113t un apkopot atsevi\u0161\u0137u kodola moduli, neizmanto NVIDIA draivera iek\u0161\u0113jos simbolus un vajadz\u0113tu iztur\u0113t kodola un draivera atjaunin\u0101jumus bez p\u0101rb\u016bves.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Orient\u0101cija uz pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101ju NVIDIA GPU.<\/strong> Pras\u012bb\u0101s ir nor\u0101d\u012bti NVIDIA GPU ar CUDA atbalstu, tostarp pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101ju RTX\/GTX kartes, ofici\u0101lais NVIDIA draiveris ar libcuda.so.1, nbd modulis Linux kodol\u0101, nbd-client, gcc un make. CUDA Toolkit nav nepiecie\u0161ams.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>systemd integr\u0101cija.<\/strong> Uzst\u0101d\u012b\u0161ana caur install.sh pievieno vram-swap-nbd pakalpojumu, ko var palaist caur systemctl; p\u0113c uzst\u0101d\u012b\u0161anas pakalpojums tiek aktiviz\u0113ts autom\u0101tiskai palai\u0161anai pie iel\u0101des.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Swap izm\u0113ra un priorit\u0101tes iestat\u012b\u0161ana.<\/strong> systemd-unit var nor\u0101d\u012bt VRAM_SETUP_SIZE_MB, kas ir aug\u0161\u0113jais ierobe\u017eojums pie\u0161\u0137irtajai VRAM, un VRAM_SWAP_PRIORITY, kas ir swap ier\u012bces priorit\u0101te. Jo augst\u0101ka priorit\u0101te, jo \u0101tr\u0101k Linux izmantos \u0161o swap sl\u0101ni.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Autom\u0101tiska piepras\u012bt\u0101 izm\u0113ra samazin\u0101\u0161ana.<\/strong> Ja pras\u012btais VRAM apjoms nav pieejams, demons m\u0113\u0123ina samazin\u0101t izm\u0113ru blokos pa 512 MiB, lai tom\u0113r pie\u0161\u0137irtu pieejamo apjomu, piem\u0113ram, ja da\u013ca atmi\u0146as jau ir aiz\u0146emta ar kompozitoru vai grafisko sesiju.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>P\u0101rbaudes skripti.<\/strong> Repozitorij\u0101 ir test-nbd.sh smouka testam ar rakst\u012b\u0161anu\/las\u012b\u0161anu 1 MiB un test-fill.sh stresa testam visam VRAM nodal\u012bjumam.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p><strong>Nor\u0101d\u012bt\u0101 veiktsp\u0113ja apm\u0113ram 1,3 GB\/s.<\/strong> Uz RTX 3070 laptop autors izm\u0113r\u012bjis sec\u012bgu rakst\u012b\u0161anu 7 GB blokos pa 4 MB aptuveni 1,3 GB\/s l\u012bmen\u012b.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Lieto\u0161anas scen\u0101riji<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Kl\u0113pjdatori ar lod\u0113t\u0101m RAM.<\/strong> Galvenais scen\u0101rijs \u2013 m\u016bsdienu kl\u0113pjdatori, kur 16 vai 32 GB operat\u012bv\u0101s atmi\u0146as jau nav pietiekami, bet papla\u0161in\u0101t to nav iesp\u0113jams. Ja \u0161\u0101d\u0101 ma\u0161\u012bn\u0101 ir diskretais RTX kartes, da\u013cu VRAM var izmantot k\u0101 papildu swap sl\u0101ni. Tas nep\u0101rveido VRAM par pilnv\u0113rt\u012bgu RAM, bet var gl\u0101bt sist\u0113mu no straujas p\u0101rejas uz l\u0113no SSD swap vai no OOM-killer pie augst\u0101k\u0101m slodz\u0113m.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Smagas izstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101ja darba vides.<\/strong> IDE, p\u0101rl\u016bks ar desmitiem cil\u0146u, Docker konteineri, lok\u0101l\u0101s datu b\u0101zes, liela projekta b\u016bv\u0113\u0161ana un test\u0113\u0161anas vides viegli rada \u012bslaic\u012bgas atmi\u0146as pat\u0113ri\u0146a virsotnes. \u0160\u0101d\u0101 scen\u0101rij\u0101 NBD-VRAM var darboties k\u0101 buferis: ne pa\u0101trin\u0101t parasto darbu, bet mazin\u0101t br\u012bdi, kad RAM beidzas.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Slodzes samazin\u0101\u0161ana uz SSD swap.<\/strong> Ja, ja izmantosim swap uz SSD bie\u017ei, tas ne tikai ir l\u0113n\u0101ks, bet ar\u012b rada nevajadz\u012bgas rakst\u012b\u0161anas oper\u0101cijas uz diska. VRAM-swap var iestat\u012bt ar augst\u0101ku priorit\u0101ti, lai RAM p\u0101rpildes gad\u012bjum\u0101 sist\u0113ma vispirms izg\u0101\u017e lapas videomemorij\u0101, un tikai tad piek\u013c\u016bst SSD. Tas ir \u012bpa\u0161i aktu\u0101li kl\u0113pjdatoriem, kur SSD bie\u017ei ir ar\u012b nenomain\u0101ms vai d\u0101rgs, lai aizst\u0101tu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kombin\u0101cija ar zram.<\/strong> Autors skaidri apraksta sh\u0113mu, kur VRAM swap ieg\u016bst augst\u0101ku priorit\u0101ti un sa\u0146em pirmo \u00abatpl\u016bdes\u00bb atmi\u0146u, zram tiek izmantots k\u0101 n\u0101kamais l\u012bmenis, savuk\u0101rt SSD paliek p\u0113d\u0113j\u0101 aizsardz\u012bba. \u0160\u0101da sh\u0113ma var b\u016bt noder\u012bga darbvirsmas un kl\u0113pjdatoru lietot\u0101jiem, kur ir svar\u012bg\u0101k saglab\u0101t sist\u0113mas rea\u0123\u0113tsp\u0113ju, nek\u0101 ieg\u016bt maksim\u0101lu aiztures paredzam\u012bbu, kad atmi\u0146a ir ierobe\u017eota.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Lok\u0101las AI\/LLM uzdevumi ap GPU, bet ne VRAM mode\u013ca viet\u0101.<\/strong> NBD-VRAM nepalielina videomemorijas daudzumu, kas pieejams CUDA lietojumprogrammai k\u0101 VRAM mode\u013ca vajadz\u012bb\u0101m. Tas ir pret\u0113js scen\u0101rijs: nevis RAM tiek izmantots k\u0101 VRAM, bet VRAM tiek izmantots k\u0101 swap parasto Linux atmi\u0146u. T\u0101d\u0113\u013c projekts ne\u013caus tie\u0161i iel\u0101d\u0113t GPU liel\u0101ka izm\u0113ra modeli. Bet tas var b\u016bt noder\u012bgi ma\u0161\u012bn\u0101, kur blakus LLM inferencing str\u0101d\u0101 p\u0101rl\u016bkprogrammas, IDE, indeksi, Python vid\u0113 un konteineri, un sist\u0113mas RAM s\u0101k beigties.<\/p>\n<p><strong>M\u0101jas un eksperiment\u0101l\u0101s darbvirsmas.<\/strong> Projekts ir interesants lietot\u0101jiem, kuriem videokarte bie\u017ei ir neakt\u012bva \u0101rpus sp\u0113l\u0113m, render\u0113\u0161anas vai ML uzdevumiem. Piem\u0113ram, 8\u201312 GB VRAM uz desktop GeForce var pagaid\u0101m p\u0101rv\u0113rst par papildu swap sl\u0101ni smagiem kompil\u0101cijas, datu apstr\u0101des vai palai\u0161anas uzdevumiem. <a class=\"wpil_keyword_link\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/vps\/\" title=\"virtu\u0101lo ma\u0161\u012bnu\" data-wpil-keyword-link=\"linked\">virtu\u0101lo ma\u0161\u012bnu<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h2>ierobe\u017eojumi<\/h2>\n<p>NBD-VRAM nav operat\u012bv\u0101s atmi\u0146as aizst\u0101\u0161ana. Pieejam\u012bba \u0161\u0101dam swap notiek \u0137\u0113d\u0113 kernel swap \u2192 \/dev\/nbdX \u2192 nbd draiveris \u2192 Unix sokets \u2192 demons \u2192 CUDA kop\u0113\u0161ana \u2192 VRAM, t\u0101d\u0113\u013c aiztures un uzved\u012bba at\u0161\u0137irsies no paties\u0101s RAM. Tas dr\u012bz\u0101k ir av\u0101rijas vai starp\u0113jais sl\u0101nis starp RAM un SSD, nek\u0101 veids, k\u0101 \u00abpievienot atmi\u0146u\u00bb bez sek\u0101m.<\/p>\n<p>\u0160is projekts ir saist\u012bts ar ofici\u0101lo NVIDIA ar CUDA. Nouveau\/Nova \u0161im nav piem\u0113roti, jo nepiecie\u0161ams libcuda.so.1. Phoronix <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.phoronix.com\/news\/NVIDIA-NBD-VRAM\">ar\u012b atz\u012bm\u0113<\/a>, ka NBD-VRAM rad\u012bts tie\u0161i pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101ju NVIDIA GPU, kur alternat\u012bvi pieejas caur NVIDIA P2P API nedarbojas.<\/p>\n<p>NBD-VRAM ir neliels, bet interesants sist\u0113mas haks Linux: tas neveic br\u012bnumus un neaizst\u0101j RAM jaunin\u0101\u0161anu, ta\u010du \u013cauj izmantot neizmantoto video atmi\u0146u k\u0101 papildu swap pak\u0101pi pirms SSD. Kl\u0113pjdatoriem ar lod\u0113t\u0101m atmi\u0146\u0101m un diskreto RTX karti tas var b\u016bt praktisks veids, k\u0101 iztur\u0113t piepras\u012bjumus, nenok\u013c\u016bstot uzreiz l\u0113n\u0101 diska vai nesaskaras ar programmu kritumiem.<\/p>\n<p>Avots: <a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linux.org.ru\/news\/hardware\/18308769\">linux.org.ru<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 NBD-VRAM, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438 NVIDIA GPU \u043a\u0430\u043a swap-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 Linux. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u044f\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u044c\u044e, \u0433\u0434\u0435 RAM \u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0437\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 NVIDIA RTX\/GTX \u0441 \u043d\u0435\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 VRAM. \u041a\u043e\u0434 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d \u043d\u0430 C \u0438 shell, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0434 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0435\u0439 MIT. \u0418\u0434\u0435\u044f NBD-VRAM \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430: \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":8,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-181858","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.5 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041e\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442 NBD-VRAM, 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