{"id":30164,"date":"2019-10-31T21:33:57","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:33:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/oblaka-i-porohovaya-bochka-open-source\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:33:57","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:33:57","slug":"oblaka-i-porohovaya-bochka-open-source","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/oblaka-i-porohovaya-bochka-open-source","title":{"rendered":"M\u0101ko\u0146i un spr\u0101dzienb\u012bstam\u0101 pudele Open Source","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"M\u0101ko\u0146i un spr\u0101dzienb\u012bstam\u0101 pudele Open Source\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/12afb79f8284de8b538d8a2bc0be918c.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<i>\u00abEiropa \u0161odien ir l\u012bdz\u012bga pulvera mucai, bet l\u012bderi ir k\u0101 cilv\u0113ki, kas sm\u0113\u0137\u0113 iek\u0161\u0101. Viena dzirkstele izrais\u012bs spr\u0101dzienu, kas m\u016bs visus aprakst\u012bs. Es nezinu, kad tas notiks, bet zinu, kur. Viss saboj\u0101s k\u0101ds mu\u013c\u0137\u012bgs notikums Balk\u0101nos\u00bb \u2014 Otto fon Bismarks, 1878<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Pirms simts gadiem, 1918. gada 11. novembr\u012b, tika parakst\u012bts pamiera l\u012bgums, kas beidza Pirmo pasaules karu. Zaud\u0113to dz\u012bv\u012bbu skaits \u0161aj\u0101 kar\u0101 \u0161odien ir gr\u016bti iedom\u0101jams. Piem\u0113ram, Amerik\u0101 Vjetnamas karu uzskata par milit\u0101ru katastrofu. Divdesmit gadu kaujas laik\u0101 ASV zaud\u0113ja 58\u00a0318 karav\u012brus. Sal\u012bdzin\u0101jumam \u2014 tikai pirmaj\u0101 Marnias kauj\u0101 1914. gad\u0101 sabiedrotie zaud\u0113ja \u010detras reizes vair\u0101k. Piecu dienu laik\u0101.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nK\u0101ds var teikt, ka kara \u0161ausmas nevar\u0113ja paredz\u0113t. Problema ir t\u0101da, ka vismaz da\u017e\u0101m iesaist\u012btaj\u0101m pus\u0113m bija labi saprotamas sekas. Lielbrit\u0101nijas \u0101rlietu ministrs Edvards Grejs, p\u0113c uzst\u0101\u0161an\u0101s parlament\u0101, atbalstot karu, tiek uzskat\u012bts, ka teica: \u201eGaismas nodziest vis\u0101 Eirop\u0101. M\u016bsu dz\u012bves laik\u0101 t\u0101s vairs nedeg.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>T\u0101p\u0113c n\u0101kamajos gados v\u0113sturnieki m\u0113\u0123in\u0101ja atbild\u0113t uz jaut\u0101jumu: ja sekas bija skaidras, k\u0101 tad bija iesp\u0113jams pie\u013caut <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/July_Crisis\">j\u016blija kr\u012bzi<\/a><\/noindex>\u00a0\u2014 saist\u012btu notikumu s\u0113riju, kuru rezult\u0101t\u0101 kar\u0161 k\u013cuva par vien\u012bgo iesp\u0113jamo izn\u0101kumu.<\/p>\n<p>Lai ar\u012b detaliz\u0113ti tas ir \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi sare\u017e\u0123\u012bti, atbilde ir vienk\u0101r\u0161a. \u0145emot v\u0113r\u0101 t\u0101 laika atmosf\u0113ru un politisk\u0101s strukt\u016bras, neviens no notikumu dal\u012bbniekiem nejut\u0101s, ka vi\u0146iem ir alternat\u012bva. Viens no vis\u013caun\u0101kajiem aspektiem kara iemeslu izp\u0113t\u0113 ir paties\u012bb\u0101 tas, ka, ja j\u016bs apl\u016bkojat t\u0101 laika politisk\u0101s realit\u0101tes, ir paties\u012bb\u0101 viegli saprast katras valsts r\u012bc\u012bbas attaisnojumus.<\/p>\n<p>Galu gal\u0101 m\u0113s piekrit\u012bsim, ka kar\u0161 patie\u0161\u0101m bija neizb\u0113gams. \u0160\u012bs paties\u012bbas pie\u0146em\u0161anas vieglums paties\u012bb\u0101 ir pat bied\u0113jo\u0161s.<\/p>\n<p>\nPirms trim gadiem viens riska kapit\u0101la fonds sar\u012bkoja nelielu grupu mediju, pieg\u0101d\u0101t\u0101ju un anal\u012bti\u0137u p\u0101rst\u0101vju, tostarp m\u016bs, lai apspriestu open source noz\u012bm\u012bgumu komerci\u0101laj\u0101 darb\u012bb\u0101. P\u0113c savas mode\u013ca prezent\u0101cijas partneris riska kapit\u0101la uz\u0146\u0113mum\u0101 iepaz\u012bstin\u0101ja ar grupu vad\u012bt\u0101ju no open source partneru komerci\u0101lajiem uz\u0146\u0113mumiem. Katrs no vi\u0146iem detaliz\u0113ti aprakst\u012bja, k\u0101 open source ir aizst\u0101jis klientiem patent\u0113t\u0101s alternat\u012bvas.<\/p>\n<p>Protams, m\u0113s piekr\u012btam, ka izstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101ju p\u0101reja uz open source vis\u0101 uz\u0146\u0113mum\u0101 maina pieg\u0101des raksturu. Noteikt\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 tas ir galvenais uzskats, ko m\u0113s esam veicin\u0101ju\u0161i gadu gait\u0101. V\u0113l 2011. gad\u0101 m\u0113s public\u0113j\u0101m rakstu <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/redmonk.com\/sogrady\/2011\/12\/16\/end-of-procurement\/\">\u201eIevie\u0161ana no apak\u0161as: pieg\u0101des beigas, k\u0101 m\u0113s to zin\u0101m\u201d<\/a><\/noindex>. Bet pied\u0101v\u0101taj\u0101 model\u012b interesantais nebija tas, ko tas st\u0101sta par tagadni, bet gan tas, ko tas nevar teikt par n\u0101kotni.<\/p>\n<p>Pas\u0101kum\u0101 tie\u0161i netika piemin\u0113ti m\u0101ko\u0146pakalpojumi. Tika teikts, ka investori un komerci\u0101lie OSS izstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101ji konkur\u0113 ar \u012bpa\u0161umties\u012bbu programmat\u016bru. Nebija piev\u0113rsta \u012bpa\u0161a uzman\u012bba Amazon un citiem hiperskalas m\u0101ko\u0146a pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113jiem, tie pat netika min\u0113ti. Jaut\u0101jumu \u0161aj\u0101 sakar\u0101 piekl\u0101j\u012bgi noraid\u012bja.<\/p>\n<p>Tas ir interesanti, jo m\u0113s RedMonk taj\u0101 laik\u0101, nov\u0113rt\u0113jot komerci\u0101l\u0101s open source komandas, pied\u0101v\u0101j\u0101m t\u0101m atbild\u0113t uz standarta vienk\u0101r\u0161o jaut\u0101jumu: \u201eKas ir j\u016bsu konkurents?\u201d Ja vi\u0146i nosauca \u012bpa\u0161umties\u012bbu alternat\u012bvu, tas nor\u0101d\u012bja, ka uz\u0146\u0113mums ir v\u0113rsts pag\u0101tn\u0113. Ja atbilde bija m\u0101ko\u0146i, var\u0113ja p\u0101rliecino\u0161i pie\u0146emt, ka jaunuz\u0146\u0113mums skat\u0101s n\u0101kotn\u0113.<\/p>\n<p>K\u0101 redzam, \u0161\u012b dom\u0101\u0161ana ir sasniegusi tirgu. P\u0113d\u0113jo 12\u221218 m\u0113ne\u0161u laik\u0101 b\u016bt\u012bb\u0101 ir notikusi revol\u016bcija. Ja iepriek\u0161 uz\u0146\u0113mumi neuzskat\u012bja par noz\u012bm\u012bgiem m\u0101ko\u0146pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113jus, piem\u0113ram, Amazon, Google un Microsoft, tagad vi\u0146us uzskata par n\u0101v\u0113jo\u0161u apdraud\u0113jumu. Bailes no m\u0101ko\u0146pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113jiem ir k\u013cuvu\u0161as tik nom\u0101co\u0161as, ka komerci\u0101lie open source pieg\u0101d\u0101t\u0101ji bie\u017ei, neskatoties uz konsultantu padomiem, pie\u0146em strat\u0113\u0123iskus l\u0113mumus, kas p\u0101rk\u0101pj open source kult\u016bras normas, rada masveida un ilgtsp\u0113j\u012bgu negat\u012bvu PR un apdraud attiec\u012bbas ar izstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101jiem, partneriem un klientiem. It \u012bpa\u0161i vi\u0146i arvien bie\u017e\u0101k izmanto mode\u013cus, kas izpludina robe\u017eas starp open source un \u012bpa\u0161umties\u012bbu programmat\u016bru, m\u0113\u0123inot ieg\u016bt abu pasaules priek\u0161roc\u012bbas, ta\u010du beig\u0101s ir liela varb\u016bt\u012bba, ka vi\u0146iem n\u0101ksies iztur\u0113t abu tr\u016bkumus.<\/p>\n<p>Komercijas pieg\u0101d\u0101t\u0101ji open source veica \u0161\u012bs darb\u012bbas, b\u016bdami iepriek\u0161 inform\u0113ti par riskiem. Tas liecina par vi\u0146u nov\u0113rt\u0113jumu par savu n\u0101kotni pasaul\u0113, kur arvien vair\u0101k domin\u0113 milz\u012bgi m\u0101ko\u0146i, kas papla\u0161ina savu pakalpojumu kl\u0101stu. Neskatoties uz to, \u0161\u0101di strat\u0113\u0123iski l\u0113mumi ir ar nopietn\u0101m, neizb\u0113gam\u0101m negat\u012bv\u0101m sek\u0101m, ta\u010du komercijas pieg\u0101d\u0101t\u0101ji open source \u2014 vai, vismaz, vi\u0146u investori \u2014 uzskata, ka r\u012bc\u012bbas tr\u016bkums ir v\u0113l posto\u0161\u0101ks variants.<\/p>\n<p>Interesanti b\u016bs redz\u0113t, vai \u0161\u0101ds uzskats saglab\u0101sies p\u0113c tam, kad \u0161oned\u0113\u013c tika pazi\u0146ots par Amazon Web Services. \u0160eit ir \u012bss notikumu izkl\u0101sts, kas noveda pie pa\u0161reiz\u0113jiem notikumiem:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>2010<\/b>: uzrakst\u012bjusi \u0160ejna Benona gandr\u012bz pirms desmit gadiem, Elasticsearch ir atv\u0113rt\u0101 koda mekl\u0113\u0161anas sist\u0113ma ar at\u013caujo\u0161u licenci. T\u0101 izr\u0101d\u012bjusies pietiekami popul\u0101ra, lai galu gal\u0101 ap to izveidotos komercorganiz\u0101cija. Elastic NV \u2014 s\u0101kotn\u0113ji Elasticsearch BV \u2014 ir veikusi vair\u0101kus finans\u0113\u0161anas raundus, kuru kop\u0113j\u0101 summa p\u0101rsniedz simts miljonus dol\u0101ru, pag\u0101ju\u0161\u0101 gada oktobr\u012b veica IPO, un pa\u0161laik tiek nov\u0113rt\u0113ta nedaudz zem 6 miljardiem dol\u0101ru.<\/li>\n<li><b>2015<\/b>: piecus gadus p\u0113c projekta izveido\u0161anas \u2014 iesp\u0113jams, klientu piepras\u012bjuma d\u0113\u013c \u2014 Amazon uzs\u0101ka m\u0101ko\u0146u pakalpojumu ar nosaukumu Amazon Elasticsearch Service, kas balst\u012bj\u0101s uz \u0161o at\u013caujo\u0161o licenci. Tas tie\u0161i konkur\u0113ja ar komerci\u0101lajiem pied\u0101v\u0101jumiem no Elastic NV gan lok\u0101li, gan m\u0101kon\u012b.<\/li>\n<li><b>2018<\/b>: da\u013c\u0113ji konkuren\u010du d\u0113\u013c ar \u0161o un citiem m\u0101ko\u0146iem, Elastic NV s\u0101kusi izpl\u016bdin\u0101t robe\u017eas starp savu pied\u0101v\u0101jumu open source un \u012bpa\u0161um\u0101 aizsarg\u0101tiem papildin\u0101jumiem, \u012bpa\u0161i x-pack. Iev\u0113rojami, ka Elastic neizv\u0113l\u0113j\u0101s sekot da\u017eiem kol\u0113\u0123iem, bet gan cent\u0101s risin\u0101t probl\u0113mu ar hibr\u012bd\u0101m licenc\u0113m, ta\u010du s\u0101ka apvienot atv\u0113rto un \u012bpa\u0161um\u0101 aizsarg\u0101to kodu vien\u0101 repozitorij\u0101, un noklus\u0113juma b\u016bv\u0113jumi iek\u013c\u0101va \u0161o nebr\u012bvo programmat\u016bru.<\/li>\n<li><b>2019<\/b>: \u0161oned\u0113\u013c Amazon veica vair\u0101kas atbildes darb\u012bbas. Pirmk\u0101rt, ar Expedia un Netflix atbalstu t\u0101 ieviesa to, ko uzskata par \u00abdistrib\u016bciju\u00bb Elasticsearch. Ta\u010du tiek uzskat\u012bts, ka tas darbosies k\u0101 forks visos aspektos. Otrk\u0101rt, projekts ietver atv\u0113rt\u0101 koda papildin\u0101jumus, kas ir l\u012bdz\u012bgi funkcij\u0101m, par kur\u0101m Elastic NV iekas\u0113 maksu, nenododot t\u0101s br\u012bvai piek\u013cuvei. Tre\u0161k\u0101rt, t\u0101pat k\u0101 ori\u0123in\u0101laj\u0101 AWS pakalpojum\u0101, kas balst\u012bts uz Elasticsearch, uz\u0146\u0113mums \u0161im projektam izmantoja nosaukumu Elasticsearch.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n\u0145emot v\u0113r\u0101, ka iepriek\u0161\u0113j\u0101s nesaska\u0146as p\u0101rv\u0113rtu\u0161\u0101s atkl\u0101t\u0101 konflikt\u0101, rodas daudz jaut\u0101jumu. K\u0101 tas notika? Vai tas bija neizb\u0113gami? Un ac\u012bmredzams jaut\u0101jums: kur\u0161 ir vain\u012bgs?<\/p>\n<p>Vismaz uz vienu no \u0161iem jaut\u0101jumiem ir viegli atbild\u0113t. \u0160is solis tika gaid\u012bts k\u0101du laiku. Vismaz kop\u0161 septembra, kad par\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s licence <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/redmonk.com\/sogrady\/2018\/09\/10\/tragedy-of-the-commons-clause\/\">Commons Clause<\/a><\/noindex>:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Protams, \u0161\u0137iet neticami, ka m\u0101kon\u012b migr\u0113jo\u0161i pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113ji visur s\u0101ks izv\u0113rst un licenc\u0113t komerci\u0101lu atv\u0113rt\u0101 koda programmat\u016bru, kas ir saska\u0146\u0101 ar Commons Clause licenci. Faktiski Commons Clause var novest pie pret\u0113jiem rezult\u0101tiem. T\u0101 palielina iesp\u0113ju, ka m\u0101kon\u012b migr\u0113jo\u0161i pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113ji m\u0113\u0123in\u0101s piev\u0113rst galvenos izstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101jus un veikt publisku vai priv\u0101tu projekta fork. Tas ir l\u0113t\u0101ks variants, kas ar\u012b nodro\u0161ina nepiecie\u0161amo kontroli p\u0101r programmat\u016bras akt\u012bviem.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\nAmazon un Elastic str\u012bds ir rezult\u0101ts mode\u013cu sadursmei. Goda d\u0113\u013c B\u0113nonam un Elastic, Elasticsearch programmat\u016bra izr\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi popul\u0101ra, galvenok\u0101rt pateicoties at\u013caujo\u0161ajai licencei.<\/p>\n<p>Tom\u0113r at\u013caujo\u0161\u0101s licences \u013cauj sist\u0113mu izmantot ar\u012b m\u0101kon\u012b migr\u0113jo\u0161iem pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113jiem, piem\u0113ram, Amazon. Lai nezaud\u0113tu ieguvumus un apmierin\u0101tu savu klientu piepras\u012bjumu, m\u0101kon\u012b migr\u0113jo\u0161i pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113ji noteikti pied\u0101v\u0101s nat\u012bvos pakalpojumus Elasticsearch un l\u012bdz\u012bgiem projektiem, kas ir popul\u0101ri un labi zin\u0101mi.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Licenc\u0113\u0161ana ir nere\u0101la. Neskatoties uz da\u017eu investoru viedokli, paties\u012bb\u0101 komerci\u0101lo nosac\u012bjumu pievieno\u0161ana iepriek\u0161 br\u012bvai programmat\u016brai nekad nepan\u0101ks, ka liel\u0101kie m\u0101ko\u0146u pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113ji piekristu. Neviena uz\u0146\u0113mums, kas darbojas t\u0101d\u0101 apm\u0113r\u0101, nev\u0113las nodot lielu pakalpojumu \u2014 vai tas b\u016btu produkta izstr\u0101de vai cenu veido\u0161ana \u2014 tre\u0161ajai pusei, kuru tie nekontrol\u0113.\n<\/li>\n<li>Pirk\u0161ana ir v\u0113l viena iesp\u0113ja, k\u0101 apmierin\u0101t piepras\u012bjumu, ta\u010du t\u0101 ir slikti m\u0113rogojama. Pat bag\u0101ti m\u0101ko\u0146u pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113ji nev\u0113las maks\u0101t liekas naudas par katra jaun\u0101 pakalpojuma ieg\u0101di sav\u0101 portfel\u012b, it \u012bpa\u0161i, ja ir l\u0113t\u0101ka un vienk\u0101r\u0161\u0101ka alternat\u012bva \u2014 un t\u0101 \u0161eit ir.\n<\/li>\n<li>Atv\u0113rto avotu kopien\u0101s forks v\u0113sturiski tika uzskat\u012bts par toksisku variantu, ta\u010du no PR viedok\u013ca tas k\u013c\u016bst pie\u0146emam\u0101ks, ja komerci\u0101ls atv\u0113rt\u0101 koda sniedz\u0113js apdraud savu statusu, pie\u0146emot taktiku un metodes, kas ir pret\u0113ji atv\u0113rt\u0101 koda kopienas norm\u0101m. \u0160\u0101d\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 pat iev\u0113rojamas tre\u0161\u0101s puses var censties ie\u0146emt augst\u0101ku mor\u0101lo st\u0101ju, taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101 kalpojot sav\u0101m interes\u0113m.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nSaskaroties ar \u0161\u012bm iesp\u0113j\u0101m, forks izskat\u0101s k\u0101 lo\u0123iska m\u0101ko\u0146u pakalpojuma atbilde uz nelabv\u0113l\u012bgas licenc\u0113\u0161anas apst\u0101k\u013cu ra\u0161anos. T\u0101p\u0113c Amazon l\u0113mums bija gaid\u012bts un neizb\u0113gams. Un t\u0101p\u0113c ir gr\u016bti noteikt vain\u012bgo radu\u0161os situ\u0101cij\u0101. Princip\u0101 abas puses r\u012bkoj\u0101s lo\u0123iski \u2014 k\u0101 to var\u0113ja gaid\u012bt, \u0146emot v\u0113r\u0101 vi\u0146u skat\u012bjumus, iesp\u0113jas un likum\u012bg\u0101s ties\u012bbas.<\/p>\n<p>Ir piln\u012bgi iesp\u0113jams, ka Amazon k\u013c\u016bs par pirmo, bet ne p\u0113d\u0113jo m\u0101ko\u0146u pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113ju, kas t\u0101 r\u012bkosies. Citi ar\u012b m\u0113\u0123in\u0101s saska\u0146ot pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101ju piepras\u012bjumu ar juridisko ierobe\u017eojumu tr\u016bkumu savu projektu izveid\u0113, piem\u0113ram, \u201eatv\u0113rt\u0101 izplat\u012bjum\u0101 Elasticsearch\u201d. Iesp\u0113jams, ka vi\u0146i neizb\u0113gami secin\u0101s, ka tas ir izdev\u012bgi. Ac\u012bmredzot, komerci\u0101lajiem atv\u0113rt\u0101 koda sniedz\u0113jiem ar\u012b neizb\u0113gami n\u0101ksies secin\u0101t, ka m\u0101konis rada tik lielu apdraud\u0113jumu, ka ir j\u0101papla\u0161ina atv\u0113rt\u0101 koda robe\u017eas.<\/p>\n<p>Paties\u012bb\u0101 vien\u012bgais re\u0101lais jaut\u0101jums ir tas, vai open source izstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101ji sp\u0113s izk\u013c\u016bt no eso\u0161\u0101s situ\u0101cijas ar Elastic, kas tagad konkur\u0113 ar Amazon ne tikai produktos, bet ar\u012b atv\u0113rtajos avotos. Vai vi\u0146i saprat\u012bs, ka da\u017eas ap\u0161aub\u0101m\u0101s licenc\u0113\u0161anas pieejas ieguvumi vienk\u0101r\u0161i nepamatoti pamato izdevumus.<\/p>\n<p>Tom\u0113r, visticam\u0101k, status quo saglab\u0101sies. Abas pu\u0161u stimul\u0101cijas un mot\u012bvi ir skaidri, saprotami un lo\u0123iski katras mode\u013ca kontekst\u0101. Mode\u013ci, kas vienm\u0113r iek\u0161\u0113ji pretrun\u012bgi, pat ja tie ir cie\u0161i saist\u012bti.<\/p>\n<p>Pirms simts gadiem daudzu valstu l\u012bderi nol\u0113ma uzs\u0101kt konfliktu. Vi\u0146i zin\u0101ja, ka konflikts vi\u0146iem izmaks\u0101s d\u0101rgi, b\u016bs briesm\u012bgi izn\u012bcino\u0161s un no kura gr\u016bti k\u0101dam izn\u0101kt par uzvar\u0113t\u0101ju. Vi\u0146i to izdar\u012bja, jo nesaskat\u012bja citu izeju.<\/p>\n<p>Izskat\u0101s, ka ar\u012b tehnolo\u0123iju industrija to nesaskata.<\/p>\n<p><i><b>Piez\u012bme:<\/b> Amazon un Elastic ir RedMonk klienti, k\u0101 ar\u012b Google un Microsoft. Expedia un Netflix nav RedMonk klienti.<\/i><br \/>\n<br \/>Avots: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/444962\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00ab\u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0431, \u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u044b \u2014 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438, \u043a\u0443\u0440\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0430 \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0437\u0440\u044b\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0451\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0445. \u042f \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0439\u0434\u0451\u0442, \u043d\u043e \u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e, \u0433\u0434\u0435. \u0412\u0441\u0451 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435-\u043d\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c \u0434\u0443\u0440\u0430\u0446\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0411\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445\u00bb\u00a0\u2014 \u041e\u0442\u0442\u043e \u0444\u043e\u043d \u0411\u0438\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0440\u043a, 1878 \u0421\u0442\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434 11 \u043d\u043e\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 1918 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0438\u0440\u0438\u0435, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446 \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30164","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.5 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u00ab\u0415\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0436\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0431, \u0430.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" 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