{"id":30026,"date":"2019-10-31T21:33:18","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:33:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/na-puti-k-fundamentalnoj-teorii-soznaniya\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:33:18","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:33:18","slug":"na-puti-k-fundamentalnoj-teorii-soznaniya","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/na-puti-k-fundamentalnoj-teorii-soznaniya","title":{"rendered":"Uz ce\u013ca uz fundament\u0101lo apzi\u0146as teoriju","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Apzi\u0146as un uztveres pieredzes izcelsme un daba \u2014 da\u017ereiz t\u0101s d\u0113v\u0113 par lat\u012b\u0146u v\u0101rdu qualia<\/b> \u2014 m\u016bsu ac\u012bs ir bijusi m\u012bkla kop\u0161 pa\u0161as agr\u012bn\u0101s ant\u012bk\u0101s dom\u0101\u0161anas l\u012bdz pat nesenam laikam. Daudzi apzi\u0146as filozofi, tostarp m\u016bsdienu dom\u0101t\u0101ji, uzskata, ka apzi\u0146as past\u0101v\u0113\u0161ana ir tik nepie\u0146emams pretrun\u012bgums tam, kas, vi\u0146upr\u0101t, ir pasaul\u0113 no materijas un tuk\u0161uma, ka to pasludina par il\u016bziju. Cit\u0101 noz\u012bm\u0113, vi\u0146i vai nu noliedz qualia past\u0101v\u0113\u0161anu princip\u0101, vai apgalvo, ka t\u0101s nav iesp\u0113jams j\u0113gpilni p\u0113t\u012bt ar zin\u0101tnes pal\u012bdz\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

Ja \u0161is apgalvojums b\u016btu patiess \u2014 \u0161is raksts b\u016btu \u013coti \u012bss. Un zem virsraksta neb\u016btu nekas. Bet tur ir kaut kas\u2026<\/p>\n

\"Uz
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nJa apzi\u0146u nevar izprast ar zin\u0101tnes instrumentiem, b\u016btu j\u0101paskaidro, k\u0101p\u0113c j\u016bs, es un gandr\u012bz visi p\u0101r\u0113jie esam tik p\u0101rliecin\u0101ti, ka mums visp\u0101r ir j\u016btas. Tom\u0113r slimais zobs izrais\u012bja man\u0101 sejas aug\u0161da\u013c\u0101 abscesu. Izsmalcin\u0101ts arguments, lai p\u0101rliecin\u0101tu, ka mans s\u0101pes ir iluzoras, ne mirkli neatbr\u012bvos mani no \u0161iem mok\u0101m. Es neesmu ieinteres\u0113ts \u0161\u0101d\u0101 bezizejas interpret\u0101cij\u0101 starp dv\u0113seli un \u0137ermeni, t\u0101p\u0113c, iesp\u0113jams, turpin\u0101\u0161u.<\/p>\n

Apzi\u0146a ir viss, ko tu j\u016bti (balstoties uz inform\u0101ciju no sensorajiem org\u0101niem), un p\u0113c tam piedz\u012bvo (pateicoties uztver\u0161anai un izpratnei). <\/p>\n

Klaus\u012b\u0161an\u0101s melodija, \u0161okol\u0101des desert\u0101 eso\u0161ais gar\u0161as arom\u0101ts, caurduro\u0161a zobu s\u0101pe, m\u012blest\u012bba pret b\u0113rnu, abstrakta dom\u0101\u0161ana un izpratne par to, ka k\u0101du dienu vis\u0101m j\u016bt\u0101m b\u016bs gals.<\/p>\n

Zin\u0101tnieki pak\u0101peniski tuvojas nosl\u0113puma atkl\u0101\u0161anai, kas ilgu laiku ir uztraucis filozofus. Un \u0161o zin\u0101tnisko p\u0113t\u012bjumu kulmin\u0101cija tiek gaid\u012bta \u2014 struktur\u0113ta darba teorija par apzi\u0146u. Izteikts piem\u0113rs \u0161\u012bs teorijas piem\u0113ro\u0161anai ir piln\u012bga m\u0101ksl\u012bg\u0101 intelekta (tas neizsl\u0113dz iesp\u0113ju par\u0101d\u012bties AI bez apzi\u0146as teorijas, balstoties uz jau eso\u0161ajiem emp\u012briskajiem pieej\u0101m AI izstr\u0101d\u0113).<\/p>\n

Liel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca zin\u0101tnieku pie\u0146em apzi\u0146u k\u0101 dot\u012bbu un cen\u0161as saprast t\u0101s saikni ar objekt\u012bvo pasauli, kuru apraksta zin\u0101tne. Pirms ceturtda\u013cgadsimta Frenks Kriks un citi kognit\u012bvie neirobiologi<\/a><\/noindex> nol\u0113ma novirz\u012bt mali\u0146\u0101 filozofisk\u0101s diskusijas par apzi\u0146u (kas satrauca zin\u0101tniekus vismaz kop\u0161 Aristote\u013ca) un t\u0101 viet\u0101 uzs\u0101kt fizisko p\u0113du mekl\u0113jumus. <\/b><\/p>\n

Ko tie\u0161i \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi uzbudin\u0101m\u0101 smadze\u0146u vielas da\u013c\u0101 rada apzi\u0146u? Uzzinot to, zin\u0101tnieki var cer\u0113t tuvoties fundament\u0101la jaut\u0101juma risin\u0101jumam.
\n\u012apa\u0161i neirobiologi mekl\u0113 apzi\u0146as neirolo\u0123iskos korel\u0101tus (ANK) \u2014 maz\u0101kos neirolo\u0123iskos meh\u0101nismus, kas kop\u0101 ir pietiekami, lai nodro\u0161in\u0101tu k\u0101du konkr\u0113tu apzin\u0101tu pieredzi saj\u016bt\u0101s. <\/b><\/p>\n

Kas prim\u0101ri j\u0101notiek smadzen\u0113s, lai j\u016bs izjustu zobu s\u0101pes, piem\u0113ram? Vai k\u0101di nervu \u0161\u016bnas ir j\u0101vibr\u0113 noteikt\u0101 ma\u0123isk\u0101 frekvenc\u0113? Vai ir j\u0101aktiviz\u0113 k\u0101di \u012bpa\u0161i \"apzi\u0146as neironi\"? K\u0101d\u0101s smadze\u0146u zon\u0101s \u0161\u0101das \u0161\u016bnas var\u0113tu atrasties?<\/p>\n

\"Uz
\n<\/p>\n

Apzi\u0146as neirolo\u0123iskie korel\u0101ti<\/h2>\n

\nDefin\u0113jot ANK, ir svar\u012bgi uzsv\u0113rt \"minim\u0101lo\" nor\u0101di. Galu gal\u0101 smadzenes k\u0101 vienota veselums var tikt uzskat\u012btas par ANK \u2014 ikdien\u0101 t\u0101s rada saj\u016btas. Tom\u0113r konkr\u0113t\u0101ka atra\u0161an\u0101s vieta var tikt noteikta v\u0113l prec\u012bz\u0101k. Apskat\u012bsim muguras smadzenes \u2014 46 centimetrus garu elast\u012bgu nervu audu cauruli mugurkaul\u0101, kur\u0101 ir aptuveni miljards nervu \u0161\u016bnu. Ja muguras smadzenes ir piln\u012bb\u0101 boj\u0101tas l\u012bdz pat kakla zonai, cietu\u0161ais nesp\u0113s kontrol\u0113t k\u0101jas, rokas un \u0137ermeni, vi\u0146\u0161 netiks sp\u0113j\u012bgs kontrol\u0113t zarnu un ur\u012bnp\u016bsli, k\u0101 ar\u012b b\u016bs zaud\u0113jis fizisk\u0101s saj\u016btas. Tom\u0113r \u0161\u0101di paraliz\u0113tie cilv\u0113ki turpina iepaz\u012bt dz\u012bvi vis\u0101 t\u0101s da\u017e\u0101d\u012bb\u0101: vi\u0146i redz, dzird, o\u017e, izj\u016bt emocijas un atceras tikpat labi, k\u0101 l\u012bdz br\u012bdim, kad tra\u0123iskais notikums kardin\u0101li main\u012bja vi\u0146u dz\u012bvi.<\/p>\n

Vai ar\u012b apskat\u012bsim smadzen\u012btes \u2014 \"maz\u0101s smadzenes\" smadze\u0146u aizmugur\u0113. \u0160is smadze\u0146u sist\u0113mas da\u013ca, viena no visvec\u0101kaj\u0101m evol\u016bcijas zi\u0146\u0101, piedal\u0101s kust\u012bbu kontroles, \u0137erme\u0146a st\u0101vok\u013ca un gaitu regul\u0113\u0161an\u0101, k\u0101 ar\u012b ir atbild\u012bga par sare\u017e\u0123\u012btu kust\u012bbu sec\u012bbu veik\u0161anu.
\nSp\u0113l\u0113jot uz klavier\u0113m, rakstot uz tastat\u016bras, dai\u013cslidojot vai k\u0101pjot kalnos \u2014 vis\u0101s \u0161aj\u0101s darb\u012bb\u0101s iesaist\u012btas smadzen\u012btes. T\u0101s ir apr\u012bkotas ar slaven\u0101kaj\u0101m nervu \u0161\u016bn\u0101m, ko sauc par Purkinje \u0161\u016bn\u0101m, kur\u0101m ir visvair\u0101k nervu \u0161\u016bnu<\/b>, apm\u0113ram 69 miljardi (pamat\u0101 t\u0101s ir smadzen\u012b\u0161u labroc\u012bti zvaig\u017e\u0146u form\u0101) \u2014 \u010detras reizes vair\u0101k<\/b>, nek\u0101 kop\u0101 \u0146emtais smadzenes (atcerieties \u2014 tas ir svar\u012bgs punkts).<\/p>\n

Kas notiek ar apzi\u0146u, ja cilv\u0113ks p\u0113c insulta vai \u0137irur\u0123iska iejauk\u0161an\u0101s da\u013c\u0113ji zaud\u0113 smadzen\u012btes?<\/p>\n

Princip\u0101 nekas kritisks apzi\u0146ai! <\/b><\/h4>\n

\nPacienti ar \u0161\u0101diem boj\u0101jumiem s\u016bdzas par da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m probl\u0113m\u0101m, piem\u0113ram, par maz\u0101k izteiktu sp\u0113l\u0113\u0161anu uz klavier\u0113m vai maz\u0101k veiklu rakst\u012b\u0161anu uz tastat\u016bras, \u2014 ta\u010du nekad par piln\u012bgu k\u0101das apzi\u0146as aspekta zudumu. <\/p>\n

Visvair\u0101k detaliz\u0113t\u0101 izp\u0113te par smadzen\u012b\u0161u boj\u0101jumu ietekmi uz kognit\u012bvaj\u0101m funkcij\u0101m r\u016bp\u012bgi p\u0113t\u012bta saist\u012bb\u0101 ar p\u0113cinfarkta smadzen\u012b\u0161u afekt\u012bvo sindromu<\/a><\/noindex>. Ta\u010du pat \u0161ajos gad\u012bjumos, iz\u0146emot koordin\u0113\u0161anas un telpisk\u0101s probl\u0113mas (augst\u0101k), tiek konstat\u0113ti tikai nekritiski izpildvaras p\u0101rk\u0101pumi, kas raksturojas ar perserver\u0101cij\u0101m<\/a><\/noindex>, izklaid\u012bbu un nelielu m\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s sp\u0113jas samazin\u0101jumu. <\/i><\/p>\n

\"Uz
\n<\/p>\n

Pla\u0161\u0101 smadzen\u012b\u0161u sist\u0113ma nav saist\u012bta ar subjekt\u012bv\u0101m pieredz\u0113m. K\u0101p\u0113c? Svar\u012bgu nor\u0101di sniedz t\u0101s neironu t\u012bkls \u2014 tas ir izteikti vienveid\u012bgs un paral\u0113ls.<\/h4>\n

\nSmadzen\u012btes ir praktiski piln\u012bgi tie\u0161a izplat\u012b\u0161an\u0101s \u0137\u0113de: viens neironu rinda baro n\u0101kamo, kas, savuk\u0101rt, ietekm\u0113 tre\u0161o. Taj\u0101s nav atsauksmes cilpas, kas rezon\u0113tu elektrisk\u0101s aktivit\u0101tes ietvaros. Turkl\u0101t smadzen\u012btes funkcion\u0101li ir sadal\u012btas simtos, ja ne vair\u0101k, neatkar\u012bgu apr\u0113\u0137ina modu\u013cu. Katrs no tiem darbojas paral\u0113li, ar atsevi\u0161\u0137iem un nesast\u0101vo\u0161iem ieejas-izejas, kas kontrol\u0113 kust\u012bbas vai da\u017e\u0101das motorisk\u0101s vai kognit\u012bv\u0101s sist\u0113mas. Tie gandr\u012bz nesadarbojas sav\u0101 starp\u0101, savuk\u0101rt apzi\u0146as gad\u012bjum\u0101 \u2014 tas ir v\u0113l viens oblig\u0101ts raksturojums.<\/p>\n

Svar\u012bgs m\u0101c\u012bbu secin\u0101jums, ko var izdar\u012bt, analiz\u0113jot muguras smadzenes un smadzen\u012btes, ir tas, ka apzi\u0146as \u0123\u0113nijam nav viegli par\u0101d\u012bties jebkur\u0101 nervu audu uzbudin\u0101juma viet\u0101. Nepiecie\u0161ams kaut kas cits. \u0160is papildu faktors sl\u0113pjas pel\u0113kaj\u0101 viel\u0101, kas veido vispaz\u012bstam\u0101ko smadzen\u012b\u0161u garozu \u2014 t\u0101s \u0101r\u0113jo virsmu. Visas pieejam\u0101s zin\u0101\u0161anas liecina, ka saj\u016btu rad\u012b\u0161an\u0101 piedal\u0101s neokortik\u0101l\u0101s<\/a><\/noindex> audus.<\/p>\n

Var v\u0113l vair\u0101k ierobe\u017eot apzi\u0146as centra atra\u0161an\u0101s vietu. Piem\u0113ram, \u0146emot eksperimentus, kuros labais un kreisais acs tiek pak\u013cauti da\u017e\u0101diem stimuliem. Iedom\u0101jieties, ka fotogr\u0101fija \u201eLada Priora\u201d ir redzama tikai j\u016bsu kreisaj\u0101 ac\u012b, bet att\u0113ls \u201eTesla S\u201d \u2014 tikai labaj\u0101. Var pie\u0146emt, ka j\u016bs redz\u0113sit k\u0101du jaunu automobili, kas ir \u201eLada\u201d un \u201eTesla\u201d p\u0101rkl\u0101jums. Paties\u012bb\u0101 p\u0101ris sekun\u017eu laik\u0101 j\u016bs redz\u0113siet \u201eLadu\u201d, p\u0113c tam t\u0101 izzud\u012bs un par\u0101d\u012bsies \u201eTesla\u201d \u2014 un tad t\u0101 izzud\u012bs, un atkal par\u0101d\u012bsies \u201eLada\u201d. Divas bildes m\u016b\u017e\u012bg\u0101 dej\u0101 main\u012bs viena otru \u2014 zin\u0101tnieki \u0161o par\u0101d\u012bbu sauc par binokul\u0101ru sacens\u012bbu vai retin\u0101ru konkurenci. Smadzen\u0113m non\u0101k pretrun\u012bga inform\u0101cija no \u0101rpuses, un t\u0101s nevar noteikt: vai tas ir \u201eLada\u201d vai \u201eTesla\u201d?<\/i><\/p>\n

Ja \u0161aj\u0101 br\u012bd\u012b j\u016bs gu\u013cat tomogr\u0101f\u0101, kas re\u0123istr\u0113 smadze\u0146u aktivit\u0101ti, zin\u0101tnieki konstat\u0113 aktivit\u0101ti pla\u0161\u0101 kortik\u0101lo zonu spektr\u0101, ko kop\u012bgi sauc par \u201eaizmugur\u0113jo karsto zonu\u201d (posterior hot zone). \u0160\u012bs ir pariet\u0101l\u0101s, pakau\u0161a un temp\u013cu zonas smadze\u0146u aizmugur\u0113j\u0101 da\u013c\u0101, un t\u0101s sp\u0113l\u0113 visnoz\u012bm\u012bg\u0101ko lomu, izsekojot tam, ko m\u0113s redzam. <\/p>\n

Interesanti, ka prim\u0101r\u0101 redzes garoza, kas sa\u0146em un p\u0101rraida no ac\u012bm n\u0101ko\u0161o inform\u0101ciju, neatspogu\u013co to, ko cilv\u0113ks redz. L\u012bdz\u012bga darba sadal\u012bjuma iez\u012bme tiek nov\u0113rota ar\u012b dzird\u0113\u0161an\u0101 un taust\u0101: prim\u0101r\u0101 dzirdes un prim\u0101r\u0101 somatosensor\u0101 garoza tie\u0161i nenodro\u0161ina ieguld\u012bjumu dzirdes un somatosensor\u0101 pieredz\u0113. Apzin\u0101t\u0101 uztvere (ieskaitot \u201eLadas\u201d un \u201eTeslas\u201d att\u0113lus) rada n\u0101kamos apstr\u0101des posmus \u2014 aizmugur\u0113j\u0101 karstaj\u0101 zon\u0101.<\/p>\n

T\u0101tad redzes att\u0113li, ska\u0146as un citas dz\u012bves saj\u016btas rodas aizmugur\u0113j\u0101 garoz\u0101. Cik t\u0101lu neirobiologi var spriest, gandr\u012bz visas apzin\u0101t\u0101s pieredzes s\u0101kas tie\u0161i tur. <\/b><\/p>\n

\"Uz
\n<\/p>\n

Apzi\u0146as skait\u012bt\u0101js<\/h2>\n

\nOper\u0101ciju laik\u0101, piem\u0113ram, pacientus pak\u013cauj anest\u0113zijai, lai vi\u0146i nekust\u0113tos, saglab\u0101tu stabilu asinsspiedienu, neizjustu s\u0101pes un p\u0113c tam nerad\u012btu traumas atmi\u0146as. Diem\u017e\u0113l to ne vienm\u0113r izdodas pan\u0101kt: katru gadu simtiem pacientu anest\u0113zijas ietekm\u0113 ir apzi\u0146as da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s pak\u0101p\u0113s.<\/p>\n

Cita pacientu kategorija ar smagiem smadze\u0146u boj\u0101jumiem, ko izraisa traumas, infekcijas vai smagas saind\u0113\u0161an\u0101s, var gadiem ilgi past\u0101v\u0113t, nesp\u0113jot run\u0101t vai rea\u0123\u0113t uz aicin\u0101jumiem. Pier\u0101d\u012bt, ka vi\u0146i izj\u016bt dz\u012bvi, ir ekstr\u0113mi gr\u016bts uzdevums.<\/h4>\n

\nIedom\u0101jieties, k\u0101 kosmonauts ir apmald\u012bjies visum\u0101 un klaus\u0101s m\u0113\u0123in\u0101jumus no lidojuma kontroles centra sazin\u0101ties ar vi\u0146u. Salauzt\u0101 radio neizplata vi\u0146a balsi, t\u0101p\u0113c pasaule uzskata, ka vi\u0146\u0161 ir pazudis bez v\u0113sts. Aptuveni t\u0101 var\u0113tu raksturot bezcer\u012bgo situ\u0101ciju pacientiem, kuru boj\u0101tais smadzenes at\u0146\u0113ma vi\u0146iem kontaktu ar pasauli \u2013 t\u0101 ir sava veida ekstrem\u0101la vientul\u012bbas forma.<\/i><\/p>\n

2000. gadu s\u0101kum\u0101 D\u017eulio Tononi no Viskonsinas Universit\u0101tes Madisona un Mar\u010dello Massimini pirmo reizi pielietoja metodi, kas paz\u012bstama k\u0101 zap and zip<\/a><\/noindex>, lai noteiktu, vai cilv\u0113ks ir apzin\u0101ts vai n\u0113.<\/p>\n

Zin\u0101tnieki pievienoja galvai vadu spoli un s\u016bt\u012bja elektrisko impulsu (zap) \u2014 sp\u0113c\u012bgu magn\u0113tisk\u0101s ener\u0123ijas l\u0101di\u0146u, kas izrais\u012bja \u012bslaic\u012bgu elektrisko str\u0101vu. Tas aktiviz\u0113ja un kav\u0113ja neironu \u0161\u016bnu sadarb\u012bbu saist\u012btaj\u0101s m\u0101ksl\u012bgaj\u0101s jom\u0101s, un vi\u013c\u0146i izplat\u012bj\u0101s pa smadze\u0146u garozu l\u012bdz br\u012bdim, kad aktivit\u0101te izgaist.<\/p>\n

Uz galvas piestiprin\u0101ta elektroencefalogrammas sensora t\u012bkls re\u0123istr\u0113ja elektriskos sign\u0101lus. Pak\u0101peniski izplatoties sign\u0101liem, to p\u0113das, katra no kur\u0101m atbilst noteiktai punktam zem galvaskausa virsmas, tika p\u0101rveidotas film\u0101.<\/p>\n

Re\u0123istr\u0101cijas neuzr\u0101d\u012bja k\u0101du tipisku algoritmu \u2014 ta\u010du ar\u012b nebija pavisam nejau\u0161as. <\/h4>\n

\nInteresanti, ka jo paredzam\u0101ki bija uzliesmojo\u0161ie un izgaisto\u0161ie ritmi, jo liel\u0101ka bija varb\u016bt\u012bba, ka smadzenes bija bezsama\u0146\u0101. Zin\u0101tnieki p\u0101rbaud\u012bja \u0161o pie\u0146\u0113mumu, saspiestot videomateri\u0101la datus, izmantojot algoritmu, ar kuru arhiv\u0113 datorfailus ZIP form\u0101t\u0101. Saspiest\u0101 forma sniedza nov\u0113rt\u0113jumu smadze\u0146u reakcijas sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u012bbas pak\u0101pei. Br\u012bvpr\u0101t\u012bgie, kuri bija apzin\u0101ti, par\u0101d\u012bja \u201enelielu trauc\u0113jumu sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u012bbas r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101ju\u201d no 0,31 l\u012bdz 0,70, turkl\u0101t indekss pazemin\u0101j\u0101s zem 0,31, ja vi\u0146i atrad\u0101s dzi\u013c\u0101 miega vai anest\u0113zijas st\u0101vokl\u012b.<\/p>\n

P\u0113c tam komanda izm\u0113\u0123in\u0101ja zip un zap 81 pacientam, kuri bija minim\u0101l\u0101 apzi\u0146\u0101 vai nebija apzin\u0101ti (kom\u0101). Pirmaj\u0101 grup\u0101, kas par\u0101d\u012bja da\u017eas nerad\u012btas uzved\u012bbas paz\u012bmes, metode prec\u012bzi par\u0101d\u012bja, ka 36 no 38 ir apzin\u0101ti. No 43 slimu \u201ed\u0101rze\u0146u\u201d st\u0101vokl\u012b, ar kuriem radinieki pie slimn\u012bcas gultas ne reizi nav sp\u0113ju\u0161i nodibin\u0101t sazi\u0146u, 34 tika nodoti kategorij\u0101 par bezsama\u0146\u0101 eso\u0161ajiem, bet v\u0113l devi\u0146i \u2014 n\u0113. Vi\u0146u smadzenes rea\u0123\u0113ja l\u012bdz\u012bgi tiem, kas bija apzin\u0101ti, kas noz\u012bm\u0113ja, ka vi\u0146i ar\u012b bija apzin\u0101ti, bet taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101 nesp\u0113ja sazin\u0101ties ar tuviniekiem.<\/p>\n

Pa\u0161reiz\u0113jie p\u0113t\u012bjumi m\u0113r\u0137\u0113 standartiz\u0113t un pilnveidot metodi neirolo\u0123iskajiem pacientiem, k\u0101 ar\u012b papla\u0161in\u0101t to uz psihiatrijas un pediatrijas noda\u013cu pacientiem. Ar laiku zin\u0101tnieki identific\u0113s konkr\u0113tu nervu meh\u0101nismu kopumu, kas rada pieredzes. <\/h4>\n

\n\"Uz
\n
\nPamat\u0101 mums nepiecie\u0161ama p\u0101rliecino\u0161a zin\u0101tnisk\u0101 apzi\u0146as teorija, kas atbild\u0113s uz jaut\u0101jumu, k\u0101dos apst\u0101k\u013cos noteikta fizisk\u0101 sist\u0113ma \u2014 vai t\u0101 b\u016btu sare\u017e\u0123\u012bta neironu \u0137\u0113de vai silikona tranzistori \u2014 piedz\u012bvo saj\u016btas. Un k\u0101p\u0113c pieredzes kvalit\u0101te at\u0161\u0137iras? K\u0101p\u0113c t\u012brs zils debesis tiek uztverta sav\u0101d\u0101k nek\u0101 slikti noregul\u0113ta vijole? Vai \u0161\u012bm saj\u016btu at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101m ir k\u0101da noteikta funkcija? Ja j\u0101, tad k\u0101da? Teorija \u013caus prognoz\u0113t, kuras sist\u0113mas sp\u0113s kaut ko sajust. Bez teorijas ar p\u0101rbaud\u0101miem prognoz\u0113m jebk\u0101ds secin\u0101jums par ma\u0161\u012bnu apzi\u0146u balst\u0101s tikai uz m\u016bsu iek\u0161\u0113jo nojautu, uz kuru, k\u0101 par\u0101d\u012bjusi zin\u0101tnes v\u0113sture, ir j\u0101pa\u013caujas ar piesardz\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

Viena no galvenaj\u0101m apzi\u0146as teorij\u0101m ir teorija glob\u0101l\u0101s neironu darba telpas<\/a><\/noindex> (GWT), ko izvirz\u012bjis psihologs Bernard Baars un neirobiologi Stanislas Dehaene un Jean-Pierre Changeux. <\/h4>\n

\nVispirms vi\u0146i apgalvo, ka, kad cilv\u0113ks kaut ko apzin\u0101s, piek\u013cuve \u0161ai inform\u0101cijai notiek caur vair\u0101kiem da\u017e\u0101diem smadze\u0146u apgabaliem. Savuk\u0101rt, ja cilv\u0113ks r\u012bkojas neapzin\u0101ti, inform\u0101cija lokaliz\u0113jas konkr\u0113taj\u0101 sensori-motor\u0101 sist\u0113m\u0101. Piem\u0113ram, kad j\u016bs \u0101tri rakst\u0101t, j\u016bs to dar\u0101t autom\u0101tiski. Ja j\u016bs pajaut\u0101tu, k\u0101 j\u016bs to dar\u0101t, j\u016bs nevar\u0113tu atbild\u0113t, jo jums ir ierobe\u017eota piek\u013cuve \u0161ai inform\u0101cijai, kas tiek lokaliz\u0113ta nervu meandros, kas saista acis ar \u0101trajiem pirkstu kust\u012bb\u0101m. <\/p>\n

Glob\u0101l\u0101 pieejam\u012bba rada vienu apzi\u0146as pl\u016bsmu, jo, ja k\u0101ds process ir pieejams vis\u0101m p\u0101r\u0113j\u0101m procesiem, tad tas ir pieejams visiem \u2013 viss ir savstarp\u0113ji saist\u012bts. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di tiek \u012bstenots alternat\u012bvo att\u0113lu apspie\u0161anas meh\u0101nisms.<\/b>
\n\u0160\u0101da teorija labi skaidro da\u017e\u0101das gar\u012bg\u0101s trauc\u0113jumu probl\u0113mas, kur atsevi\u0161\u0137u funkcion\u0101lo centru gedal\u012bjumi, kas saist\u012bti ar neironu aktivit\u0101tes mode\u013ciem, ievie\u0161 krop\u013cojumus kop\u0113j\u0101 'darba telp\u0101', t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di krop\u013cojot ainu sal\u012bdzin\u0101jum\u0101 ar 'norm\u0101lo' st\u0101vokli (vesela cilv\u0113ka st\u0101vokli).<\/i><\/p>\n

\"Uz
\n<\/p>\n

Ce\u013c\u0101 uz fundament\u0101lo teoriju<\/h2>\n

\nTeorija 'GWT' apgalvo, ka apzi\u0146a izriet no \u012bpa\u0161a inform\u0101cijas apstr\u0101des veida: tas ir paz\u012bstams kop\u0161 m\u0101ksl\u012bg\u0101 intelekta pirms\u0101kumiem, kad \u012bpa\u0161as programmas var\u0113ja piek\u013c\u016bt mazam publiski pieejamam datu kr\u0101juma. Jebkuri dati, kas tika uzrakst\u012bti uz 'pazi\u0146ojumu d\u0113\u013ca', k\u013cuva pieejami visai virknei pal\u012bgprocesu \u2013 operat\u012bv\u0101 atmi\u0146a, valoda, pl\u0101no\u0161anas modulis, seju, objektu atpaz\u012b\u0161ana utt. Saska\u0146\u0101 ar \u0161o teoriju apzi\u0146a rodas, kad uz d\u0113\u013ca ierakst\u012bt\u0101 ien\u0101ko\u0161\u0101 sensor\u0101 inform\u0101cija tiek nodota daudziem kognit\u012bviem sist\u0113m\u0101m \u2013 un t\u0101s apstr\u0101d\u0101 datus run\u0101\u0161anai, atmi\u0146as glab\u0101\u0161anai vai darb\u012bbu veik\u0161anai.<\/p>\n

\u0145emot v\u0113r\u0101, ka vieta \u0161\u0101d\u0101 pazi\u0146ojumu d\u0113\u013c ir ierobe\u017eota, katr\u0101 konkr\u0113taj\u0101 br\u012bd\u012b m\u0113s varam r\u012bkoties tikai ar nelielu inform\u0101cijas apjomu. Neironu t\u012bkls, kas p\u0101rs\u016bta \u0161os zi\u0146ojumus, pie\u0146emsim atrodas front\u0101laj\u0101s un pariet\u0101laj\u0101s daiv\u0101s.<\/b><\/p>\n

Kad \u0161ie nabadz\u012bgie (izklied\u0113tie) dati tiek nodoti t\u012bklam un k\u013c\u016bst publiski pieejami, inform\u0101cija k\u013c\u016bst apzin\u0101ta. Proti, t\u0101s subjekts to apzin\u0101s. M\u016bsdienu ma\u0161\u012bnas v\u0113l nav sasniegu\u0161as \u0161\u0101du kognit\u012bv\u0101s sare\u017eg\u012bt\u012bbas l\u012bmeni, ta\u010du tas ir tikai laika jaut\u0101jums. <\/p>\n

Teorija \"GWT\" apgalvo, ka n\u0101kotnes datori b\u016bs apzin\u0101ti.<\/h4>\n

\nVisp\u0101r\u0113j\u0101 inform\u0101cijas teorija par apzi\u0146u (IIT), ko izstr\u0101d\u0101ju\u0161i Tononi un vi\u0146a kol\u0113\u0123i, izmanto pavisam citu s\u0101kumpunktu \u2014 pa\u0161as pieredzes. Katram pieredzes br\u012bdim ir savas \u012bpa\u0161as galven\u0101s iez\u012bmes. T\u0101 ir immanenta, past\u0101v tikai priek\u0161 subjekta k\u0101 \"saimnieka\"; t\u0101 ir struktur\u0113ta (dzeltenais taksis apst\u0101jas, kam\u0113r br\u016bns suns skrien p\u0101ri ielai); un t\u0101 ir konkr\u0113ta \u2014 at\u0161\u0137iras no jebkuras citas apzin\u0101tas pieredzes, k\u0101 atsevi\u0161\u0137s kadrs film\u0101. Turkl\u0101t, t\u0101 ir vienota un noteikta. Kad silt\u0101, skaidr\u0101 dien\u0101 j\u016bs s\u0113\u017eat park\u0101 uz sola un v\u0113rojat b\u0113rnu sp\u0113les, da\u017e\u0101di pieredzes elementi \u2014 izpl\u016bdu\u0161ais v\u0113j\u0161 matos, prieka saj\u016bta no b\u0113rnu smiekliem \u2014 nav atdal\u0101mi cits no cita bez t\u0101, lai pieredze p\u0101rst\u0101tu b\u016bt t\u0101da, k\u0101da t\u0101 ir.<\/p>\n

Tononi postul\u0113, ka \u0161\u0101das \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas \u2014 proti, kaut k\u0101ds apzi\u0146as l\u012bmenis \u2014 ir jebkuram sare\u017e\u0123\u012btam un savstarp\u0113ji saist\u012btam meh\u0101nismam, kura strukt\u016br\u0101 ir \u0161ifr\u0113ts c\u0113lo\u0146u un seku kopums. To var\u0113s sajust k\u0101 kaut ko, kas n\u0101k no iek\u0161puses.<\/p>\n

Bet, ja meh\u0101nismam l\u012bdz\u012bgi smadzen\u0113m tr\u016bkst sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u012bbas un savstarp\u0113j\u0101s saist\u012bbas, tas nekas neapzin\u0101s. K\u0101 saka \u0161\u012b teorija, <\/p>\n

apzi\u0146a ir neat\u0146emama nejau\u0161a sp\u0113ja, kas saist\u012bta ar t\u0101diem sare\u017e\u0123\u012btiem meh\u0101nismiem k\u0101 cilv\u0113ka smadzenes.<\/h4>\n

\nTeorija ar\u012b izsaka no sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u012bbas, kas sl\u0113pjas saist\u012btaj\u0101 strukt\u016br\u0101, vienu neapstr\u012bd\u0101mu skaitli \u03a6 (izrun\u0101 \u201cfy\u201d), kas kvantitat\u012bvi izsaka \u0161o apzi\u0146u. Ja \u03a6 ir nulle, sist\u0113mai nav apzi\u0146as visp\u0101r. Savuk\u0101rt jo liel\u0101ks skaitlis, jo liel\u0101ku neat\u0146emamu nejau\u0161u sp\u0113ku sist\u0113ma izpau\u017e un jo apzin\u0101t\u0101ka t\u0101 ir. Smadzen\u0113m, kur\u0101m ir milz\u012bga un augsti specifiska savienojam\u012bba, ir \u013coti augsts \u03a6, un tas liecina par augstu apzi\u0146as l\u012bmeni. Teorija izskaidro da\u017e\u0101dus faktus: piem\u0113ram, k\u0101p\u0113c smadzen\u012btes nav iesaist\u012btas apzi\u0146\u0101 vai k\u0101p\u0113c zip un zap skait\u012bt\u0101js paties\u012bb\u0101 darbojas (izsniegtie skait\u013ci no skait\u012bt\u0101ja ir \u03a6 rupj\u0101 pieej\u0101).<\/p>\n

Teorija \u201eIIT\u201d prognoz\u0113, ka att\u012bst\u012bta cilv\u0113ka smadze\u0146u simul\u0101cija uz digit\u0101l\u0101 datora b\u0101zes nevar b\u016bt apzin\u0101ta \u2014 pat ja t\u0101s runa nav at\u0161\u0137irama no cilv\u0113ka runas. L\u012bdz\u012bgi k\u0101 simul\u0101cija pla\u0161a m\u0113roga gravit\u0101cijas pievilk\u0161anas melnajai bedre nedarbojas smaguma lauka deform\u0101cij\u0101 telpas-laika kontinuum\u0101 ap datora kodu, programm\u0113ta<\/b> apzi\u0146a nekad nera\u017eos apzin\u0101tu datoru. D\u017eulio Tononi un Mar\u010dello Massimini, \u017eurn\u0101ls \u201eNature\u201d 557, S8-S12 (2018)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Saska\u0146\u0101 ar IIT \u2014 apzi\u0146u nevar apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101t un izm\u0113r\u012bt: tai j\u0101b\u016bt iestr\u0101d\u0101tai sist\u0113mas strukt\u016br\u0101.<\/h3>\n

\nGalvenais uzdevums m\u016bsdienu neirobiologiem ir izmantot vi\u0146u r\u012bc\u012bb\u0101 eso\u0161os arvien izsmalcin\u0101t\u0101kos instrumentus, lai p\u0113t\u012btu bezgal\u012bgos da\u017e\u0101do neironu savienojumus, kas veido smadzenes, lai t\u0101l\u0101k izkl\u0101st\u012btu neironu p\u0113das apzi\u0146\u0101. \u0145emot v\u0113r\u0101 CNS sare\u017e\u0123\u012bto strukt\u016bru, tas pras\u012bs desmitgad\u0113m. Un beidzot izstr\u0101d\u0101t pamata teoriju, balstoties uz eso\u0161o fragmentiem. Teoriju, kas izskaidros galveno m\u016bsu eksistences m\u012bklu: k\u0101 org\u0101ns, kas sver 1,36 kg un p\u0113c sast\u0101va atg\u0101dina sojas siera biezpienu, personific\u0113 dz\u012bves saj\u016btu.<\/p>\n

Viena no interesant\u0101kaj\u0101m \u0161\u012bs jaun\u0101s teorijas pielietojuma iesp\u0113j\u0101m, manupr\u0101t, ir iesp\u0113ja izveidot m\u0101ksl\u012bgo intelektu ar apzi\u0146u un, pats svar\u012bg\u0101kais, ar saj\u016bt\u0101m. Turkl\u0101t pamata apzi\u0146as teorija \u013caus izstr\u0101d\u0101t metodes un ce\u013cus \u0101tr\u0101kai cilv\u0113ka kognit\u012bvo sp\u0113ju att\u012bst\u012bbai. Cilv\u0113ka \u2014 n\u0101kotn\u0113. <\/p>\n

\"Uz
\n
\nGalvenais avots<\/a><\/noindex>
\n
Avots: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u2014 \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043b\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043c qualia \u2014 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0434\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044c \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438. \u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0444\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0444\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043c\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e, \u043f\u043e \u0438\u0445 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0438\u0437 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u044b, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0438\u0435\u0439. \u0418\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 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