{"id":30258,"date":"2019-10-31T21:34:32","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:34:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/netbios-v-rukah-hakera\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:34:32","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:34:32","slug":"netbios-v-rukah-hakera","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/netbios-v-rukah-hakera","title":{"rendered":"NetBIOS hakeru rok\u0101s","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0160aj\u0101 rakst\u0101 tiks sniegts \u012bss st\u0101sts par to, ko mums var past\u0101st\u012bt tik ierasta lieta k\u0101 NetBIOS<\/i>. K\u0101du inform\u0101ciju tas var sniegt potenci\u0101lajam uzbruc\u0113jam\/pentesterim.<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

Demonstr\u0113t\u0101 pielieto\u0161anas joma attiecas uz iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101m, tas ir, izol\u0113t\u0101m un no \u0101rpuses nepieejam\u0101m t\u012bkl\u0101m. \u0160\u0101di t\u012bkli parasti ir jebkurai pat vismaz\u0101kajai komp\u0101nijai.<\/p>\n

Pats par sevi NetBIOS<\/i> parasti tiek izmantots t\u012bkla nosaukuma ieg\u016b\u0161anai. Un t\u0101 b\u016bs pietiekami, lai veiktu vismaz \u010detras lietas.<\/p>\n

Hostu atkl\u0101\u0161ana<\/b>
\nPateicoties tam, ka NetBIOS var izmantot UDP k\u0101 transporta protokolu, t\u0101 darb\u012bbas \u0101trums \u013cauj atkl\u0101t hostus \u013coti liel\u0101s t\u012bklos. Piem\u0113ram, r\u012bks nbtscan<\/i>, kas iek\u013cauts vien\u0101ds nosaukuma paket\u0113, var tikai 2 sekun\u017eu laik\u0101 (var padar\u012bt t\u012bklu par neoper\u0113jamu) norezol\u0113t t\u012bkla adreses form\u0101t\u0101 192.168.0.0\/16, savuk\u0101rt tradicion\u0101lais TCP sken\u0113jums pras\u012bs desmitiem min\u016b\u0161u. \u0160o \u012bpatn\u012bbu var izmantot k\u0101 hostu atkl\u0101\u0161anas tehniku (host sweep) \u013coti lielos t\u012bklos, par kuriem nekas nav zin\u0101ms, pirms tiek palaists nmap. Lai gan rezult\u0101ts negarant\u0113 100% atkl\u0101\u0161anu, jo galvenok\u0101rt atbild\u0113s Windows hosti, un ne visi, tas tom\u0113r \u013caus noteikt, k\u0101dos aptuveni diapazonos ir dz\u012bvi hosti.<\/p>\n

Hostu identifik\u0101cija<\/b>
\nIzmantojot ieg\u016btos nosaukumus no IP adres\u0113m:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\nvar redz\u0113t: papildus tam, ka nosaukums atkl\u0101j darba stacijas \u012bpa\u0161nieku (lai gan tas ne vienm\u0113r ir t\u0101), viena no adres\u0113m skaidri izce\u013cas uz p\u0101r\u0113jo fona. M\u0113s varam redz\u0113t, ka ir ieg\u016bts nosaukums KALI<\/i>. \u0160\u0101da uzved\u012bba parasti ir rakstur\u012bga unix<\/i>-izpildei SMB\/NetBIOS<\/i> programm\u0113taj\u0101 pakete samba<\/i> vai \u013coti vecajam Windows 2000<\/i>.
\nNosaukuma ieg\u016b\u0161ana KALI<\/i>, turkl\u0101t citos hostos tas <unknown<\/i>> liecina par t\u0101 saukto null-session<\/i>. Ar noklus\u0113juma SMB<\/i>-serveri linux<\/i> ir pak\u013cauti tai. Null-session<\/i> \u013cauj piln\u012bgi anon\u012bmi (un m\u0113s nek\u0101dus parol\u0113s neievad\u012bj\u0101m, k\u0101 redzams ekr\u0101n\u0161\u0101vi\u0146\u0101) ieg\u016bt pietiekami daudz papildu inform\u0101cijas, piem\u0113ram, viet\u0113jo paroles politiku, viet\u0113jo lietot\u0101ju, grupu sarakstu un kop\u012bgo resursu (share) sarakstu:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\nBie\u017ei uz linux SMB<\/i>-serveros var publiski pieejami koplieto\u0161anas resursi ne tikai las\u012b\u0161anai, bet pat ierakst\u012b\u0161anai. Gan vieni, gan otri rada da\u017e\u0101dus draudus, kuru izmanto\u0161ana p\u0101rsniedz \u0161\u012b raksta ietvarus.<\/p>\n

NetBIOS<\/i> t\u0101 ar\u012b \u013cauj ieg\u016bt visu veidu nosaukumus, kurus glab\u0101 darba stacija:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\n\u0161aj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 tas \u013cauj uzzin\u0101t, ka mitin\u0101t\u0101js ir ar\u012b dom\u0113na kontrolieris ARRIVA<\/i>.<\/p>\n

T\u0101pat ir v\u0113rts piev\u0113rst uzman\u012bbu, ka NetBIOS<\/i> \u013cauj ieg\u016bt mac<\/i>-adreses. Turkl\u0101t, at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no arp piepras\u012bjumiem, NetBIOS piepras\u012bjumi sp\u0113j iziet \u0101rpus t\u0101s apak\u0161t\u012bkla. Tas var b\u016bt noder\u012bgi, ja, piem\u0113ram, ir nepiecie\u0161ams atrast k\u0101du kl\u0113pjdatoru vai specifisku aparat\u016bru, zinot t\u0101 ra\u017eot\u0101ju. T\u0101 k\u0101 pirmie tr\u012bs okteti mac<\/i>-adreses identific\u0113 ra\u017eot\u0101ju, tad, s\u016btot \u0161\u0101dus NetBIOS<\/i>-piepras\u012bjumus vis\u0101s zin\u0101maj\u0101s apak\u0161t\u012bkl\u0101s, var m\u0113\u0123in\u0101t atrast vajadz\u012bgo ier\u012bci (http:\/\/standards-oui.ieee.org\/oui.txt).<\/p>\n

Pieder\u012bbas noteik\u0161ana Microsoft \u013cauj lietot\u0101jiem dz\u0113st \u0161\u012bs iepriek\u0161 lejupiel\u0101d\u0113t\u0101s lietojumprogrammas, un to var izdar\u012bt tie\u0161i no Start izv\u0113lnes.<\/a><\/b>
\nBie\u017ei p\u0101rvietojoties pa iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101m korporat\u012bvaj\u0101m t\u012bkl\u0101m ir nepiecie\u0161ams uzbrukt tie\u0161i darba stacijai, kas ir pievienota dom\u0113nam (piem\u0113ram, lai paaugstin\u0101tu privil\u0113\u0123ijas l\u012bdz dom\u0113na administratora l\u012bmenim) vai otr\u0101di. \u0160aj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 NetBIOS<\/i> atkal var pal\u012bdz\u0113t:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\n\u0160aj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101, izmantojot NetBIOS<\/i> tika ieg\u016bti visi visu veidu nosaukumi. Starp tiem var redz\u0113t, papildus datora nosaukumam (ko jau iepriek\u0161 bija ieg\u016bts), ar\u012b darba grupas nosaukumu. Noklus\u0113juma variant\u0101 windows<\/i> tas parasti ir kaut kas l\u012bdz\u012bgs WORKGROUP<\/i> vai IVAN-PC<\/i>, bet, ja darba stacija ir dom\u0113n\u0101, tad t\u0101s darba grupa ir pa\u0161a dom\u0113na nosaukums.
\nT\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di, izmantojot NetBIOS<\/i> var uzzin\u0101t, vai darba stacija ir dom\u0113n\u0101 un, ja j\u0101, tad kur\u0101.
\nJa nepiecie\u0161ams ieg\u016bt dom\u0113na hostu sarakstu apak\u0161t\u012bkl\u0101, pietiks ar vienu pla\u0161sazi\u0146as piepras\u012bjumu ar nepiecie\u0161am\u0101 dom\u0113na nosaukumu:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\nrezult\u0101t\u0101 atbild\u0113s visi hosti, kas pieder \u0161im dom\u0113nam.<\/p>\n

Multihomed hostu atkl\u0101\u0161ana<\/b>
\nUn visbeidzot v\u0113l viena, iesp\u0113jams, \u013coti maz zin\u0101ma tehnika, kas ir vienk\u0101r\u0161i neaizvietojama ce\u013cu mekl\u0113\u0161anai<\/i> aizsarg\u0101t\u0101s, iesp\u0113jams pat fiziski izol\u0113t\u0101s, t\u012bklos. Tie var b\u016bt uz\u0146\u0113mumu ra\u017eo\u0161anas t\u012bkli, kas pilni ar kontrolieriem. Pieejam\u012bba \u0161ai t\u012bklam uzbruc\u0113jam noz\u012bm\u0113 iesp\u0113ju ietekm\u0113t tehnolo\u0123isko procesu, bet uz\u0146\u0113mumam risks celt kolos\u0101lus zaud\u0113jumus.
\nT\u0101tad b\u016bt\u012bba ir t\u0101da, ka pat ja t\u012bkls ir izol\u0113ts no korporat\u012bv\u0101 t\u012bkla, daudzi administratori, vai nu slinkuma d\u0113\u013c, vai k\u0101 cit\u0101di, m\u012bl aktiviz\u0113t v\u0113l vienu t\u012bkla karti savos datoros, lai piek\u013c\u016btu \u0161im t\u012bklam. Un, protams, viss notiek, apejot visus korporat\u012bvo t\u012bklu noteikumus. Tas ir \u0113rti, j\u0101, bet ne \u012bpa\u0161i dro\u0161i, jo, ja j\u016bs tiksiet uzlauzts, tad k\u013c\u016bsiet par tiltu \u0161aj\u0101 t\u012bkl\u0101 un uz\u0146emsieties atbild\u012bbu.
\nTom\u0113r \u0161eit uzbruc\u0113jam ir viena probl\u0113ma \u2014 atrast attiec\u012bgo administratoru, kur\u0161 nelikum\u012bgi piek\u013cuvis aizsarg\u0101tajam t\u012bklam. Vair\u0101k nek\u0101 tas, tas ir sare\u017e\u0123\u012bta probl\u0113ma ar\u012b pa\u0161iem t\u012bkla dro\u0161\u012bbas speci\u0101listiem. Liel\u0101s uz\u0146\u0113mumos tas patiesi ir sare\u017e\u0123\u012bts uzdevums, it k\u0101 atrast adatu siena kaudz\u0113.
\n\u0160aj\u0101 situ\u0101cij\u0101 ac\u012bmredzot uzbruc\u0113jam b\u016btu divi skaidri varianti:
\n1. m\u0113\u0123in\u0101t izmantot katru datoru korporat\u012bvaj\u0101 apak\u0161t\u012bkl\u0101 k\u0101 v\u0101rti\u0146us uz nepiecie\u0161amo t\u012bklu. Tas b\u016btu \u013coti \u0113rti, bet t\u0101 reti notiek, jo windows<\/i> m\u0101jas datoros ip forwarding<\/i> gandr\u012bz vienm\u0113r ir izsl\u0113gts. Turkl\u0101t \u0161\u0101da p\u0101rbaude ir iesp\u0113jama tikai sav\u0101 apak\u0161t\u012bkl\u0101, un t\u0101 prasa no uzbruc\u0113ja prec\u012bzi zin\u0101t m\u0113r\u0137a adresi izol\u0113taj\u0101 t\u012bkl\u0101.
\n2. m\u0113\u0123in\u0101t att\u0101lin\u0101ti ien\u0101kt katr\u0101 dator\u0101 un izpild\u012bt vienk\u0101r\u0161u komandu ipconfig\/ifconfig<\/i>. Un \u0161eit nav viss tik viegli. Pat ja uzbruc\u0113jam ir dom\u0113na administratora ties\u012bbas, tad t\u012bkla ugunsm\u016bri un lok\u0101lie ugunsm\u016bri nekur nav pazudu\u0161i. T\u0101d\u0113\u013c \u0161is uzdevums nav 100% automatiz\u0113jams. Rezult\u0101t\u0101 n\u0101ksies moko\u0161i ieiet katr\u0101 dator\u0101, p\u0101rvarot t\u012bkla ugunsm\u016brus (bie\u017ei blo\u0137\u0113jot tie\u0161i 445\/tcp portu), cerot beidzot redz\u0113t k\u0101roto t\u012bkla interfeisu.<\/p>\n

Tom\u0113r viss ir daudz vienk\u0101r\u0161\u0101k. Past\u0101v viens \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi vienk\u0101r\u0161s pa\u0146\u0113miens, kas \u013cauj ieg\u016bt no k\u0101da datora t\u012bkla interfeisu sarakstu. Pie\u0146emsim, ka mums ir k\u0101ds dators:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\ntas ir reversais re\u0123istrs ip-adresi \u2192 t\u012bkla nosaukumam. Ja tagad m\u0113\u0123in\u0101sim izdar\u012bt tie\u0161o re\u0123istru t\u012bkla nosaukums \u2192 ip-adrese:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\ntad m\u0113s uzzin\u0101sim, ka \u0161is dators ir ar\u012b v\u0101rti (ac\u012bmredzot) uz k\u0101du citu t\u012bklu. V\u0113rts piemin\u0113t, ka \u0161aj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 piepras\u012bjums bija pla\u0161sazi\u0146as. Citiem v\u0101rdiem sakot, to dzird\u0113s tikai uzbruc\u0113ja apak\u0161t\u012bkla datori.
\nJa, ja m\u0113r\u0137a hostings atrodas \u0101rpus apak\u0161net, var nos\u016bt\u012bt m\u0113r\u0137\u0113tu piepras\u012bjumu:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\n\u0160aj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 ir redzams, ka m\u0113r\u0137is atrodas \u0101rpus uzbruc\u0113ja apak\u0161net. Ar atsl\u0113gu -B tika nor\u0101d\u012bts, ka piepras\u012bjumam j\u0101b\u016bt nos\u016bt\u012btam uz konkr\u0113tu adresi, nevis uz pla\u0161sazi\u0146as l\u012bdzek\u013ciem.
\nTagad atliek tikai \u0101tri sav\u0101kt inform\u0101ciju no visas interes\u0113jo\u0161\u0101s apak\u0161net, nevis no viena adreses. Tam var izmantot nelielu python<\/i>-skriptu:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\nUn p\u0113c da\u017e\u0101m sekund\u0113m:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\nTie\u0161i velt\u012bts hostings \u0161aj\u0101 improviz\u0113taj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 k\u013c\u016btu par pirmo uzbruc\u0113ja m\u0113r\u0137i, ja vi\u0146\u0161 vaj\u0101tu t\u012bklu 172.16.1\/24.<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\nAtk\u0101rtojo\u0161ies nosaukumi uz da\u017e\u0101diem ip liecina, ka hostam ir ar\u012b divas t\u012bkla kartes, bet jau vien\u0101 apak\u0161net. \u0160eit v\u0113rts piemin\u0113t, ka NetBIOS<\/i> neatkl\u0101j alias<\/i>-us (kuri viegli var tikt apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101ti, izmantojot arp piepras\u012bjumus k\u0101 ip ar identisku mac<\/i>). \u0160aj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 IP adres\u0113m<\/a> ir at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgi mac<\/i>.<\/p>\n

Cits \u0161\u012b pa\u0146\u0113miena pielietojuma piem\u0113rs ir publiskais Wi-Fi. Da\u017ek\u0101rt var sastapt situ\u0101ciju, kad starp viesu ier\u012bc\u0113m, kas pievienojas publiskai t\u012bklam, ir person\u0101ls, kas str\u0101d\u0101 sl\u0113gtaj\u0101 korporat\u012bvaj\u0101 segment\u0101. T\u0101d\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101, izmantojot \u0161o izl\u016bko\u0161anas tehniku, uzbruc\u0113js \u013coti \u0101tri var\u0113s iepl\u0101not sev ce\u013cu uz sl\u0113gto t\u012bklu:<\/p>\n

\"NetBIOS
\n
\n\u0160aj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 starp 65 publisk\u0101 Wi-Fi klientiem izr\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s divas darba stacijas, kas, iesp\u0113jams, pieder korporat\u012bvajai t\u012bklam ar papildu saskarn\u0113m.<\/p>\n

Ja da\u017ek\u0101rt starp t\u012bkla segmentiem vai tie\u0161i darba stacij\u0101s tiek nov\u0113rota 445\/tcp portu filtr\u0101cija, kas trauc\u0113 att\u0101lin\u0101to sist\u0113mas piek\u013cuvi (att\u0101lin\u0101to kodek\u0161u izpildei), tad \u0161aj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 v\u0101rdu risin\u0101\u0161anai tiek izmantots NetBIOS<\/i> 137\/udp ports, t\u0101 apzin\u0101ta blo\u0137\u0113\u0161ana gandr\u012bz nekad nav sastopama, jo tas \u013coti apgr\u016btin\u0101s darbu t\u012bkl\u0101, piem\u0113ram, var izzust t\u012bkla vide utt.<\/p>\n

K\u0101 saka, enumeration is the key<\/i>
\nVai ir aizsardz\u012bba pret to? Nav, jo tas nav ievainojam\u012bba visp\u0101r. Tas ir tikai standarta funkcionalit\u0101te tam mazajam, kas ir p\u0113c noklus\u0113juma windows<\/i> (programm\u0101 linux<\/i> (uzved\u012bba nedaudz at\u0161\u0137iras). Un, ja j\u016bs neapzin\u0101ti, apejot t\u012bkla mar\u0161rut\u0113\u0161anas noteikumus, iek\u013c\u0101v\u0101ties sl\u0113gtaj\u0101 segment\u0101, tad uzbruc\u0113js j\u016bs noteikti atrad\u012bs un to izdar\u012bs \u013coti \u0101tri.
\n
Avots: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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