{"id":32111,"date":"2019-10-31T21:45:14","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:45:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/nauka-logiki-v-programmirovanii\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:45:14","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:45:14","slug":"nauka-logiki-v-programmirovanii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/news\/nauka-logiki-v-programmirovanii","title":{"rendered":"Lo\u0123ikas zin\u0101tne programm\u0113\u0161an\u0101","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Lo\u0123ikas zin\u0101tne programm\u0113\u0161an\u0101\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/3f4ea4ccd01e4dd17cb9348e35b80752.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u0160is raksts ir velt\u012bts sal\u012bdzino\u0161ai anal\u012bzei par lo\u0123iskaj\u0101m b\u016bt\u012bb\u0101m no v\u0101cu filosofa Georga Vilhelma Fr\u012bdriha H\u0113gela darb\u0101 \"Lo\u0123ikas zin\u0101tne\" un to analo\u0123ij\u0101m vai tr\u016bkumam programm\u0113\u0161an\u0101.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>B\u016bt\u012bbas no \"Lo\u0123ikas zin\u0101tnes\" ir izceltas kurs\u012bv\u0101, lai nerastos neskaidr\u012bbas ar visp\u0101rpie\u0146emtaj\u0101m \u0161o v\u0101rdu defin\u012bcij\u0101m.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h1 id=\"chistoe-bytie\">T\u012bra b\u016bt\u012bba<\/h1>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ja j\u016bs atv\u0113rsiet defin\u012bciju <em>t\u012bra b\u016bt\u012bba<\/em> gr\u0101mat\u0101, j\u016bs ieraudz\u012bsiet interesantu teikumu \"bez t\u0101l\u0101kas defin\u0113\u0161anas\". Bet tiem, kas nav las\u012bju\u0161i vai nesaprot, steidzieties neaps\u016bdz\u0113t autoru demenc\u0113. <em>T\u012bra b\u016bt\u012bba<\/em> \u2014 tas ir pamata j\u0113dziens H\u0113gela lo\u0123ik\u0101, noz\u012bm\u0113jot, ka kaut k\u0101ds objekts ir; l\u016bdzu, nep\u0101rprast ar objekta eksistenci, objekts var neeksist\u0113t realit\u0101t\u0113, bet, ja m\u0113s to k\u0101d\u0101 veid\u0101 esam defin\u0113ju\u0161i m\u016bsu lo\u0123ik\u0101, tas ir. Ja j\u016bs padom\u0101siet, patie\u0161\u0101m t\u0101das lietas k\u0101 <em>t\u012bra b\u016bt\u012bba<\/em> nav iesp\u0113jams defin\u0113t, un jebkura t\u0101da m\u0113\u0123in\u0101juma rezult\u0101t\u0101 j\u016bs vienk\u0101r\u0161i atsauksities uz t\u0101 sinon\u012bmiem vai anton\u012bmiem. <em>T\u012bra b\u016bt\u012bba<\/em> tik \u013coti abstrakts j\u0113dziens, ka to var attiecin\u0101t uz piln\u012bgi uz jebko, tostarp uz pa\u0161u sevi. Da\u017eos objektu orient\u0113tos valod\u0101s ir iesp\u0113ja att\u0113lot k\u0101 objektu visu, kas vien ir, tostarp oper\u0101cijas ar objektiem, kas princip\u0101 dod mums t\u0101du abstrakcijas l\u012bmeni. Tom\u0113r programm\u0113\u0161an\u0101 nav tie\u0161a analoga <em>t\u012brai b\u016bt\u012bbai<\/em> Lai p\u0101rbaud\u012btu objekta esam\u012bbu, mums j\u0101p\u0101rbauda t\u0101 neesam\u012bba.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"cs\">if(obj != null);<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>D\u012bvaini, ka t\u0101da sintaktisk\u0101 cukura v\u0113l nav, \u0146emot v\u0113r\u0101, ka \u0161\u012b p\u0101rbaude ir diezgan popul\u0101ra.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h1 id=\"nichto\">Nekas<\/h1>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>K\u0101 var\u0113ja nojaust, <em>nekas<\/em> ir jebk\u0101 tr\u016bkums. T\u0101 ekvivalents var b\u016bt NULL. J\u0101atz\u012bm\u0113, ka lo\u0123ik\u0101 <em>nekas<\/em> ir <em>t\u012bra b\u016bt\u012bba<\/em>, jo ar\u012b t\u0101 ir. Taj\u0101 sl\u0113pjas zin\u0101ma \u0137eza, jo pie NULL m\u0113s nevaram attiekties k\u0101 uz objektu nevien\u0101 valod\u0101, kaut ar\u012b paties\u012bb\u0101 tas ar\u012b ir objekts.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h1 id=\"stanovlenie-i-momenty\">K\u013c\u016b\u0161ana un momenti<\/h1>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><em>K\u013c\u016b\u0161ana<\/em> \u2014 tas ir p\u0101reja no <em>nekas<\/em> par <em>b\u016bt\u012bba<\/em> un no <em>b\u016bt\u012bbas.<\/em> par <em>nekas<\/em>Tas mums sniedz divus <em>momentus,<\/em>pirmais saucas <em>rad\u012b\u0161ana,<\/em>savuk\u0101rt otrais <em>p\u0101reja.<\/em>. <em>P\u0101reja<\/em> nosaukta t\u0101p\u0113c, nevis pazu\u0161anai, jo lo\u0123isk\u0101 b\u016bt\u012bba p\u0113c b\u016bt\u012bbas nevar izzust, tikai tad, ja m\u0113s to neesam aizmirsu\u0161i. <em>P\u0101rtrauk\u0161ana<\/em> k\u0101 t\u0101du varam nosaukt pie\u0161\u0137ir\u0161anas proced\u016bru. Ja mums tiek inicializ\u0113ts objekts, notiek <em>momenta ra\u0161an\u0101s<\/em>, bet pie\u0161\u0137irot citu v\u0113rt\u012bbu vai NULL <em>momenta p\u0101reja<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"cs\">obj = new object(); \/\/ra\u0161an\u0101s\nobj = null; \/\/p\u0101reja<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><\/p>\n<h1 id=\"nalichnoe-bytie\">Eso\u0161\u0101 b\u016bt\u012bba<\/h1>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>Ja \u012bsum\u0101 <em>eso\u0161\u0101 b\u016bt\u012bba<\/em> \u2014 tas ir objekts, kam nav skaidrs defin\u0113jums, bet ir <em>noteikums<\/em>. Ko tas noz\u012bm\u0113. Kanoniskais piem\u0113rs ir parasts kr\u0113sls. Ja j\u016bs m\u0113\u0123in\u0101siet tam dot skaidru defin\u012bciju, j\u016bs sastapsieties ar daudziem sare\u017e\u0123\u012bjumiem. Piem\u0113ram, j\u016bs var\u0113tu teikt: \"tas ir m\u0113be\u013cu priek\u0161mets, kas paredz\u0113ts s\u0113d\u0113\u0161anai\", bet ar\u012b atzveltnes kr\u0113sls ir rad\u012bts \u0161im m\u0113r\u0137im u.t.t. Bet skaidras defin\u012bcijas tr\u016bkums netrauc\u0113 mums to izcelt telp\u0101 un izmantot, run\u0101jot par to, jo m\u016bsu pr\u0101tos ir <em>noteikums<\/em> kr\u0113sls. Iesp\u0113jams, da\u017ei jau ir sapratu\u0161i, ka, lai izceltu \u0161\u0101dus objektus no datu pl\u016bsmas, tika rad\u012btas neironu t\u012bklus. Neironu t\u012bklu var defin\u0113t k\u0101 funkciju, kas nosaka \u0161o <em>noteikums<\/em>, ta\u010du kategoriju objektu, kas ietvertu gan skaidras, gan neskaidras defin\u012bcijas, nav, t\u0101p\u0113c \u0161\u0101dus objektus nevar izmantot vien\u0101 abstrakcijas l\u012bmen\u012b.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<h1 id=\"zakon-perehoda-kolichestvennyh-izmeneniy-v-kachestvennye\">Kvalitat\u012bvo izmai\u0146u p\u0101rejas likums<\/h1>\n<p><\/p>\n<p>\u0160o likumu formul\u0113ja Fridrihs Engels, interpret\u0113jot H\u0113ge\u013ca lo\u0123iku. Tom\u0113r to var piln\u012bb\u0101 ieraudz\u012bt pirmaj\u0101 s\u0113jum\u0101 noda\u013c\u0101 par <em>m\u0113ru<\/em>. T t\u0101 b\u016bt\u012bba ir t\u0101da, ka <em>kvantitat\u012bvas<\/em> izmai\u0146as objekt\u0101 var ietekm\u0113t t\u0101 <em>kvalit\u0101ti<\/em>. Piem\u0113ram, mums ir objekts ledus, uzkr\u0101jot temperat\u016bru, tas p\u0101rv\u0113r\u0161as \u0161\u0137idrum\u0101 un maina savas <em>kvalit\u0101tes<\/em>. Lai \u012bstenotu \u0161\u0101du uzved\u012bbu objekt\u0101 past\u0101v dizaina paraugs \"St\u0101voklis\". \u0160\u0101da risin\u0101juma ra\u0161an\u0101s ir izrais\u012bta t\u0101das lietas k\u0101 programm\u0113\u0161an\u0101 <em>pamats<\/em> lai <em>objekta ra\u0161an\u0101s<\/em> . <em>Pamats<\/em> nosaka nosac\u012bjumus, ap kuriem objekts var rasties, bet algoritm\u0101 m\u0113s pa\u0161i izlemjam, kad mums j\u0101s\u0101k inicializ\u0113t objekts.<\/p>\n<p><\/p>\n<p><strong>PS:<\/strong> Ja \u0161\u012b inform\u0101cija b\u016bs interesanta, es veido\u0161u p\u0101rskatu par cit\u0101m b\u016bt\u012bb\u0101m no \"Lo\u0123ikas zin\u0101tnes\".<\/p>\n<p>Avots: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/448948\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f 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\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438. \u0421\u0443\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0437 &#171;\u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043a\u0438&#187; \u0432\u044b\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446\u044b \u0441 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432. \u0427\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0412\u044b \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0435, \u0442\u043e \u0443\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0443 &#171;\u0431\u0435\u0437 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":23951,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32111","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443.\" \/>\n\t<meta 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