{"id":32452,"date":"2019-10-31T21:47:09","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:47:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/budushhee-za-oblakami\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:47:09","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:47:09","slug":"budushhee-za-oblakami","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/administrirovanie\/budushhee-za-oblakami","title":{"rendered":"N\u0101kotne ir m\u0101ko\u0146os","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

1.1. Ievads<\/h2>\n

\nRun\u0101jot par IT att\u012bst\u012bbu p\u0113d\u0113jo da\u017eu gadu laik\u0101, nedr\u012bkst aizmirst par m\u0101ko\u0146u risin\u0101jumu lomu starp citiem. Apskat\u012bsim, kas \u012bsti ir m\u0101ko\u0146u risin\u0101jumi, tehnolo\u0123ijas utt.
\nM\u0101ko\u0146dato\u0161ana (vai m\u0101ko\u0146u pakalpojumi) ir \u012bpa\u0161s r\u012bku un meto\u017eu kopums datu lo\u0123istikai, uzglab\u0101\u0161anai un apstr\u0101dei att\u0101lin\u0101tajos datu apstr\u0101des resursos, kas ietver serverus, datu uzglab\u0101\u0161anas sist\u0113mas (DUS) un datu p\u0101rs\u016bt\u012b\u0161anas sist\u0113mas (DPS).<\/p>\n

Izstr\u0101d\u0101jot IT produktu, bija tas t\u012bmek\u013ca lapas viz\u012btkarte, interneta veikals, augstas noslodzes port\u0101ls vai datu b\u0101zu sist\u0113ma (DB), past\u0101v vismaz divi veidi, k\u0101 izvietot j\u016bsu produktu. <\/p>\n

Pas\u016bt\u012bt\u0101ja teritorij\u0101 (ang\u013cu \u2013 on-premise)<\/b> vai m\u0101ko\u0146os (ang\u013cu \u2013 cloud)<\/b>. Taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101 nevar prec\u012bzi pateikt, kas ir izdev\u012bg\u0101k naudas izteiksm\u0113 kopum\u0101. <\/p>\n

Ja j\u016bs izmantojat serveri, uz kura darbojas neliela datu b\u0101ze, kas neprasa augstu pieejam\u012bbu, un vienk\u0101r\u0161u t\u012bmek\u013ca lapu ar nelielu slodzi \u2013 j\u0101, viet\u0113j\u0101 izvieto\u0161ana ir j\u016bsu variants. Bet tikl\u012bdz j\u016bsu slodzes un vajadz\u012bbas pieaug \u2014 j\u0101padom\u0101 par p\u0101rcel\u0161anos uz m\u0101ko\u0146u.
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

1.2. M\u0101ko\u0146i starp mums<\/h2>\n

\nPirms apspriest, k\u0101 tie\u0161i tiek nodro\u0161in\u0101ti m\u0101ko\u0146i, ir svar\u012bgi saprast, ka st\u0101sts par m\u0101ko\u0146iem nav par lieliem IT nozares gigantiem un vi\u0146u iek\u0161\u0113jiem pakalpojumiem, m\u0113s ar\u012b katru dienu izmantojam m\u0101ko\u0146u dat\u0113\u0161anu. <\/p>\n

\u0160odien, 2019. gad\u0101, gr\u016bti atrast cilv\u0113ku, kur\u0161 neb\u016btu izmantojis Instagram, e-pastu, kartes un satiksmes inform\u0101ciju sav\u0101 telefon\u0101. Un viss \u0161is dati tiek glab\u0101ti un apstr\u0101d\u0101ti kur? Pareizi!
\nPat ja j\u016bs, b\u016bdams IT speci\u0101lists uz\u0146\u0113mum\u0101 ar vismaz nelielu fili\u0101\u013cu t\u012bklu (ieredzot to), ievietosit DUS infrastrukt\u016br\u0101, tad, k\u0101d\u0101 veid\u0101 j\u016bs nepied\u0101v\u0101tu piek\u013cuvi resursam, vai t\u0101 b\u016btu t\u012bmek\u013ca saskarne, ftp vai samba \u2014 j\u016bsu lietot\u0101jiem \u0161is uzglab\u0101\u0161anas risin\u0101jums b\u016bs m\u0101ko\u0146i, kas atrodas\u2026 kaut kur tur. Ko lai saka par t\u0101d\u0101m ierast\u0101m liet\u0101m, kuras m\u0113s izmantojam katru dienu desmitiem rei\u017eu. <\/p>\n

2.1. M\u0101ko\u0146u jaudu izvieto\u0161anas veidi<\/h2>\n

\nLabi, m\u0101ko\u0146i. Bet viss nav tik vienk\u0101r\u0161i. M\u0113s ar\u012b n\u0101kam uz darbu \u2014 p\u0101rdev\u0113ji, IT speci\u0101listi, vad\u012bt\u0101ji. Bet tas ir pla\u0161s j\u0113dziens, katram ir noteikta funkcija un klasifik\u0101cija. T\u0101pat ar\u012b \u0161eit. Faktiski m\u0101ko\u0146u pakalpojumu var iedal\u012bt \u010detros veidos. <\/p>\n

1.Publiskais m\u0101ko\u0146s (public cloud)<\/b> \u2014 t\u0101 ir platforma, kas ir publiski pieejama visiem lietot\u0101jiem bez maksas vai ar maksas abonementu. Visbie\u017e\u0101k t\u0101 ir konkr\u0113tas fiziskas personas vai juridiskas personas p\u0101rvald\u012bb\u0101. Piem\u0113rs var\u0113tu b\u016bt port\u0101ls, kas apkopo zin\u0101tnisko inform\u0101ciju. <\/p>\n

2. Priv\u0101tais m\u0101konis (private cloud)<\/b> \u2014 piln\u012bga pretstat\u0101 punktam 1. T\u0101 ir platforma, kas ir sl\u0113gta no sabiedr\u012bbas, bie\u017ei vien paredz\u0113ta vienai komp\u0101nijai (vai komp\u0101nijai un partnerorganiz\u0101cij\u0101m). Piek\u013cuvi pie\u0161\u0137ir tikai sist\u0113mas administrators lietot\u0101jiem. Tas var b\u016bt iek\u0161\u0113jie pakalpojumi, piem\u0113ram, intraneta t\u012bkla sist\u0113ma, SD (service desk), CRM u.tml. Parasti \u0161\u0101du m\u0101ko\u0146u \u012bpa\u0161nieki vai segmenti piev\u0113r\u0161 \u013coti nopietnu uzman\u012bbu inform\u0101cijas dro\u0161\u012bbai un biznesa aizsardz\u012bbai, jo priv\u0101tajos m\u0101kon\u012bs tiek glab\u0101ta inform\u0101cija par p\u0101rdo\u0161anu, klientiem, uz\u0146\u0113mumu strat\u0113\u0123iskajiem pl\u0101niem un tml. <\/p>\n

3. Sabiedriskais m\u0101konis \u2014 (community cloud)<\/b> var teikt, ka tas ir priv\u0101tais m\u0101konis, kas ir sadal\u012bts starp vair\u0101k\u0101m firm\u0101m ar l\u012bdz\u012bg\u0101m vajadz\u012bb\u0101m vai interes\u0113m. Bie\u017ei tiek izmantots, ja ir nepiecie\u0161ams pie\u0161\u0137irt ties\u012bbas lietot resursus un lietojumprogrammas vair\u0101kiem cilv\u0113kiem vai strukt\u016brvien\u012bb\u0101m no da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m komp\u0101nij\u0101m. <\/p>\n

4. Hibr\u012bdm\u0101konis \u2014 (hybrid cloud)<\/b> ir infrastrukt\u016bras veids, kas apvieno vismaz divus izvieto\u0161anas veidus. Visbie\u017e\u0101kais piem\u0113rs ir klienta datu centra m\u0113rogo\u0161ana, piesaistot m\u0101koni. Tas tiek dar\u012bts, lai ietaup\u012btu l\u012bdzek\u013cus, ja nav iesp\u0113jams p\u0101riet uz m\u0101koni 100% vai ar\u012b dro\u0161\u012bbas un likumdo\u0161anas jaut\u0101jumu d\u0113\u013c. <\/p>\n

2.2. Apkalpo\u0161anas veidi<\/h2>\n

\nSuper, izvieto\u0161anas veidi ir tik da\u017e\u0101di, bet vai tiem tom\u0113r nav kaut kas kop\u012bgs? J\u0101, tie ir apkalpo\u0161anas veidi, kas ir identiski visiem m\u0101ko\u0146u veidiem. Apskat\u012bsim 3 visbie\u017e\u0101k sastopamos. <\/p>\n

IaaS (infrastructure as a service)<\/b> \u2014 infrastrukt\u016bra k\u0101 pakalpojums. \u0160aj\u0101 variant\u0101 jums tiek nodro\u0161in\u0101ti serveri virtu\u0101lo ma\u0161\u012bnu (VM), disku, t\u012bkla apr\u012bkojuma veid\u0101, uz kuriem j\u016bs varat uzst\u0101d\u012bt nepiecie\u0161amo oper\u0113t\u0101jsist\u0113mu, vidi, izveidot pakalpojumus utt. Lai gan \u0161obr\u012bd es akt\u012bvi att\u012bstos Yandex m\u0101ko\u0146os, savu iepaz\u012b\u0161anos es s\u0101ku ar GCP (Google Cloud Platform), t\u0101p\u0113c piem\u0113rus snieg\u0161u, balstoties uz to, bet par pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113jiem run\u0101\u0161u nedaudz v\u0113l\u0101k. T\u0101tad, piem\u0113rs IaaS risin\u0101jumam GCP b\u016bs elements Compute Engine. T.i., t\u0101 ir vienk\u0101r\u0161a parasta VM, uz kuras j\u016bs pa\u0161i izv\u0113laties oper\u0113t\u0101jsist\u0113mu, pa\u0161i nodarbojaties ar programmat\u016bras iestat\u012b\u0161anu un lietojumprogrammu izvieto\u0161anu. Apskat\u0101m piem\u0113ru. J\u016bs esat Python programm\u0113t\u0101js un v\u0113laties izveidot vietni ar m\u0101ko\u0146a aizmuguri, apsverot tikai IaaS variantu. Jums ir nepiecie\u0161ams pa\u0146emt vienu VM, uz kuras darbosies m\u0101jas lapa, priek\u0161 t\u0101 ir j\u0101uzst\u0101da (GCP izv\u0113las izveido\u0161anas posm\u0101) oper\u0113t\u0101jsist\u0113ma, atjaunin\u0101t pakot\u0146u p\u0101rvaldnieku (k\u0101p\u0113c gan n\u0113), uzst\u0101d\u012bt nepiecie\u0161amo Python versiju, Nginx utt. Uz trim VM izveidot k\u013c\u016bdu notur\u012bgu DB klasteri (ar\u012b manu\u0101li). \u0145emt v\u0113r\u0101 \u017eurn\u0101lu veido\u0161anu utt. Tas ir l\u0113ti un ilgi, bet, ja v\u0113laties maksim\u0101lu elast\u012bbu \u2014 tas ir j\u016bsu izv\u0113le.<\/p>\n

N\u0101kamais, tuv\u0101k vienk\u0101r\u0161umam un d\u0101rdz\u012bbai, ir PaaS (platforma k\u0101 pakalpojums)<\/b>. \u0160eit j\u016bs ar\u012b sa\u0146emat VM, bet bez iesp\u0113jas main\u012bt konfigur\u0101ciju tik elast\u012bgi, j\u016bs neizv\u0113laties OS, programmat\u016bras komplektu utt., j\u016bs sa\u0146emat gatavu vidi savam produktam. Atgriez\u012bsimies pie t\u0101 pa\u0161a piem\u0113ra. J\u016bs ieg\u0101d\u0101jaties divus instancus App Engine GCP, viens no tiem darbosies k\u0101 DB, otrs k\u0101 webservera<\/a>. Jums nav j\u0101konfigur\u0113 apkalpojo\u0161\u0101s programmas, j\u016bs varat tie\u0161i no kastes palaist ra\u017eo\u0161anas vidi. Tas maks\u0101 vair\u0101k, piekr\u012btiet, darbs ir j\u0101maks\u0101, un j\u016bsu d\u0113\u013c ir str\u0101d\u0101jusi visa komanda. Toties j\u016bs sa\u0146emat gatavu platformu darbam. <\/p>\n

Tre\u0161ais no galvenajiem variantiem, kas ir augst\u0101k par p\u0101r\u0113jiem \u2014 SaaS (programmat\u016bra k\u0101 pakalpojums).<\/b> J\u016bs neveicat pl\u0101nas VM iestat\u012b\u0161anas, j\u016bs t\u0101s visp\u0101r nekonfigur\u0113jat. Jums nav j\u0101b\u016bt IT speci\u0101listam, nav j\u0101mekl\u0113 kods, nav j\u0101veido aizmugure. Viss jau ir gatavs. Tie jau ir gatavi, izvietoti risin\u0101jumi, piem\u0113ram, GSuite (biju\u0161ais Google Apps), DropBox, Office 365. <\/p>\n

3.1. Kas zem v\u0101ka?<\/h2>\n

\nIek\u013c\u0101v\u0101t pr\u0101t\u0101? Labi, turpin\u0101sim t\u0101l\u0101k. M\u0113s ieg\u0101d\u0101j\u0101mies VM, str\u0101d\u0101j\u0101m ar to, izn\u012bcin\u0101j\u0101m un ieg\u0101d\u0101j\u0101mies v\u0113l 10. M\u0113s nep\u0113rkam aparat\u016bru, bet zin\u0101m, ka kaut kur tai j\u0101b\u016bt. Kad j\u016bs ievies\u0101t S\u012aV savas uz\u0146\u0113m\u0113jdarb\u012bbas infrastrukt\u016br\u0101, j\u016bs, iesp\u0113jams, to novietoj\u0101t stend\u0101 datu centr\u0101. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di m\u0101ko\u0146u pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113ji iznom\u0101 jums da\u013cu no savas datu centra telpas, tikai milz\u012bg\u0101 apm\u0113r\u0101. T\u0101 d\u0113v\u0113tie DCP (datu apstr\u0101des centri). Tie ir lieli kompleksi, kas izvietoti gandr\u012bz vis\u0101 pasaul\u0113. B\u016bves parasti notiek tuvum\u0101 viet\u0101m, kur\u0101s vismaz da\u013cu gada var nodro\u0161in\u0101t dabisku dzes\u0113\u0161anu, ta\u010du da\u017ei pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113ji var b\u016bv\u0113t ar\u012b Nevadas tuksnes\u012b. Papildus tam, ka milz\u012bg\u0101 izm\u0113ra ang\u0101r\u0101 pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113js ievietos vair\u0101kus simtus stendu, vi\u0146\u0161 ar\u012b r\u016bp\u0113jas par siltumapmai\u0146u (visi ta\u010du zina, ka datorus nedr\u012bkst sald\u0113t un p\u0101rkarst?), par j\u016bsu datu dro\u0161\u012bbu vispirms fiziskaj\u0101 l\u012bmen\u012b, t\u0101p\u0113c nelikum\u012bgi nok\u013c\u016bt DCP ir gr\u016bti. Tom\u0113r datu uzglab\u0101\u0161anas metodes DCP at\u0161\u0137iras pie da\u017e\u0101diem pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113jiem: k\u0101ds veido sadal\u012btas ierakstus starp da\u017e\u0101diem datu centriem, cits uzticami uzglab\u0101 visus vien\u0101. <\/p>\n

3.2. M\u0101ko\u0146i tagad un retrospekcij\u0101. Pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113ji<\/h2>\n

\nJa \u0146emam v\u0113r\u0101 v\u0113sturi, pirmie priek\u0161noteikumi m\u016bsdienu m\u0101ko\u0146u platformu izveidei par\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s jau 70. gadu vid\u016b pag\u0101ju\u0161aj\u0101 gadsimt\u0101, kad tika izstr\u0101d\u0101ts un ieviests prototips interneta t\u012bklam ARPANET. Toreiz runa bija par to, ka k\u0101du dienu cilv\u0113ki var\u0113tu sa\u0146emt visus iesp\u0113jamos pakalpojumus caur t\u012bklu. Laiks g\u0101ja, kan\u0101li k\u013cuva stabil\u0101ki un pla\u0161\u0101ki, un 1999. gad\u0101 par\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s pirm\u0101 komerci\u0101l\u0101 CRM sist\u0113ma, kas tiek pied\u0101v\u0101ta izsl\u0113gti ar abonementu un ir pirm\u0101 SaaS, kuru eksempl\u0101ri uzglab\u0101 vien\u0101 datu centr\u0101. V\u0113l\u0101k uz\u0146\u0113mums izdala da\u017e\u0101dus strukt\u016brvien\u012bbas, kas parakst\u012b\u0161anai pied\u0101v\u0101 PaaS, tostarp priv\u0101t\u0101 BDaaS (datub\u0101ze k\u0101 pakalpojums) gad\u012bjum\u0101. 2002. gad\u0101 Amazon izlaida pakalpojumu, kas \u013cauj uzglab\u0101t un apstr\u0101d\u0101t inform\u0101ciju, bet 2008. gad\u0101 prezent\u0113 pakalpojumu, kur\u0101 lietot\u0101js var izveidot savas virtu\u0101l\u0101s ma\u0161\u012bnas, un t\u0101 s\u0101kas lielo m\u0101ko\u0146u tehnolo\u0123iju \u0113ra. <\/p>\n

Tagad ir ierasts run\u0101t par lielo trijotni (lai gan es p\u0113c pusgada redzu lielo ceturtotni): Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud Platform\u2026 Yandex Cloud. Par p\u0113d\u0113jiem ir \u012bpa\u0161i pat\u012bkami, jo, kad m\u016bsu tautie\u0161i strauji iekaro pasaules tirgu, \u012bpa\u0161a lepnums skrien \u0161ermu\u013ci pa \u0101du. <\/p>\n

T\u0101pat ir \u013coti daudz uz\u0146\u0113mumu, piem\u0113ram, Oracle vai Alibaba, kuriem ir savi m\u0101ko\u0146i, bet noteiktu apst\u0101k\u013cu d\u0113\u013c tie nav tik popul\u0101ri starp lietot\u0101jiem. Nu, protams, ir ar\u012b pui\u0161i-hostinga<\/a>, kuri ar\u012b ir pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113ji, kas pied\u0101v\u0101 PaaS vai SaaS risin\u0101jumus. <\/p>\n

3.3. Cenu veido\u0161ana un dot\u0101cijas<\/h2>\n

\nEs nenogurdin\u0101\u0161u ar pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113ju cenu politiku, jo cit\u0101di tas b\u016bs atkl\u0101ta rekl\u0101ma. V\u0113los atz\u012bm\u0113t, ka visi lielie uz\u0146\u0113mumi pied\u0101v\u0101 dot\u0101cijas no 200 l\u012bdz 700 USD gad\u0101 vai \u012bs\u0101kiem periodiem, lai j\u016bs, k\u0101 lietot\u0101ji, var\u0113tu izm\u0113\u0123in\u0101t vi\u0146u risin\u0101jumu jaudu un saprast, kas jums tie\u0161i nepiecie\u0161ams. <\/p>\n

T\u0101pat visi liel\u0101s trijotnes\u2026 vai ceturtas, jau pavisam t\u016bl\u012bt\u2026 pied\u0101v\u0101 iesp\u0113ju pievienoties partneru rind\u0101m, organiz\u0113 semin\u0101rus un apm\u0101c\u012bbas, pied\u0101v\u0101 sertifik\u0101ciju un atlaides uz saviem produktiem.
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