{"id":30402,"date":"2019-10-31T21:35:21","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:35:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/flexiremap-protiv-raid\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:35:21","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:35:21","slug":"flexiremap-protiv-raid","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/administrirovanie\/flexiremap-protiv-raid","title":{"rendered":"FlexiRemap\u00ae pret RAID","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>RAID algoritmi tika ieviesti sabiedr\u012bbai t\u0101laj\u0101 1987. gad\u0101. Joproj\u0101m tie ir vispiepras\u012bt\u0101k\u0101 datu aizsardz\u012bbas un piek\u013cuves pa\u0101trin\u0101\u0161anas tehnolo\u0123ija inform\u0101cijas uzglab\u0101\u0161anas jom\u0101. Tom\u0113r IT tehnolo\u0123ijai, kas p\u0101rsniegusi 30 gadu robe\u017eu, tas vair\u0101k ir vecums nek\u0101 nobriedums. Iemesls tam ir progresu, kas neizb\u0113gami nes jaunas iesp\u0113jas. Laikmet\u0101, kad faktiski nebija citu uzglab\u0101\u0161anas ier\u012b\u010du, iz\u0146emot HDD, RAID algoritmi \u013c\u0101va visefekt\u012bv\u0101k izmantot eso\u0161os kr\u0101tuves resursus. Tom\u0113r ar SSD par\u0101d\u012b\u0161anos situ\u0101cija ir radik\u0101li main\u012bjusies. Tagad RAID darb\u012bb\u0101 ar SSD ir jau \u201e\u0137\u012blis\u201d to veiktsp\u0113j\u0101. T\u0101p\u0113c, lai atkl\u0101tu pilnu SSD \u0101truma potenci\u0101lu, vienk\u0101r\u0161i nepiecie\u0161ama pavisam cita pieeja to izmanto\u0161anai.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae pret RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/1633250deaffc822dbd043caa229ea2b.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Papildus ac\u012bmredzamaj\u0101m at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101m starp HDD un SSD darba principos, abiem \u0161o veida nes\u0113jiem ir v\u0113l viena svar\u012bga iez\u012bme: jebkur\u0161 cietais disks var p\u0101rrakst\u012bt jebk\u0101dus datus ar granularity vien\u0101 blok\u0101 (\u0161obr\u012bd tas visbie\u017e\u0101k ir 4KB). Sal\u012bdzin\u0101jum\u0101 ar SSD, p\u0101rrakst\u012b\u0161anas process ir daudz sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u0101ka proced\u016bra:<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Main\u012btie dati tiek kop\u0113ti jaun\u0101 viet\u0101. \u0160aj\u0101 proces\u0101 granularity ir taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 blok\u0101, bet tas sast\u0101v no vair\u0101k\u0101m lap\u0101m un to izm\u0113rs ir 256KB \u2013 4MB. Tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka, mainot tos pa\u0161us 4KB, ir nepiecie\u0161ams p\u0101rvietot ar\u012b visus blakus eso\u0161os lapas, kas veido vienotu bloku.<\/li>\n<li>\u201eVecie\u201d bloki tiek atz\u012bm\u0113ti k\u0101 neizmantoti, lai v\u0113l\u0101k tos dz\u0113stu ar \u201eatkritumu sav\u0101c\u0113ju\u201d (Garbage Collector).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae pret RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/79f6a2a9657171387121b00c956f9034.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i>Sec\u012bga rakst\u012b\u0161ana\/p\u0101rrakst\u012b\u0161ana uz SSD<\/i><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Sec\u012bgas rakst\u012b\u0161anas\/p\u0101rrakst\u012b\u0161anas gad\u012bjum\u0101 \u0161\u012b SSD darb\u012bbas iez\u012bme nespe sp\u0113l\u0113 noz\u012bm\u012bgu lomu veiktsp\u0113jas zi\u0146\u0101, jo blokiem ir blakus un \u201eatkritumu sav\u0101c\u0113js\u201d lieliski tiek gal\u0101 ar savu darbu fona re\u017e\u012bm\u0101. Bet re\u0101laj\u0101 dz\u012bv\u0113, un jo \u012bpa\u0161i uz\u0146\u0113mumu segment\u0101, SSD visbie\u017e\u0101k tiek izmantota nejau\u0161a piek\u013cuve datiem. Un \u0161ie dati tiek rakst\u012bti nejau\u0161\u0101s viet\u0101s uz uzglab\u0101t\u0101jiem.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Jo vair\u0101k datu tiek ierakst\u012bts SSD, jo gr\u016bt\u0101k str\u0101d\u0101t \u00abatkritumu\u00bb kolektoram, jo pieaug fragment\u0101cija. Rezult\u0101t\u0101 iest\u0101jas br\u012bdis, kad datu dz\u0113\u0161anas process vairs nav \u00abfon\u0101\u00bb: SSD veiktsp\u0113ja b\u016btiski samazin\u0101s, jo iev\u0113rojamu da\u013cu no t\u0101s aiz\u0146em atkritumu kolektors.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae pret RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/3374a6b98f220f7c4e4ff75a04565c26.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i>Re\u0101l\u0101 datu lokaliz\u0101cija SSD ikdienas lieto\u0161an\u0101<\/i><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Lai ilustr\u0113tu atkritumu kolektora darba ietekmes efektu atkar\u012bb\u0101 no ieraksta re\u017e\u012bma uz datu nes\u0113ju, var veikt vienk\u0101r\u0161us testus: sec\u012bgais un nejau\u0161ais ieraksts blokos 4KB uz 100GB datu nes\u0113ja. (Avots - uz\u0146\u0113mums <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.micron.com\/~\/media\/documents\/products\/technical-marketing-brief\/brief_ssd_effect_data_placement_writes.pdf\">Micron<\/a><\/noindex>)<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae pret RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/7e3b1f25dd27463d2c7b08ae84ff44b4.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i>Veiktsp\u0113ja sec\u012bgaj\u0101 ierakst\u0101<\/i><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae pret RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/9c7d7be5982d6df688cf9481a0e9a826.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><i>Veiktsp\u0113ja nejau\u0161aj\u0101 ierakst\u0101<\/i><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>K\u0101 redzams testos, veiktsp\u0113jas kritums var sasniegt vair\u0101k nek\u0101 divas reizes. Un tas ir tikai viens datu nes\u0113js. Ja tiek izmantots SSD RAID grup\u0101, p\u0101rrakst\u012b\u0161anas oper\u0101ciju skaits iev\u0113rojami palielin\u0101s, pateicoties darbam ar parity.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Pavisam, pateicoties \u0161\u012bm SSD darba \u012bpatn\u012bb\u0101m, past\u0101v t\u0101ds parametrs k\u0101 ieraksta pastiprin\u0101jums (write amplification). Tas ir - attiec\u012bba starp datu apjomu, kas ierakst\u012bts datu nes\u0113j\u0101, un apjomu, ko paties\u012bb\u0101 nos\u016bt\u012bjis host. Un vispopul\u0101r\u0101kajam RAID5 \u0161is koeficients ir ~3.5. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di sist\u0113mas ar klasisko RAID pamat\u0101 izmanto SSD tikai ~10% no to faktisk\u0101s \u0101truma un slikti m\u0113rogojas attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz veiktsp\u0113ju, palielinot datu nes\u0113ju skaitu vair\u0101k nek\u0101 desmit.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>T\u0101pat j\u0101atz\u012bm\u0113, ka liekie ierakstu oper\u0101cijas ne tikai samazina SSD veiktsp\u0113ju, bet ar\u012b samazina t\u0101 nebeidzamo resursu, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di samazinot datu nes\u0113ja kalpo\u0161anas laiku.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/accelstor.ru\/page\/flexiremap-technology\">FlexiRemap\u00ae tehnolo\u0123ija<\/a><\/noindex>, kas ir visu AccelStor produktu kodols, ir izstr\u0101d\u0101ta k\u0101 alternat\u012bva klasiskajiem RAID algoritmiem, str\u0101d\u0101jot ar SSD. Tehnolo\u0123ijas inovativit\u0101ti apliecina da\u017e\u0101di patenti un balvas (tostarp Flash Memory Summit 2016), k\u0101 ar\u012b neatkar\u012bgo testu rezult\u0101ti (piem\u0113ram, SPC1).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>B\u016bt\u012bba <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/accelstor.ru\/page\/flexiremap-advantages\">FlexiRemap\u00ae<\/a><\/noindex> sast\u0101v no visu ien\u0101ko\u0161o rakstu piepras\u012bjumu p\u0101rv\u0113r\u0161anas, galvenok\u0101rt random tipa, blokos, kas p\u0113c iesp\u0113jas vair\u0101k atbilst sec\u012bgas rakst\u012b\u0161anas re\u017e\u012bmam attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz glab\u0101\u0161anu. Rezult\u0101t\u0101 rakst\u012b\u0161ana SSD tiek veikta viskomfortabl\u0101kaj\u0101 re\u017e\u012bm\u0101, bet gal\u012bg\u0101 veiktsp\u0113ja p\u0101rsniedz jebkuras sist\u0113mas ar klasisko RAID.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Visi SSD AccelStor sist\u0113m\u0101s tiek sadal\u012bti div\u0101s simetrisk\u0101s grup\u0101s FlexiRemap\u00ae. Grupas izm\u0113rs ir atkar\u012bgs no mode\u013ca un sast\u0101v no 5-11 glab\u0101t\u0101jiem. Par atpalic\u012bbu grup\u0101 tiek izmantota parit\u0101te l\u012bdz\u012bgi RAID5. Abas grupas tiek izmantotas kop\u0101, veidojot kop\u0113jo uzglab\u0101\u0161anas telpu. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di gal\u012bg\u0101 atpalic\u012bba b\u016bs l\u012bdz\u012bga RAID50 mas\u012bvam, kas sast\u0101v no div\u0101m grup\u0101m: sist\u0113ma sp\u0113j iztur\u0113t divu SSD atteici, bet ne vair\u0101k k\u0101 vienu katr\u0101 FlexiRemap\u00ae grup\u0101.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae pret RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/76adaa3e4a9dbd1394ba18dac79e21e5.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Visi ien\u0101ko\u0161ie rakstu piepras\u012bjumi tiek sadal\u012bti 4KB blokos, kuri round robin re\u017e\u012bm\u0101 tiek ierakst\u012bti ab\u0101s FlexiRemap\u00ae grup\u0101s. Taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101 sist\u0113ma past\u0101v\u012bgi uzskaita ierakst\u012bto bloku piepras\u012bjuma intensit\u0101ti, cen\u0161oties, kad tos mainot, ierakst\u012bt l\u012bdz\u012bgus blokos p\u0113c iesp\u0113jas tuv\u0101k viens otram. Tas rada virtu\u0101lu l\u012bdz\u012bbu tir\u0113\u0161anai, ja izsak\u0101mies uz S\u0112H terminolo\u0123iju. \u0160\u0101d\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 tiek iev\u0113rojami atvieglota \u201eatkritumu\u201d kolektora darbs: jo neizmantotie bloki past\u0101v\u012bgi atrad\u012bsies blakus.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>J\u0101atz\u012bm\u0113, ka <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/accelstor.ru\/page\/modeli-vysokoj-dostupnosti-ha\">AccelStor sist\u0113mas<\/a><\/noindex> at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no konkurentu ra\u017eojumiem neizmanto ieejas piepras\u012bjumu ke\u0161atmi\u0146as funkcionalit\u0101ti kontrolleru operat\u012bvaj\u0101 atmi\u0146\u0101. Visi ien\u0101ko\u0161ie datu bloki tiek nekav\u0113joties ierakst\u012bti SSD. Host ieg\u016bst apstiprin\u0101jumu par veiksm\u012bgu rakst\u012b\u0161anu tikai p\u0113c fizisk\u0101s datu novieto\u0161anas uz glab\u0101t\u0101jiem. RAM tiek glab\u0101tas tikai bloku novietojuma tabulas SSD \u0101tr\u0101kai piek\u013cuvei un noteik\u0161anai, kur ierakst\u012bt n\u0101kamo datu bloku. Protams, dro\u0161\u012bbas nol\u016bk\u0101 \u0161o tabulu kopijas atrodas ar\u012b pa\u0161os nes\u0113jos. T\u0101 rezult\u0101t\u0101 AccelStor sist\u0113m\u0101m nav nepiecie\u0161ama nek\u0101da ke\u0161atmi\u0146as aizsardz\u012bba, piem\u0113ram, akumulatora\/kondektora veid\u0101 (tom\u0113r iesp\u0113ja izveidot savienojumu ar UPS past\u0101v \u2014 \u201em\u012bkstajam\u201d izsl\u0113gumam probl\u0113mu gad\u012bjum\u0101 ar elektr\u012bbu).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Pateicoties \u0161\u0101dam pieejai datu ieraksta organiz\u0113\u0161an\u0101, \u201eatkritumu\u201d v\u0101c\u0113js patie\u0161\u0101m sp\u0113j darboties fon\u0101, nesniedzot b\u016btisku ietekmi uz glab\u0101tuves \u0101trumu, kas galu gal\u0101 \u013cauj sist\u0113mai utiliz\u0113t l\u012bdz 90% SSD veiktsp\u0113jas. Tie\u0161i \u0161is ir augsto IOPS r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101ju pamat\u0101 AccelStor sist\u0113m\u0101s, kas atbalsta All Flash un izmanto RAID algoritmus.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ar\u012b svar\u012bga tehnolo\u0123ijas FlexiRemap\u00ae iez\u012bme ir b\u016btisks rakst\u012b\u0161anas oper\u0101ciju samazin\u0101jums SSD. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di rakst\u012b\u0161anas koeficients (write amplification) AccelStor sist\u0113m\u0101s ir tikai 1.3, kas, izsakoties visp\u0101r\u0113ji, noz\u012bm\u0113 glab\u0101tuves kalpo\u0161anas laika palielin\u0101jumu sal\u012bdzin\u0101jum\u0101 ar RAID5 vair\u0101k nek\u0101 2.5 reizes! <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae pret RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/c503ed537aed33aa0e1e98595ed020a2.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Pateicoties nep\u0101rtrauktai sist\u0113mas kontrolei par datu izvieto\u0161anu SSD, visi glab\u0101t\u0101ji nolietojas vien\u0101di. \u0160\u0101da pieeja \u013cauj prognoz\u0113t to kalpo\u0161anas laiku un savlaic\u012bgi br\u012bdin\u0101t administratoru par rakst\u012b\u0161anas resursu izs\u012bk\u0161anu.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ir skaidrs, ka SSD var atteikties darboties. \u0160\u0101d\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 sist\u0113ma nekav\u0113joties s\u0101ks atjauno\u0161anu uz vienu no hot spare diskiem. Taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101 FlexiRemap\u00ae grupa, kas atrodas degraded st\u0101vokl\u012b, p\u0101riet uz \u201etikai las\u012b\u0161anas\u201d re\u017e\u012bmu, kam\u0113r visi rakst\u012b\u0161anas piepras\u012bjumi tiek novirz\u012bti uz otro grupu. \u0160\u0101da aizsardz\u012bbas meh\u0101nisma m\u0113r\u0137is ir pa\u0101trin\u0101t atjauno\u0161anas oper\u0101ciju un samazin\u0101t risku, ka v\u0113l viens glab\u0101t\u0101js no t\u0101s pa\u0161as grupas izies no ierindas. Galu gal\u0101, nav nosl\u0113pums, ka atjauno\u0161anas laik\u0101 visi glab\u0101t\u0101ji grup\u0101 piedz\u012bvo paaugstin\u0101tu slodzi sakar\u0101 ar las\u012b\u0161anas, rakst\u012b\u0161anas un atjauno\u0161anas oper\u0101ciju interferenci uz hot spare. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di palielin\u0101s ar\u012b cita diska atteik\u0161an\u0101s varb\u016bt\u012bba. Un jo vair\u0101k rakst\u012b\u0161anas oper\u0101ciju, jo ilg\u0101k tiks veikta atjauno\u0161ana. <\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"FlexiRemap\u00ae pret RAID\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/c6389348c25427854ae24a17da9b89a7.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Pabeidzot atjauno\u0161anas procesu un atgrie\u017eot FlexiRemap\u00ae grupu norm\u0101l\u0101 st\u0101vokl\u012b, var rasties neliels ierakst\u012b\u0161anas resursa nel\u012bdzsvarot\u012bba starp ab\u0101m grup\u0101m. T\u0101d\u0113\u013c, lai to izl\u012bdzin\u0101tu, turpm\u0101kas rakst\u012b\u0161anas oper\u0101cijas bie\u017e\u0101k notiks uz atjaunot\u0101s grupas (protams, \u0146emot v\u0113r\u0101, lai gala veiktsp\u0113ja sist\u0113m\u0101 neb\u016btu stipri cietusi).<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Palielin\u0101t All Flash sist\u0113mu, kas balst\u012btas uz RAID algoritmiem, veiktsp\u0113ju virs da\u017e\u0101m v\u0113rt\u012bb\u0101m (~280K IOPS@4K nejau\u0161a rakst\u012b\u0161ana) nav iesp\u0113jams pat izmantojot sare\u017e\u0123\u012btas ke\u0161atmi\u0146as sist\u0113mas. Tehnolo\u0123ija FlexiRemap\u00ae, pateicoties piln\u012bgi citai pieejai glab\u0101\u0161anas telpas organiz\u0113\u0161anai, ne tikai viegli p\u0101rvar \u0161o slieksni, bet ar\u012b vienlaikus vair\u0101kk\u0101rt palielina SSD kalpo\u0161anas laiku. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di sist\u0113mas <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/accelstor.ru\">AccelStor<\/a><\/noindex> ir nopietnas priek\u0161roc\u012bbas starp All Flash mas\u012bviem daudzos aspektos (IOPS\/$, GB\/$, TCO, ROI), padarot tos par ide\u0101liem kandit\u0101tiem galvenaj\u0101m poz\u012bcij\u0101m klientu datu centros, lai risin\u0101tu resursu pras\u012bgas uzdevumus.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Avots: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/accelstor\/blog\/445336\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0410\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c\u044b RAID \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c 1987 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u041f\u043e \u0441\u0435\u0439 \u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u044b \u0438 \u0443\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u043a \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0442 IT \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0448\u0435\u0439 30-\u0442\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0436, \u2013 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0430 \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0441, \u043d\u0435\u0443\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u0412\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":22403,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30402","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - 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