{"id":32987,"date":"2019-10-31T21:50:08","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:50:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/samye-interesnye-yady\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:50:08","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:50:08","slug":"samye-interesnye-yady","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/news\/samye-interesnye-yady","title":{"rendered":"Visbie\u017e\u0101k intereses izraiso\u0161ie indes","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Visbie\u017e\u0101k intereses izraiso\u0161ie indes\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/1adc2613ed3713c148a0eeb4c4510cb7.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nSveiks, %username%!<\/p>\n<p>Atkal vakars, atkal man nav ko dar\u012bt, un es nol\u0113mu pavad\u012bt nedaudz laika, lai uzrakst\u012btu savu cikla par ind\u0113m tre\u0161o da\u013cu. Ceru, ka tu las\u012bji <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450294\/\">pirmo<\/a><\/noindex> un <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450398\/\">otro<\/a><\/noindex> da\u013cu un tev patika.<\/p>\n<p>Tre\u0161aj\u0101 da\u013c\u0101 m\u0113s nedaudz atp\u016bt\u012bsimies. \u0160eit neb\u016bs st\u0101sts par t\u0101m ind\u0113m, kuras tu sastopi katr\u0101 sol\u012b \u2014 dr\u012bz\u0101k tie\u0161i pret\u0113ji. \u0160eit neb\u016bs str\u012bd\u0113\u0161an\u0101s par alkohola un nikot\u012bna kait\u012bgumu.<\/p>\n<p>Tre\u0161aj\u0101 da\u013c\u0101 es apkopos t\u0101s indes, kuras man k\u0101du iemeslu d\u0113\u013c \u0161\u0137ita interesantas (ja \u0161is v\u0101rds visp\u0101r attiecas uz ind\u0113m \u2014 bet, k\u0101 jau es teicu: esmu m\u0101kslinieks, es to redzu t\u0101).<\/p>\n<p>T\u0101tad, atkal mana n\u0101v\u0113jo\u0161\u0101 desmitnieka saraksts! S\u0101ksim.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h3>Desmit\u0101 vieta<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Hom\u012bd\u012bjbrom\u012bds<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Visbie\u017e\u0101k intereses izraiso\u0161ie indes\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/0344809f92010a7ebf7d7c024733ce81.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nCilv\u0113ce vienm\u0113r ir bijusi zi\u0146k\u0101r\u012bga. Un sav\u0101 zi\u0146k\u0101r\u012bb\u0101 t\u0101 da\u017ereiz nejau\u0161i rada monstru.<\/p>\n<p>Hom\u012bd\u012bjbrom\u012bds tika izveidots k\u0101 interkal\u0113jo\u0161ais l\u012bdzeklis molekul\u0101raj\u0101 bio\u0123ij\u0101, lai identific\u0113tu un izp\u0113t\u012btu nukle\u012bnsk\u0101bes, \u012bpa\u0161i, gad\u012bjum\u0101, ja tiek veikta DNS vai RNS elektrofor\u0113\u0161ana agarozes g\u0113l\u0101.<\/p>\n<p>V\u0101rds \u201einterkal\u0113jo\u0161ais\u201d \u0161eit ir atsl\u0113ga. Saska\u0146\u0101 ar defin\u012bciju, interkal\u0101cija ir atgriezeniska molekulas vai grupas iek\u013cau\u0161ana starp cit\u0101m molekul\u0101m vai grup\u0101m. Hom\u012bd\u012bjbrom\u012bds mijiedarbojas ar nukle\u012bnsk\u0101b\u0113m, iek\u013caujoties starp b\u0101z\u0113m.<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Kam interes\u0113 \u2014 tas izskat\u0101s aptuveni t\u0101.<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Visbie\u017e\u0101k intereses izraiso\u0161ie indes\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/b352f666de3f03eb133509a35ab3373e.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nPraks\u0113 hom\u012bd\u012bjbrom\u012bds pat neliel\u0101s dev\u0101s kav\u0113 DNS un RNS sint\u0113zi un maina superspir\u0101l\u0113to rin\u0137a DNS. \u0160\u012b viela ir gandr\u012bz visjaud\u012bg\u0101k\u0101 no zin\u0101maj\u0101m mutag\u0113n\u0101m.<\/p>\n<p>Literat\u016br\u0101 nav inform\u0101cijas par to, cik daudz hom\u012bd\u012bjbrom\u012bda j\u0101izdzer, lai garant\u0113ti nomirtu. Nav inform\u0101cijas par to, k\u0101 norit\u0113s \u0161\u012b n\u0101ve. Zin\u0101tnieki joproj\u0101m str\u012bdas, vai \u0161ai vielai ir kancerog\u0113nas \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas.<\/p>\n<p>%username%, hom\u012bd\u012bjbrom\u012bds ir lielisks veids, k\u0101 uzzin\u0101t ko jaunu par savu organismu S.T.A.L.K.E.R. stil\u0101. Esi drosm\u012bgs!<\/p>\n<h3>Dev\u012btais vieta<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">NNG<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Visbie\u017e\u0101k intereses izraiso\u0161ie indes\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/51f2314e8f709f7a638330d8e41561e5.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nJa desmit\u0101 vieta tevi neapmierin\u0101ja \u2014 iepaz\u012bsties: N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanid\u012bns! Nu vai vienk\u0101r\u0161i un pietic\u012bgi: BFG NNG.<\/p>\n<p>Atceries, es teicu par \u201egandr\u012bz visjaud\u012bg\u0101ko mutag\u0113nu\u201d? T\u0101tad, NNG \u2014 tas ir visjaud\u012bg\u0101kais. At\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no v\u0101j\u0101 hom\u012bd\u012bjbrom\u012bda, NNG vienm\u0113r izraisa vair\u0101k nek\u0101 vienu mut\u0101ciju uz \u0161\u016bnu. G\u0113nu in\u017eenierijas meistari, veicot eksperimentus ar zarnu n\u016bj\u0101m, izmantoja tie\u0161i NNG.<\/p>\n<p>Un, starp citu, NNG ir 100% kancerog\u0113ns. \u0160aj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 veidojas daudzas audz\u0113ju, kas vienm\u0113r ir recidiv\u0113jo\u0161i.<\/p>\n<p>Turkl\u0101t NNG:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nestabils. \u0160\u012b viela pati par sevi ir pulveris, bet t\u0101 past\u0101v\u012bgi sadal\u0101s, un, uzglab\u0101jot sl\u0113gt\u0101 trauk\u0101, spr\u0101gst. <\/li>\n<li>Strauji rea\u0123\u0113 ar \u016bdeni.<\/li>\n<li>Var spr\u0101gt ietekm\u0113 trieciena.<\/li>\n<li>J\u016bt\u012bgs pret siltumu, gaismu, mitrumu \u2014 spr\u0101gst bez br\u012bdin\u0101juma.<\/li>\n<li>Viegl\u016bdens.<\/li>\n<li>Sader\u012bgs ar \u016bdens \u0161\u0137\u012bdumiem, sk\u0101b\u0113m, s\u0101rmiem, oksid\u0113t\u0101jiem, reduc\u0113t\u0101jiem \u2014 vardarb\u012bga reakcija ar spr\u0101dzienu.<\/li>\n<li>S\u0101rmain\u0101 hidrol\u012bze deaktiv\u0101cijas proces\u0101 izdala toksiskas un spr\u0101dzienb\u012bstamas g\u0101zes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nLai gan attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz toksicit\u0101ti NNG ir sal\u012bdzino\u0161i m\u012b\u013ca: \u017eurkas mirst pie dev\u0101m apm\u0113ram 90 mg\/kg. \u0145emot v\u0113r\u0101 galven\u0101s NNG \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas, var teikt, ka t\u0101m paveic\u0101s.<\/p>\n<h3>Astot\u0101 vieta<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Heptils<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Visbie\u017e\u0101k intereses izraiso\u0161ie indes\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/597e48bbf67200c50514a28b65517be8.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nCik sen cilv\u0113ks sap\u0146oja lidot. Pag\u0101ju\u0161aj\u0101 gadsimt\u0101 sapnis tika realiz\u0113ts lidojumos kosmos\u0101. Ar katru gadu cilv\u0113ce aizvien vair\u0101k baroja domas par M\u0113ness, Marsa apguvi, lidojumiem uz zvaigzn\u0113m.<\/p>\n<p>Bet tad sacens\u012bba izs\u012bkusi. Zudusi konkurence, izs\u012bkusi azarts, visi s\u0101k apk\u0101rt skait\u012bt naudu un p\u0113k\u0161\u0146i atkl\u0101j, ka ir daudz interesant\u0101k peln\u012bt naudu uz viedt\u0101lru\u0146iem un procesoriem, nek\u0101 lidot kaut kur.<\/p>\n<p>Bet ne par to es run\u0101ju. Heptils \u2014 vai nesimetriskais dimetilhidraz\u012bns (NDMH, 1,1-dimetilhidraz\u012bns) \u2014 ir augst\u0101s temperat\u016bras (ar vir\u0161anas temperat\u016bru virs 0 \u00b0C) ra\u0137e\u0161u degvielas sast\u0101vda\u013ca. Oksid\u0113t\u0101js, kas bie\u017ei tiek izmantots kop\u0101 ar heptilu, ir tetroks\u012bda diazota (AT), t\u012brs vai mais\u012bjum\u0101 ar sl\u0101pek\u013ca sk\u0101bi, zin\u0101mi gad\u012bjumi, kad tika izmantota t\u012bra sk\u0101be un \u0161\u0137idrais sk\u0101beklis. Heptila \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbu uzlabo\u0161anai to izmantoja mais\u012bjum\u0101 ar hidraz\u012bnu, kas paz\u012bstams k\u0101 aerosol\u012bns.<\/p>\n<p>\u0160\u012b degviela (un t\u0101 ir tie\u0161i ra\u0137e\u0161u degviela!) tika izmantota un tiek izmantota, tostarp, Padomju ra\u0137et\u0113s nes\u0113jos \"Proton\", \"Kosmos\", \"Ciklon\"; amerik\u0101\u0146u \u2014 \"Titan\" \u0123imen\u0113; fran\u010du \u2014 \"Ariane\" \u0123imen\u0113; dzin\u0113ju iek\u0101rt\u0101s apkalpoto ku\u0123u, satel\u012btu, orb\u012btu un starpplanet\u0101ro staciju.<\/p>\n<p>Heptils ir bezkr\u0101sains vai nedaudz dzelten\u012bgs caursp\u012bd\u012bgs \u0161\u0137idrums ar sp\u0113c\u012bgu nepat\u012bkamu smaku, kas rakstur\u012bga am\u012bniem (sapuvusi zivs smaka, l\u012bdz\u012bga amonjakam, \u013coti l\u012bdz\u012bga \u0161protu smakai). Tas labi sajaucas ar \u016bdeni, etanolu, liel\u0101ko da\u013cu naftas produktu un daudziem organiskajiem \u0161\u0137\u012bdin\u0101t\u0101jiem. Tas autom\u0101tiski aizdegas saskaroties ar sk\u0101bek\u013ca oksid\u0113t\u0101jiem, pamatojoties uz sl\u0101pek\u013ca sk\u0101bi un tetraksid\u012btu diazotu, kas atvieglo konstrukciju un nodro\u0161ina vieglu palai\u0161anu un iesp\u0113ju atk\u0101rtot ra\u0137e\u0161u dzin\u0113ju iedarbin\u0101\u0161anu. Tas ir viens no t\u0101s priek\u0161roc\u012bb\u0101m, kl\u0101t n\u0101k ar\u012b liela efektivit\u0101te uz vienu masas degvielas mais\u012bjuma vien\u012bbu (p\u0101rsniedzot sk\u0101bek\u013ca + d\u012bze\u013ca un sk\u0101bek\u013ca + \u016bde\u0146ra\u017ea p\u0101ri p\u0113c bl\u012bvuma \u2014 1170 kg\/m\u00b3 sal\u012bdzinot ar 1070 kg\/m\u00b3 un 285 kg\/m\u00b3 attiec\u012bgi) un iesp\u0113ja ilgsto\u0161i uzglab\u0101t ra\u0137etes uzpild\u012bt\u0101 veid\u0101 norm\u0101l\u0101 temperat\u016br\u0101.<\/p>\n<p>Tagad \u2014 par nepat\u012bkamo.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Heptils ir \u010detras reizes toksisk\u0101ks par cian\u016bde\u0146ra\u017ea sk\u0101bi. Ietekme uz cilv\u0113ka organismu: g\u013cot\u0101du kairin\u0101jums ac\u012bs, elpce\u013cos un plau\u0161\u0101s, sp\u0113c\u012bga centr\u0101l\u0101s nervu sist\u0113mas uzbudin\u0101jums, ku\u0146\u0123a-zarnu trakta trauc\u0113jumi (nelabums, vem\u0161ana), apzi\u0146as zudums, n\u0101ve.<\/li>\n<li>Uzliesmo\u0161anas temperat\u016bra \u221215 \u00b0C; pa\u0161aizdeg\u0161an\u0101s temperat\u016bra 249 \u00b0C; koncentr\u0101cijas ierobe\u017eojumi liesmas izplat\u012b\u0161anai 2\u201395% apjoma. Tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka heptils \u013coti viegli aizdegas un \u013coti labpr\u0101t deg (kas gan var\u0113tu \u0161aub\u012bties).<\/li>\n<li>Heptila tvaiki ir \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi spr\u0101dzienb\u012bstami, atpaliek tikai no \u016bde\u0146ra\u017ea\u2014sk\u0101bek\u013ca p\u0101ra.<\/li>\n<li>Mutag\u0113ns. Kancerog\u0113ns. \u012apa\u0161i sp\u0113c\u012bgs, ka to izmanto, lai uzticami izraisa kolorekt\u0101lo kanceromu \u017eurk\u0101m audz\u0113ju p\u0113t\u012bjumos.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nK\u0101 tev tas pat\u012bk, Ilon Musks? \u012as\u0101k sakot, %username%, tev esi \u017e\u0113l, ja tu dz\u012bvo net\u0101lu no kosmodroma.<\/p>\n<h3>Sept\u012bt\u0101 vieta<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Kantarid\u012bns<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Visbie\u017e\u0101k intereses izraiso\u0161ie indes\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/4454a2a9a26a6276a41ddcbcf4ee23ed.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nPapildus tam, ka cilv\u0113cei vienm\u0113r ir bijusi v\u0113lme lidot, ir biju\u0161as daudz interesant\u0101kas lietas. Piem\u0113ram, visos laikos v\u012brie\u0161i bija \u013coti kompleks\u0113ti par sav\u0101m sp\u0113j\u0101m \u2014 un j\u0101, j\u0101! Es run\u0101ju tie\u0161i par t\u0101m sp\u0113j\u0101m!<\/p>\n<p>Tagad k\u0101dam v\u012brietim, mekl\u0113jot z\u0101les pret stenokardiju, noteikti paveicies \u2014 par\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s sildena\ufb01ls \u2014 vai ar\u012b vienk\u0101r\u0161i sakot \u2014 viagras. Agr\u0101k viss bija daudz gr\u016bt\u0101k!<\/p>\n<p>Viens no popul\u0101rajiem variantiem bija lietot t\u0101du dz\u012bv\u012bbu:<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Visbie\u017e\u0101k intereses izraiso\u0161ie indes\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/a027df8ffc439528e543a7c6d2bdf567.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nN\u0113, %username%, tas visp\u0101r nav za\u013cais tarak\u0101ns, bet sp\u0101\u0146u mu\u0161as. Un t\u0101s st\u0101sts ir diezgan sen un \u013coti kr\u0101sains:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Romas laik\u0101 Livija, vilt\u012bg\u0101 Oktavi\u0101na Augusta sieva, iemeta sp\u0101\u0146u mu\u0161as sav\u0101 \u0113dien\u0101, cerot, ka tas iedvesmos Livijas viesus nepiekl\u0101j\u012bbai, kas n\u0101kotn\u0113 pal\u012bdz\u0113tu vi\u0146ai \u0161ant\u0101\u017e\u0113t vi\u0146us.<\/li>\n<li>1572. gad\u0101 Ambr\u016bzs Par\u0113 uzrakst\u012bja zi\u0146ojumu par v\u012brieti, kur\u0161 cieta no \"visbriesm\u012bg\u0101k\u0101 satiri\u0101zma\" <i>(m\u0113s to tagad saucam cit\u0101 v\u0101rd\u0101, bet uzmekl\u0113 pats)<\/i> p\u0113c dz\u0113riena lieto\u0161anas, kura sast\u0101v\u0101 bija n\u0101tres un sp\u0101\u0146u mu\u0161as.<\/li>\n<li>1670. gados z\u012blniece un dziedniece Lja-Voz\u0113na pied\u0101v\u0101ja \"m\u012blest\u012bbas dz\u0113rienu\" no sp\u0101\u0146u mu\u0161\u0101m, \u017e\u0101v\u0113t\u0101m peles asin\u012bm un siksp\u0101r\u0146iem (fu).<\/li>\n<li>Marse\u013cas liet\u0101 mark\u012bzs de Sads tika aps\u016bdz\u0113ts, tostarp par \"sp\u0101\u0146u mu\u0161as\" izmanto\u0161anu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nUn visam vain\u012bgs ir kantharid\u012bns, kura \u0161\u012b tarak\u0101na nosl\u0113pum\u0101 ir l\u012bdz pat 5%! Starp citu, ne tikai: kantharid\u012bns atrodams zilo\u0146u asin\u012bs, maijpu\u0161\u0137os un da\u017eos st\u0101r\u0137os. Un j\u0101, mazos daudzumos tas ir tie\u0161i tas, kas nepiecie\u0161ams vecajam \u0161ever\u0101gam, ko apk\u0101rt ap\u0146\u0113mu\u0161as jaunas kurtiz\u0101nes!<\/p>\n<p>Probl\u0113ma ir t\u0101, ka papildus \u0161im efektam kantharid\u012bns ir ar\u012b \u0101du un abscesus veidojo\u0161as \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas. Bet, t\u0101 k\u0101 to neiep\u016bta, bet dz\u0113ra, tad: p\u0113c non\u0101k\u0161anas gremo\u0161anas trakt\u0101 dev\u0101s apm\u0113ram 0,5 mg\/kg s\u0101k\u0101s \u0101tra intoksik\u0101cija \u2014 v\u0113dera s\u0101pes, vem\u0161ana, ur\u012bns ar asin\u012bm, ak\u016bta nieru iekaisuma att\u012bst\u012bba, nieru mazsp\u0113ja. P\u0101rdoz\u0113\u0161ana 40-80 mg\/kg uzticami un uz visiem laikiem atrisin\u0101ja sarunas jaut\u0101jumu ne tikai ar sieviet\u0113m, bet ar\u012b vis\u0101m dz\u012bv\u0101m b\u016btn\u0113m: pie n\u0101kam\u0101s autopsijas tika konstat\u0113ta ak\u016bta g\u013cot\u0101du hiper\u0113mija, \u010d\u016blu veido\u0161an\u0101s un asi\u0146o\u0161anas apvidi, dif\u016bz\u0101s boj\u0101jumu vietas konstat\u0113tas akn\u0101s un nier\u0113s.<\/p>\n<p>Vai t\u0101 v\u0113rta risku? V\u0113sture teica, ka j\u0101.<\/p>\n<p>T\u0101p\u0113c Viagra pan\u0101kumi visp\u0101r nep\u0101rsteidz.<\/p>\n<h3>Sest\u0101 vieta<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Parakvats<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Visbie\u017e\u0101k intereses izraiso\u0161ie indes\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/1e1285e4586353ea9c1fce79bc3decbf.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nJa run\u0101jam par cilv\u0113ci un cilv\u0113kiem, tad zini, %username%, kad es sast\u0101d\u012bju \u0161o sarakstu, nevi\u013cus s\u0101ku saprast ar\u012b a\u013c\u0123es, s\u0113nes un visu to \u013cauno, ind\u012bgo floras un faunas pasauli, kas m\u016bs ieskauj. Jo nav nek\u0101 \u013caun\u0101ka un \u2014 kas rakstur\u012bgi! \u2014 bezsak\u0101rtotas ind\u012bgas dz\u012bv\u012bbas formas k\u0101 cilv\u0113ks, un es to neatradu. Turkl\u0101t \u201ebezsak\u0101rtotas\u201d \u2014 tas ir atsl\u0113gv\u0101rds, jo cilv\u0113ks ind\u0113 gan floru, gan faunu, gan sevi pa\u0161u.<\/p>\n<p>Parakvats \u2014 organisk\u0101 savienojuma, tirdzniec\u012bbas nosaukums N,N'-dimetil-4,4'-dipirid\u012blija dihloriids. Ceturt\u0113j\u0101 amonija s\u0101ls form\u0101 parakvats pla\u0161i tiek izmantots k\u0101 sp\u0113c\u012bgs nespecifisks herbic\u012bds. Starp citu, %username%, vai tev ir sava m\u0101jaslapa? <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.paraquat.com\/\">Bet parakvatam ir<\/a><\/noindex>!<\/p>\n<p>Parakvats tiek izmantots, lai izn\u012bcin\u0101tu pla\u0161lapu nez\u0101les un z\u0101li, bet tas ir maz\u0101k efekt\u012bvs c\u012b\u0146\u0101 ar dzi\u013ci sak\u0146oju\u0161\u0101m nez\u0101l\u0113m. \u0160is herbic\u012bds neietekm\u0113 koku mizu, t\u0101d\u0113\u013c to pla\u0161i izmanto c\u012b\u0146\u0101 ar nez\u0101l\u0113m aug\u013cu d\u0101rzos. 1960. gados parakvatu ASV izmantoja ar\u012b c\u012b\u0146ai pret marihu\u0101nas un kokas plant\u0101cij\u0101m Dienvidamerik\u0101 (k\u0101p\u0113c atceros st\u0101stu par \u201eDzelteno lietu\u201d un \u201eOran\u017eo a\u0123entu\u201d \u2014 atg\u0101dini man v\u0113l\u0101k, ja v\u0113lies dzird\u0113t ar\u012b \u0161o st\u0101stu). <\/p>\n<p>Parakvats ir \u013coti toksisks dz\u012bvniekiem un cilv\u0113kiem. Let\u0101l\u0101 deva var sast\u0101d\u012bt apm\u0113ram vienu t\u0113jkaroti vielas. Iek\u013c\u016bstot organism\u0101, parakvats ar asinsriti non\u0101k visos audos, un \u012bpa\u0161i selekt\u012bvi uzkr\u0101jas plau\u0161\u0101s. Tas izraisa t\u016bsku un citus plau\u0161u boj\u0101jumus, kas var novest pie fibr\u014dzes. Papildus plau\u0161\u0101m var tikt boj\u0101ti ar\u012b aknas un nieres (nieru mazsp\u0113ja).<\/p>\n<p>Pa\u0161laik parakvats tiek izmantots k\u0101 herbic\u012bds 120 valst\u012bs (Krievij\u0101 netiek izmantots \u2014 es par to pat biju p\u0101rsteigts!).<\/p>\n<p>Nu ko man teikt? Labu apet\u012bti.<\/p>\n<h3>Piekt\u0101 vieta<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Endr\u012bns<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Visbie\u017e\u0101k intereses izraiso\u0161ie indes\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/2c5ed0caaf2151799d914079cfbf6a66.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Endr\u012bns tika sintez\u0113ts 1949. gad\u0101 Kurtam Alderam. Komerci\u0101l\u0101 endr\u012bna ra\u017eo\u0161ana s\u0101k\u0101s ASV 1951. gad\u0101, kur to kop\u0101 ar aldr\u012bnu izmantoja k\u0101 pestic\u012bdu. Tika atkl\u0101ts, ka \u0161is savienojums ir vair\u0101k nek\u0101 divas reizes efekt\u012bv\u0101ks nek\u0101 aldr\u012bns un 10-12 reizes efekt\u012bv\u0101ks nek\u0101 DDT. Tas izr\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s efekt\u012bvs c\u012b\u0146\u0101 pret:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>k\u0101pur\u0137\u0113d\u0113m un t\u012bkliem tabak\u0101, kukur\u016bz\u0101, cuk beet\u0113, cukura ned\u0113\u013c\u0101, kokviln\u0101 un cit\u0101s lauksaimniec\u012bbas kult\u016br\u0101s;<\/li>\n<li>melnu j\u0101\u0146ogu p\u016bces \u0113rce, pret kuru citi prepar\u0101ti ir neefekt\u012bvi;<\/li>\n<li>pele un citi grauz\u0113ji;<\/li>\n<li>cilv\u0113ku (ko???).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nJ\u0101, mans d\u0101rgais draugs, endr\u012bna aerosol\u0101 toksiskums cilv\u0113kam ir sal\u012bdzin\u0101ms ar cian\u016bda sk\u0101bes toksiskumu. Tas galvenok\u0101rt ietekm\u0113 nervu sist\u0113mu. Iedarb\u012bba notiek caur \u0101du. Tam ir gar\u0161 pusperiods izvad\u012b\u0161anai no organisma. Pat\u012bkami, vai ne?<\/p>\n<p>Ak\u016btas endr\u012bna saind\u0113\u0161an\u0101s gad\u012bjum\u0101 rakstur\u012bga motora uzbudin\u0101jums, pa\u0101trin\u0101ta elpo\u0161ana, musku\u013cu raust\u012b\u0161an\u0101s, tr\u012bc\u0113\u0161ana, toniskie krampji. N\u0101ve iest\u0101jas p\u0113c vair\u0101kiem krampju uzbrukumiem elpo\u0161anas centra paral\u012bzes d\u0113\u013c. Ir aprakst\u012bti ak\u016btas saind\u0113\u0161an\u0101s gad\u012bjumi, kas radu\u0161\u0101s, \u0113dot maizi, kas izgatavota no pies\u0101r\u0146otas miltiem ar endr\u012bna saturu 150\u20135500 mg\/kg. Pirmie intoksik\u0101cijas simptomi parasti nov\u0113roti p\u0113c 2\u20133 stund\u0101m (visp\u0101r\u0113ja nesp\u0113ka saj\u016bta, slikta d\u016b\u0161a, vem\u0161ana, v\u0101jums, stipra sv\u012b\u0161ana). Smag\u0101kos gad\u012bjumos aprakst\u012bti krampji, \u012bslaic\u012bga kurlums, paral\u012bze, kust\u012bbu koordin\u0101cijas trauc\u0113jumi, parest\u0113zijas. Atvese\u013co\u0161an\u0101s notika \u0101tri, ta\u010du da\u017ereiz tika nov\u0113rota p\u0113c saind\u0113\u0161an\u0101s \u012bslaic\u012bga dezorient\u0101cija, agresivit\u0101te, intelekta trauc\u0113jumi. <\/p>\n<p>1969. gad\u0101 (18 gadus v\u0113l\u0101k!!!) endr\u012bns tika izsl\u0113gts no vielu saraksta, kas aizsarg\u0101 augus, sakar\u0101 ar t\u0101 tendenci uz bioakumul\u0101ciju (es, starp citu, teicu, ka tas nav \u0161\u0137\u012bsto\u0161s \u016bden\u012b?). Tom\u0113r \u0161is pestic\u012bds da\u017e\u0101s valst\u012bs tika lietots l\u012bdz 90.ja gadiem. Saska\u0146\u0101 ar Stokholmas konvencijas l\u0113mumu 2001. gada 23. maij\u0101 ir ieviests glob\u0101ls aizliegums ra\u017eot, realiz\u0113t un lietot endr\u012bnu k\u0101 vienu no \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi toksiskiem un iztur\u012bgiem pret vides iedarb\u012bbu pestic\u012bdiem. <\/p>\n<p>Kop\u0113jais endr\u012bna ra\u017eo\u0161anas apjoms kop\u0161 1951. gada ir ~5000 tonnu, no kuriem vair\u0101k nek\u0101 2500 tonnas ir ASV. Neviens nezina, kas ar to notiek, un vai to nav nosl\u0113pumaini izlietu \u2014 un tas ir skumji.<\/p>\n<h3>Ceturt\u0101 vieta<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">ric\u012bns<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Visbie\u017e\u0101k intereses izraiso\u0161ie indes\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/6037c04cd294f98662de64d7fd9a9afb.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nVai tu zini, kas ir makuha, %username%? Tas ir saulespu\u0137u spiedumi, tas, kas paliek, kad no s\u0113kl\u0101m ieg\u016bst e\u013c\u013cu. Mans vect\u0113vs m\u0101j\u0101s atnesa lielus \u0161\u0101dus makuhas diskus \u2014 uz tiem vi\u0146\u0161 p\u0113c tam zvejoja.<\/p>\n<p>Vai tu k\u0101dreiz esi redz\u0113jis ric\u012bna e\u013c\u013cu, %username%? Nejaut\u0101ju, vai dz\u0113ri, lai gan, starp citu, t\u0101 ir vislab\u0101k\u0101 un videi draudz\u012bg\u0101k\u0101 l\u012bdzek\u013ca risin\u0101\u0161anai da\u017eu delik\u0101tu probl\u0113mu.<\/p>\n<p>Vai esi redz\u0113jis r\u012bcine\u013c\u013cu, %username%? N\u0113? Ticiet man, tu to neredz\u0113si.<\/p>\n<p>R\u012bcine\u013c\u013cu ieg\u016bst no r\u012bcine\u013c\u013cas s\u0113kl\u0101m \u2014 siltaj\u0101s valst\u012bs t\u0101 ir kr\u016bmu aug\u0161ana l\u012bdz 10 m augstum\u0101, bet pie mums, pateicoties zemu dz\u012bves l\u012bmenim m\u0113ren\u0101s klimata zon\u0101s, t\u0101 ir viengad\u012bga auga, kas ir 2-5 m augsta.<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">T\u0101 izskat\u0101s \u0161\u012b z\u0101l\u012bte<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Visbie\u017e\u0101k intereses izraiso\u0161ie indes\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/c4f6fbaf0b72e16a87b6bf5fefe70e01.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Un t\u0101 \u2014 'ric\u012bna rieksti'.<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Visbie\u017e\u0101k intereses izraiso\u0161ie indes\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/0a2c19756cb2b70001ec092f10fdfded.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>T\u0101tad, %username%, r\u012bcine\u013c\u013cas pres\u0113ta miza tu nekad neredz\u0113si, jo t\u0101 ir strat\u0113\u0123isks inde un t\u0101 tiek stingri uzskait\u012bta un utiliz\u0113ta. Glikoprote\u012bns ric\u012bns, kas atrodas r\u012bcine\u013c\u013cas s\u0113kl\u0101s, ir visjaud\u012bg\u0101kais augu inde pasaul\u0113, ja vien ne\u0146em v\u0113r\u0101 augu \u2014 j\u016brasz\u0101les. Ric\u012bns ir 6 t\u016bksto\u0161us rei\u017eu toksisk\u0101ks nek\u0101 cian\u012bda k\u0101lijs. Ric\u012bna toksisk\u0101 iedarb\u012bba ir skaista: tas inhib\u0113 prote\u012bnu sint\u0113zi ribosom\u0101s. T\u0101tad, \u0161\u012bs maz\u0101s intracelul\u0101r\u0101s strukt\u016bras, kas visu sintiz\u0113 un padara \u0161\u016bnas noder\u012bgas \u2014 p\u0113k\u0161\u0146i p\u0101rst\u0101j darboties. Visiem. T\u0101ds ir intracelul\u0101rais streiks.<\/p>\n<p>Re\u0101laj\u0101 dz\u012bv\u0113 streiks izpau\u017eas \u0161\u0101di: slikta d\u016b\u0161a, vem\u0161ana, s\u0101pes un dedzin\u0101\u0161ana bar\u012bbas vad\u0101 un ku\u0146\u0123\u012b, caureja, galvass\u0101pes, miegain\u012bba, an\u016brija, leikocitoze, eritroc\u012btu aglutin\u0101cija (tas ir, kad tie sal\u012bp kop\u0101 un nokr\u012bt no asinsvadiem un sirds) \u2014 un tad seko kolapss un n\u0101ve. Viss ir vienk\u0101r\u0161i.<\/p>\n<p>T\u0101 k\u0101 neliela ric\u012bna deva lieluma ar adatas galvi\u0146u ir pietiekama, lai nogalin\u0101tu pieaugu\u0161u cilv\u0113ku, saprotams, ka tas cilv\u0113kiem ir k\u013cuvis \u013coti interesants, un ric\u012bna lieto\u0161anas veidi k\u0101 masu izn\u012bcin\u0101\u0161anas iero\u010di tika p\u0113t\u012bti da\u017e\u0101du valstu milit\u0101raj\u0101s iest\u0101d\u0113s, s\u0101kot ar Pirmo pasaules karu. Tom\u0113r vair\u0101ku tr\u016bkumu d\u0113\u013c \u0161is viela t\u0101 ar\u012b nekad netika pie\u0146emta iero\u010du arsen\u0101l\u0101.<\/p>\n<p>Tom\u0113r ric\u012bns tika izmantots specdienestu vajadz\u012bb\u0101m. Viens no slaven\u0101kajiem incidentiem ar ric\u012bna lieto\u0161anu bija bulg\u0101ru disidenta Georgija Markova slepkav\u012bba, kur\u0161 tika nobend\u0113ts 1978. gad\u0101 ar speci\u0101la dizaina lietussarga adatu. Saska\u0146\u0101 ar citiem datiem, slepkavas ierocis bija pneimatisk\u0101 \u0161autene, kas iz\u0161\u0101va ric\u012bna mikro kapsulu, kas tika mask\u0113ta k\u0101 lietussargs. Deva, ko Markovam ievad\u012bja, nebija liel\u0101ka par 450 mikrogramiem (vai 0,45 miligramiem).<\/p>\n<p>Toks\u012bna ieg\u016b\u0161anas vienk\u0101r\u0161\u012bba padar\u012bja to potenci\u0101li pieejamu teroristisk\u0101m grup\u0101m. 2001. gad\u0101 prese zi\u0146oja par instrukcij\u0101m ric\u012bna ra\u017eo\u0161anai, kas atrastas izn\u012bcin\u0101taj\u0101 \u00abAl-Qaeda\u00bb b\u0101z\u0113 Kabul\u0101. 2003. gad\u0101 noteikts, ka k\u0101da ric\u012bna partija atrasta pie teroristiem London\u0101, savuk\u0101rt ric\u012bna atkas ir konstat\u0113tas glab\u0101\u0161anas viet\u0101 Lionas stacij\u0101 Par\u012bz\u0113.<\/p>\n<p>2013. gad\u0101 vair\u0101ki cilv\u0113ki no Misisipi \u0161tata tika arest\u0113ti par centieniem s\u016bt\u012bt v\u0113stules ar ric\u012bnu ASV prezidentam Barakam Obamam un citiem augstiem ASV ier\u0113d\u0146iem. Taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 gad\u0101 maij\u0101 \u0145ujorkas m\u0113ram tika nos\u016bt\u012bta v\u0113stule ar briesm\u0101m, kas satur\u0113ja ric\u012bnu, iesp\u0113jams, k\u0101 atbilde uz sabiedrisk\u0101s organiz\u0101cijas \u00abM\u0113ri pret neleg\u0101lo ieroci\u00bb aktivit\u0101t\u0113m.<\/p>\n<p>V\u0113l\u0101k Teksas\u0101 aktrisei \u0160enonai Ri\u010dardsonai tika izvirz\u012btas aps\u016bdz\u012bbas par v\u0113stu\u013cu izs\u016bt\u012b\u0161anu ar n\u0101v\u0113jo\u0161u inde amerik\u0101\u0146u politi\u0137iem. K\u0101 neb\u016btu d\u012bvaini, krievu str\u0101va \u0161eit netika paman\u012bta, t\u0101d\u0113\u013c visiem palika garlaic\u012bgi un st\u0101sts tika aizmirsts.<\/p>\n<h3>Tre\u0161\u0101 vieta<\/h3>\n<p>\nJa jau run\u0101jam par z\u0101l\u0113m, tad piemin\u0113sim ar\u012b a\u013c\u0123es. Un es \u0161obr\u012bd nerun\u0101ju par t\u0101m, kas pie\u0137eras pie k\u0101j\u0101m peldot \u2014 lai gan tas ir tik pret\u012bgi, ka slikt\u0101k par jebkuru indi (man\u0101 izpratn\u0113). N\u0113, es run\u0101ju par s\u012bku mikroskopisku net\u012brumu, par kuru saka: \u00abj\u016bra zied!\u00bb Tie, kas v\u0113l nakt\u012b sp\u012bd, piem\u0113ram, t\u0101:<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Visbie\u017e\u0101k intereses izraiso\u0161ie indes\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/3e80d0c46704d3a36c09daea19b18262.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nNu labi, labi, atzinos \u2014 es jokoju, lai gan v\u0113l\u0101k b\u016bs skaidrs, ka \u010derenkovs izstarojums nav nek\u0101d\u0101 zi\u0146\u0101 slikt\u0101ks.<br \/>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">A\u013c\u0123es sp\u012bd t\u0101<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Visbie\u017e\u0101k intereses izraiso\u0161ie indes\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/0f8ddbec542749e0d2f6e5f80b9613fd.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n\u0160\u012b dr\u0101n\u012bte ir maza, bet t\u0101s ir daudz. T\u0101 ir praktiski zem\u0101kais l\u012bmenis \u016bdens pasaules p\u0101rtikas \u0137\u0113d\u0113. J\u0101, kur\u0161 visp\u0101r to iev\u0113ro?<\/p>\n<p>Un velti.<\/p>\n<p>\u012apa\u0161u uzman\u012bbu pieprasa a\u013c\u0123es, ko sauc par dinoflagel\u0101tiem un zila\u013c\u0123\u0113m. Un konkr\u0113ti:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Dinoflagel\u0101ti Gambierdiscus toxicus<\/li>\n<li>Zila\u013c\u0123es Gonyaulax catenella, Alexandrium sp., Gymnodinium sp., Pyrodinium sp.<\/li>\n<li>Dinoflagel\u0101ti Anabaena sp., Aphanizomenon spp., Cylindrospermopsis sp., Lyngbya sp., Planktothrix sp.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nVisi \u0161ie draugi ra\u017eo veselu sarakstu toks\u012bnu, kas atz\u012bti par vieniem no vismasn\u0101d\u012bg\u0101kajiem viel\u0101m \u0161aj\u0101 mazaj\u0101 plan\u0113t\u0101. Vism\u012b\u013c\u0101kos es nosauk\u0161u un aprakst\u012b\u0161u.<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Maitotoks\u012bns<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Visbie\u017e\u0101k intereses izraiso\u0161ie indes\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/87fe35fc7dda11689a1e22c8980b0509.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nRa\u017eots pilsonim numurs 1 no iepriek\u0161 min\u0113t\u0101 saraksta. Tas ir visb\u012bstam\u0101kais no brevetoks\u012bniem: pietiekami apm\u0113ram 0,2 \u00b5g\/kg, lai tavi tuvinieki noteikti sa\u0146emtu apdro\u0161in\u0101\u0161anu. Darb\u012bbas meh\u0101nisms ir saist\u012bts ar potenci\u0101lv\u0113rt\u012bgu Ca kan\u0101lu modifik\u0101ciju, paaugstin\u0101tu Ca2+ koncentr\u0101ciju nervu \u0161\u016bn\u0101s, spont\u0101no acetilhol\u012bna izdal\u012b\u0161anos asin\u012bs un notur\u012bgu postsinaptisko depolariz\u0101ciju. Cit\u0101d\u0101k sakot \u2014 sp\u0113c\u012bgs un neatgriezenisks paral\u012bze.<\/p>\n<p>Pati maiotoks\u012bna molekula ir 32 kondens\u0113tu oglek\u013ca gredzenu sist\u0113ma. Tas ir viens no liel\u0101kajiem un viskomplic\u0113t\u0101kajiem neprote\u012bnu molekul\u0101m, ko ra\u017eo dz\u012bvi organismi. Ceru, ka tas tevi iepriecin\u0101s, ja tas nok\u013c\u016bs tav\u0101 \u0137ermen\u012b.<\/p>\n<p>O, j\u0101, gandr\u012bz aizmirsu, pikanta deta\u013ca: b\u016bdams brevetoks\u012bnu p\u0101rst\u0101vis, maiotoks\u012bns, pirms izsaucot musku\u013cu v\u0101ju paral\u012bzi un elpo\u0161anas apst\u0101\u0161anos, noteikti sag\u0101d\u0101s tev siekalu pl\u016bsmu, stipru iesnas un pa\u0161izsist\u012b\u0161an\u0101s defek\u0101ciju. Cit\u0101d\u0101k sakot, p\u0113c n\u0101ves tu nevar\u0113si aiziet ar cie\u0146u.<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Saksitoks\u012bns<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Visbie\u017e\u0101k intereses izraiso\u0161ie indes\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/29ea15e9465b02d4a52e4bdb884f1aac.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n <br \/>\nRa\u017eots grupai pilso\u0146u numurs 2 un 3 no iepriek\u0161 min\u0113t\u0101 saraksta. Ne tik for\u0161s un skaists k\u0101 maiotoks\u012bns, bet ne maz\u0101k antip\u0101tisks: 2 \u00b5g\/kg pat\u0113ri\u0146\u0161 liks visai cilv\u0113cei tevi ilgoties. Saksitoks\u012bna darb\u012bbas meh\u0101nisms \u2014 potenci\u0101lv\u0113rt\u012bgu n\u0101trija kan\u0101lu blo\u0137\u0113\u0161ana nervu \u0161\u0137iedr\u0101s. Tas blo\u0137\u0113 nervu impulsu izplat\u012b\u0161anos un izraisa musku\u013cu paral\u012bzes.<\/p>\n<p>Interesants ir saksitoks\u012bns, ka t\u0101 nosaukums ir saist\u012bts ar \u0113damajiem moluskiem no \u0123ints Saxidomus, kurus v\u0113l sauc par \"Va\u0161ingtonas moluskiem\" un \"sviesta moluskiem\". Nu, p\u0113c nosaukuma ir skaidrs, kur tos m\u012bl \u0113st. T\u0101tad, \u0161ie jaukie rad\u012bjumi parasti barojas ar a\u013c\u0123\u0113m, un kad to ir daudz, vi\u0146u straujas vairo\u0161an\u0101s laik\u0101 (\"sarkanie paisumi\") \u2014 vi\u0146i uzkr\u0101j visus toks\u012bnus sev\u012b. Es nezinu, k\u0101p\u0113c: var dom\u0101t par evol\u016bciju, par rezistences palielin\u0101\u0161anos \u2014 bet a\u013c\u0123u inde \u013coti labi ietekm\u0113 siltasi\u0146u \u2014 un maz\u0101k uz aukstasi\u0146u rad\u012bb\u0101m. \u012apa\u0161i uz moluskiem.<\/p>\n<p>Cit\u0101d\u0101k sakot: baudot j\u016bras labumus sarkano paisumu laik\u0101 \u2014 var sar\u012bkot p\u0113d\u0113jo mielastu. <\/p>\n<p>Ir saprotams, ka t\u0101dam atradumam, k\u0101da ir Visdemokr\u0101tisk\u0101k\u0101 valsts pasaul\u0113, nevar\u0113ja paiet gar\u0101m, t\u0101p\u0113c saksitoks\u012bns tiek uzskat\u012bts par objektu, ko var izmantot k\u0101 \u0137\u012bmisko ieroci, un ASV bru\u0146otajos sp\u0113kos to klasific\u0113 k\u0101 TZ.<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Mikrocist\u012bns-LR<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Visbie\u017e\u0101k intereses izraiso\u0161ie indes\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/153df39e1e40781088766fa56f0f129f.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n\u0136\u012bmiski, mikrocist\u012bns-LR ir cikliskai heptapept\u012bds. Tas ir, tas satur septi\u0146as aminosk\u0101bes, kas ir satiku\u0161\u0101s un izveidoju\u0161as \u0161o jauko dejot\u0101ju \u0137\u0113di. Starp citu, viena no t\u0101m ir unik\u0101la \u03b2-aminosk\u0101be, parasti pept\u012bdos visas aminosk\u0101bes ir alfa. J\u0101, vai ne? Nu, labi!<\/p>\n<p>Mikrocist\u012bns-LR paties\u012bb\u0101 ir vissmag\u0101kais no visiem mikrocist\u012bniem, ko ra\u017eo zili za\u013c\u0101s a\u013c\u0123es. Un to ir pietiekami daudz, tam notici! Mikrocist\u012bns kav\u0113 olbaltumvielu fosfat\u0101\u017eu aktivit\u0101ti 1. un 2A tip\u0101 (PP1 un PP2A) \u0161\u016bnu aknu citoplazm\u0101. Tas noved pie olbaltumvielu fosforil\u0113\u0161anas paaugstin\u0101\u0161an\u0101s aknu \u0161\u016bn\u0101s, kas dro\u0161i ietekm\u0113 \u0161o vit\u0101li svar\u012bgo org\u0101nu. Bet \u2014 kas nav mazsvar\u012bgi! \u2014 ilgtermi\u0146\u0101.<\/p>\n<p>Neviens un nekad nav nov\u0113rojis \u012bslaic\u012bgu mikrocist\u012bnu toksiskumu. Ta\u010du uzskata, ka liel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca probl\u0113mu ar akn\u0101m \u2014 tostarp aknu v\u0113zis \u2014 k\u0101d\u0101 veid\u0101 ir saist\u012btas ar hronisku zilo za\u013co a\u013c\u0123u saind\u0113\u0161anos. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/water_sanitation_health\/diseases\/cyanobacteria\/ru\/\">Pasaules Vesel\u012bbas Organiz\u0101cija, \u012bpa\u0161i, \u013coti uztraucas<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>T\u0101p\u0113c tr\u012bs uzvar\u0113t\u0101ji m\u016bsu top\u0101 ir toks\u012bni no mazaj\u0101m \u2014 bet \u013coti lepno a\u013c\u0123u, kur\u0101m jau sen ir apniku\u0161i visi cilv\u0113ki.<\/p>\n<h3>Otr\u0101 vieta<\/h3>\n<p>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">VX<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Visbie\u017e\u0101k intereses izraiso\u0161ie indes\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/f5aa2a215332e5010f3523fd13fdb1a7.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nCilv\u0113ce k\u0101dreiz s\u0113d\u0113ja uz apmales un dom\u0101ja: apk\u0101rt ir tik daudz da\u017e\u0101du interesantu lietu, kas var m\u016bs saind\u0113t tik daudzos veidos. Bet k\u0101p\u0113c m\u0113s esam slikt\u0101ki?<\/p>\n<p>Un izdom\u0101ja.<\/p>\n<p>No 1950. gadiem Lielbrit\u0101nij\u0101 tika p\u0113t\u012bti vair\u0101ki O,S-\u0113teri fosforsk\u0101bes, kas satur\u0113ja dialkilaminoetiltiogrupas. M\u0113r\u0137is bija diezgan jauks: tika izstr\u0101d\u0101ti jauni insektic\u012bdi. Bet p\u0113k\u0161\u0146i izr\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s, ka ieg\u016btie savienojumi, ko sauc par fosforiltiokol\u012bnu, ir \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi toksiski siltasi\u0146u dz\u012bvniekiem. Ir saprotams, ka insekc\u012bdu t\u0113ma uzreiz visiem k\u013cuva neinteresanta \u2014 un par to s\u0101ka str\u0101d\u0101t \u012bsti speci\u0101listi.<\/p>\n<p>Speci\u0101listi mazliet piedal\u012bj\u0101s izm\u0113\u0123in\u0101jumos un atkl\u0101ja, ka ne fosforsk\u0101bju, bet alkilfosfona atvasin\u0101jumi no fosfortrihol\u012bna rada daudz liel\u0101kus post\u012bjumus. ASV, Lielbrit\u0101nija, N\u012bderlande un Kan\u0101da \u0101tri rea\u0123\u0113ja un izveidoja jaunu savienojumu klasi, ko nosauca par V-g\u0101z\u0113m. VX ir vismaz\u0101k\u0101 toksisk\u0101 p\u0101rst\u0101ve no t\u0101m.<\/p>\n<p>VX ir visvair\u0101k toksiska viela, kas jebkad izveidota ar m\u0113r\u0137i izmantot \u0137\u012bmiskaj\u0101 ieroc\u012b. T\u0101pat k\u0101 vis\u0101m l\u012bdz\u012bg\u0101m fosfororganiskaj\u0101m ind\u0113m, VX ir acetilhol\u012bnester\u0101zes inhibitors: tas selekt\u012bvi kav\u0113 \u0161o fermentu, kas kataliz\u0113 acetilhol\u012bna \u2013 nervu uzbudin\u0101juma mediatoru \u2013 hidrol\u012bzi. Acetilhol\u012bna hidrol\u012bze vesel\u0101 organism\u0101 notiek nep\u0101rtraukti un ir nepiecie\u0161ama, lai p\u0101rtrauktu nerva impulsa nodo\u0161anu, \u013caujot musku\u013ciem atgriezties miera st\u0101vokl\u012b. Fosforil\u0113t\u0101 hol\u012bnester\u0101ze, kas veidojas VX saind\u0113\u0161an\u0101s gad\u012bjum\u0101, at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no acetil\u0113tas, ir stabils savienojums un nav pak\u013cauta pa\u0161izn\u012bcino\u0161ai hidrol\u012bzei. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di acetilhol\u012bna molekulu sadal\u012b\u0161an\u0101s tiek kav\u0113ta, nodro\u0161inot past\u0101v\u012bgu darb\u012bbu uz hol\u012bner\u0123iskajiem receptoriem. Tas noved pie \u0123eneraliz\u0113tas hol\u012bner\u0123isko receptoru p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bgas uzbudin\u0101\u0161anas, s\u0101kum\u0101 izraisot sp\u0113c\u012bgu uzbudin\u0101jumu, bet p\u0113c tam paraliz\u0113jot org\u0101nu un audu funkcijas. \u0160aj\u0101 sakar\u0101 galvenos VX saind\u0113\u0161an\u0101s simptomus var interpret\u0113t k\u0101 p\u0101rsp\u012bl\u0113tu, organismam neizdev\u012bgu da\u017e\u0101du strukt\u016bru un org\u0101nu aktivit\u0101ti, ko nodro\u0161ina acetilhol\u012bna medi\u0101cija. Pirmk\u0101rt, \u0161ie ir nervu \u0161\u016bnas, \u0161\u0137\u0113rssv\u012btroti un gludie musku\u013ci, k\u0101 ar\u012b da\u017e\u0101das dziedzeri.<\/p>\n<p>Ietekmes simptomi: 1\u20142 min\u016btes \u2014 skol\u0113nu sa\u0161aurin\u0101\u0161an\u0101s; 2\u20144 min\u016btes \u2014 sv\u012b\u0161ana, siekalu izdal\u012b\u0161ana; 5\u201410 min\u016btes \u2014 krampji, paral\u012bze, spazmas; 10\u201415 min\u016btes \u2014 n\u0101ve.<\/p>\n<p>Cilv\u0113kam LD50 uz \u0101das = 100 \u00b5g\/kg, peror\u0101li = 70 \u00b5g\/kg. LCt100 = 0,01 mg\u00b7min.\/l, pie tam, sl\u0113pt\u0101 darb\u012bbas periods ir 5\u201410 min\u016btes. Miots notiek pie koncentr\u0101cijas 0,0001 mg\/l 1 min\u016btes laik\u0101.<\/p>\n<p>J\u0101, viss pareizi \u2014 apdom\u012bgs las\u012bt\u0101js ir pareizi paman\u012bjis v\u0101rdu \u201ecaur\u0101d\u012bjums\u201d: VX ir \u013coti augsta caur\u0101d\u012bjuma toksicit\u0101te sal\u012bdzin\u0101jum\u0101 ar citiem fosforu saturo\u0161iem indes. Visjut\u012bg\u0101k\u0101s pret VX iedarb\u012bbu ir sejas un kakla \u0101da. Simptomi, iek\u013c\u016bstot caur \u0101du, att\u012bst\u0101s 1\u201424 stundu laik\u0101, tom\u0113r, ja VX nok\u013c\u016bst uz l\u016bp\u0101m vai boj\u0101tas \u0101das, efekts par\u0101d\u0101s \u013coti \u0101tri. Pirmais simptoms, iek\u013c\u016bstot caur \u0101du, var b\u016bt ne miotis, bet s\u012bki musku\u013cu krampji saskar\u0113 ar VX, p\u0113c tam krampji, musku\u013cu v\u0101jums un paral\u012bze.<\/p>\n<p>VX caur\u0101d\u012bjuma toksisk\u0101 iedarb\u012bba var b\u016bt pastiprin\u0101ta ar viel\u0101m, kas pa\u0161as par sevi nav toksiskas, bet sp\u0113j transport\u0113t indi organism\u0101. Vissp\u0113c\u012bg\u0101kie no tiem ir dimetilsulfoks\u012bds un N,N-dimetilam\u012bds palmit\u012bnsk\u0101bes. K\u0101 tu dom\u0101, %username%, vai nav veikti p\u0113t\u012bjumi un nav nek\u0101du mais\u012bjumu, kuros tiktu izmantota \u0161\u012b br\u012bni\u0161\u0137\u012bg\u0101 \u012bpa\u0161\u012bba? Pareizi!<\/p>\n<p>VX infic\u0113 atkl\u0101tas \u016bdenstilpes \u013coti ilgu laiku \u2014 l\u012bdz 6 m\u0113ne\u0161iem. Bet \u0113kas un visp\u0101r viss apk\u0101rt, kas ir infic\u0113ts ar VX pilienu, ir b\u012bstams vasar\u0101 1\u20143 dienas, bet ziem\u0101 \u2014 30\u201460 dienas. Paties\u012bb\u0101 VX iztur\u012bba uz vietas (caur\u0101d\u012bjuma iedarb\u012bba): vasar\u0101 \u2014 no 7 l\u012bdz 15 dien\u0101m, ziem\u0101 \u2014 l\u012bdz siltuma iest\u0101\u0161an\u0101s br\u012bdim.<\/p>\n<p>Bet tu run\u0101 par kodolziemu... <\/p>\n<p>Pasaulei ir zin\u0101mi da\u017ei VX lieto\u0161anas gad\u012bjumi.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>1994. gada decembr\u012b un 1995. gada janv\u0101r\u012b Masami Tsutija, Jap\u0101nas reli\u0123isk\u0101s sekte \"Aum \u0160inrikj\u014d\" dal\u012bbnieks, p\u0113c sektas l\u012bdera \u0160oko Asah\u0101ras r\u012bkojuma sintez\u0113ja no 100 l\u012bdz 200 gramiem VX, kas tika izmantots uzbrukum\u0101 trijiem cilv\u0113kiem. Divi tika indekti, bet nep\u0101rtrauca dz\u012bvot. Viens no indektajiem, 28 gadus vecs v\u012brietis, g\u0101ja boj\u0101, k\u013c\u016bstot par pirmo pasaul\u0113 re\u0123istr\u0113to VX upuri. Cilv\u0113ks, kuru Asah\u0101ra aizdom\u0101j\u0101s par nodev\u012bbu, tika uzbrukts 1994. gada 12. decembr\u012b plkst. 7:00 uz ielas Osak\u0101. Uzbruc\u0113ji izsmidzin\u0101ja \u0161\u0137idro VX upura kakl\u0101. Ind\u012bgais uzbruc\u0113jiem sekoja apm\u0113ram 100 metrus, pirms nokrita; vi\u0146\u0161 mira p\u0113c 10 dien\u0101m, neizn\u0101kot no dzi\u013c\u0101s komas. \u0100rsti s\u0101kotn\u0113ji aizdom\u0101j\u0101s, ka vi\u0146\u0161 ir indekts ar k\u0101du fosfororganisku pestic\u012bdu, ta\u010du paties\u0101 n\u0101ves c\u0113lonis tika noskaidrots tikai p\u0113c tam, kad sektas locek\u013ci tika arest\u0113ti par teroraktu Tokijas metro un atzina slepkav\u012bbu. Septi\u0146as m\u0113ne\u0161us p\u0113c slepkav\u012bbas upura asins paraugos tika atkl\u0101ti VX metaboli, piem\u0113ram, etilmetilfosfon\u0101ts, metilfosfonsk\u0101be un diizopropil-2-(metiltiol)eti\u013cam\u012bns. At\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no zar\u012bna, sektas VX netika izmantots masveida slepkav\u012bb\u0101m (piem\u0113ram, Matsumoto incident\u0101 un Tokijas metro terorakt\u0101).<\/li>\n<li>2017. gada 13. febru\u0101r\u012b ar VX tika nogalin\u0101ts Kims \u010con Nams \u2014 Kima \u010cen Ina, Zieme\u013ckorejas valdnieka, pusbr\u0101lis. Slepkav\u012bba notika starptautisk\u0101 lidostas izlido\u0161anas zon\u0101 Kualalumpur\u0101 (Mal\u0113zija). Slepkav\u012bb\u0101 piedal\u012bj\u0101s divas sievietes. Viena nov\u0113rsa Kima \u010con Nama uzman\u012bbu, bet otra taj\u0101 laik\u0101 no muguras uzmeta vi\u0146am sej\u0101 dvieli, kur\u0161 bija ies\u016bc\u012bts ar ind\u012bgu vielu. Namu palika slikti, vi\u0146u nog\u0101d\u0101ja slimn\u012bc\u0101, ta\u010du ce\u013c\u0101 vi\u0146\u0161 mira.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nK\u0101 parasti, kad cilv\u0113ce mazliet apj\u0113dz, ko ir rad\u012bjusi, s\u0101kas pretreakcija. 1993. gada \u0136\u012bmisk\u0101 iero\u010da konvencija aizliedz V-g\u0101zes, kas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka t\u0101s nevar ra\u017eot, un eso\u0161ie kr\u0101jumi ir j\u0101izn\u012bcina. Ta\u010du tur ir da\u017ei nianses.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tikai Krievija un ASV atz\u012bst, ka t\u0101m ir vai bija V-g\u0101zu kr\u0101jumi, tom\u0113r, pie\u0146emams, ka ar\u012b cit\u0101m valst\u012bm ir mazliet \u0161\u012b ind\u012bg\u0101 viela.<\/li>\n<li>2017. gada 27. septembr\u012b Krievijas mediji zi\u0146oja par piln\u012bgu \u0137\u012bmisk\u0101 iero\u010da, tostarp VX, kr\u0101jumu izn\u012bcin\u0101\u0161anu Krievij\u0101. Neviens netic\u0113ja.<\/li>\n<li>Sindija Vestergaarda, \u0137\u012bmijas iero\u010du eksperte un Stimson centra vec\u0101k\u0101 p\u0113tniece, saka, ka Ir\u0101k\u0101 \"noteikti ra\u017eoja VX\" 1980. gados, ta\u010du pier\u0101d\u012bjumu par t\u0101 izmanto\u0161anu nav. Visi tam tic\u0113ja. Starp citu, \u0161obr\u012bd VX joproj\u0101m ir pieejams ASV arsen\u0101l\u0101 (armijas mar\u0137\u0113jums \u2014 tr\u012bs za\u013ci gredzeni ar uzrakstu VX-GAS). Bet visiem tas ir vienalga.<\/li>\n<li>Zieme\u013ckoreja, kop\u0101 ar \u0112\u0123ipti un Dienvidsud\u0101nu, nekad nav parakst\u012bjusi un ratific\u0113jusi \u0136\u012bmisko iero\u010du aizlieguma konvenciju.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nUn t\u016bl\u012bt \u2014 p\u0101ris v\u0101rdu par \"Novi\u010doku\".<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Savienojumu grupa 'Novi\u010dok'.<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Visbie\u017e\u0101k intereses izraiso\u0161ie indes\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/9952f7d4a73da2d1e9125024b17705d4.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAr \"Novi\u010dok\" parasti saist\u0101s:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A-230: N-(metilfluorfosfoni\u013c)-N',N'-dietil-acetamid\u012bns (att\u0113l\u0113 pa kreisi), sasalst aukst\u0101 laik\u0101;<\/li>\n<li>A-232: N-(O-metilfluorfosfoni\u013c)-N',N'-dietil-acetamid\u012bns (att\u0113l\u0101 pa labi), tika izstr\u0101d\u0101ts un izm\u0113\u0123in\u0101ts k\u0101 karot\u012bna indes viela;<\/li>\n<li>A-234: N-(O-etilfluorfosfoni\u013c)-N',N'-dietil-acetamid\u012bns, izskat\u0101s k\u0101 lip\u012bga ziede un neizplat\u0101s gais\u0101, ietekm\u0113 organismu saskar\u0113 ar \u0101du, ir stabils un iztur\u012bgs pret laika apst\u0101k\u013ciem.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nTie\u0161i \u0161os savienojumus prezent\u0113ja Viktors Holstovs \u2014 Krievijas deleg\u0101cijas dal\u012bbnieks 57. un 59. \u0136\u012bmisko iero\u010du aizlieguma organiz\u0101cijas izpildkomitejas s\u0113d\u0113s, lai gan pati \u0123imene sast\u0101v no vair\u0101k nek\u0101 se\u0161desmit l\u012bdz\u012bgiem savienojumiem.<\/p>\n<p>Ir viedoklis, ka \"Novi\u010dok\" ir toksisk\u0101ks nek\u0101 VX, tom\u0113r nav sniegti skait\u013ci par toksiskaj\u0101m dev\u0101m. V\u0101rdiski, \"Novi\u010dok\" ir 5\u201310 reizes toksisk\u0101ks.<\/p>\n<p>Paties\u012bb\u0101 \u0161aj\u0101 st\u0101st\u0101 ir tik daudz neskaidru momentu, ka tas peln\u012bjis atsevi\u0161\u0137u rakstu. Uzraksti man par to koment\u0101ros, %username%.<\/p>\n<p>\u0160im kam\u0113r\u2026<\/p>\n<h3>Mums ir uzvar\u0113t\u0101js! Pirmaj\u0101 viet\u0101<\/h3>\n<p>\nCilv\u0113ka pr\u0101ts p\u0113c VX atkl\u0101\u0161anas nemit\u012bgi bija nemier\u012bgs. Galu gal\u0101 faktiski tika atrasts viela, kas potenci\u0101li var\u0113ja infic\u0113t visu apk\u0101rt ne slikt\u0101k par kodoluzspridzin\u0101\u0161anu \u2014 ko, ja to visu sajaukt kop\u0101?<\/p>\n<p>Nu tad da\u017eus v\u0101rdus par radi\u0101ciju.<\/p>\n<p>Cilv\u0113cei ir zin\u0101mi vair\u0101ki radi\u0101cijas veidi. Vienk\u0101r\u0161i un saprotami sakot, tie ir:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Radi\u0101cija, ko izraisa fotoni \u2014 UV, rentgens, gamma<\/li>\n<li>Radi\u0101cija, ko izraisa elektroni \u2014 beta<\/li>\n<li>Radi\u0101cija, ko izraisa element\u0101rda\u013ci\u0146as \u2014 neitroni, protonu<\/li>\n<li>Radi\u0101cija, ko izraisa liel\u0101kas da\u013ci\u0146as \u2014 alfa<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\nJa, d\u0101rgo %username%, ja tev pr\u0101t\u0101 ien\u0101ktu palaist zirni, tenisa bumbu, basketbola bumbu un p\u016bdes kettlebellu \u2014 no k\u0101 tu visvair\u0101k sar\u016bgtin\u0101tos? Un ar radi\u0101ciju ir tas pats \u2014 jo smag\u0101k, jo s\u0101p\u012bg\u0101k. Nu, saprotams, ka viss atkar\u012bgs no \u0101truma.<\/p>\n<p>Paties\u012bb\u0101 alfa da\u013ci\u0146u rad\u012bt\u0101 kait\u0113juma maksimums \u2014 tie\u0161i t\u0101p\u0113c alfa da\u013ci\u0146\u0101m kvalit\u0101tes koeficients ir 20, un tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka pie vien\u0101da starojuma ener\u0123ijas daudzuma, ko absorb\u0113 org\u0101ns vai audi, biolo\u0123iskais efekts alfa da\u013ci\u0146\u0101m b\u016bs divdesmit reizes sp\u0113c\u012bg\u0101ks nek\u0101 gamma starojumam.<\/p>\n<p>Par laimi, alfa da\u013ci\u0146as ir tik smagas un tik \u013coti mijiedarbojas, ka praktiski neiek\u013c\u016bst caur atmiru\u0161aj\u0101m \u0101das \u0161\u016bn\u0101m. Bet\u2026<br \/>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Polonijs-210<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Visbie\u017e\u0101k intereses izraiso\u0161ie indes\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/005ea30ac35acc5ff02e2e11637727fd.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Pasaul\u0113 nav t\u012bra polonija-210, lai gan tas atrodams mikroda\u013ci\u0146u daudzumos vis\u0101s ur\u0101na un torija raktuv\u0113s. T\u012br\u0101 veid\u0101 to ieg\u016bst m\u0101ksl\u012bgi. Prec\u012bz\u0101k \u2014 ieg\u016bst. K\u0101 pier\u0101d\u012bjusi prakse, polonija-210 \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas cilv\u0113cei ir praktiski neinteresantas, iz\u0146emot vienu:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Polonijs-210 sakaus\u0113jumos ar beriliju un boru tika izmantots kompaktu un \u013coti jaud\u012bgu neitronu avotu ra\u017eo\u0161anai, kas praktiski nesniedz \u03b3-starojumu. Ta\u010du tagad \u0161o ni\u0161u stingri ie\u0146em kalifornijs.<\/li>\n<li>Svar\u012bga polonija-210 lieto\u0161anas joma ir t\u0101 izmanto\u0161ana sakaus\u0113jumos ar svinu, ittriju vai patst\u0101v\u012bgi, lai ra\u017eotu jaud\u012bgus un \u013coti kompaktnus siltuma avotus autonom\u0101m ier\u012bc\u0113m, piem\u0113ram, kosmosa ku\u0123iem. Viens kubikcentimetrs polonija-210 izdala apm\u0113ram 1320 W siltuma. \u0160\u012b jauda ir \u013coti liela, t\u0101 viegli p\u0101rv\u0113r\u0161 poloniju pl\u016bsto\u0161\u0101 st\u0101vokl\u012b, t\u0101p\u0113c to sakaus\u0113, piem\u0113ram, ar svinu. Lai gan \u0161iem sakaus\u0113jumiem ir iev\u0113rojami maz\u0101ka energoaudu bl\u012bvums (150 W\/cm\u00b3), tom\u0113r tie ir \u0113rt\u0101ki lieto\u0161anai un dro\u0161\u0101ki, jo polonijs-210 izstaro gandr\u012bz izsl\u0113gti alfa da\u013ci\u0146as, un to iek\u013c\u016b\u0161anas sp\u0113ja un ce\u013ca garums bl\u012bv\u0101s viel\u0101s ir minim\u0101li. Piem\u0113ram, Padomju savien\u012bbas autom\u0101tiskaj\u0101m ier\u012bc\u0113m kosmosa programm\u0101 \"Lunohod\" polonija sild\u012bt\u0101js tika izmantots ier\u012b\u010du nodal\u012bjuma apkurei. Bet PSRS vairs nav, m\u0113ness programma ar\u012b, bet m\u0101jas apkure ir nedaudz l\u0113t\u0101ka nek\u0101 polonija.<\/li>\n<li>Polonijs-210 bie\u017ei tika izmantots g\u0101zu, \u012bpa\u0161i gaisa, ioniz\u0101cijai. Piem\u0113ram, to pievienoja automobi\u013cu sve\u010du elektrodos, lai samazin\u0101tu dzirksteles veido\u0161an\u0101s potenci\u0101lu. \u0160obr\u012bd to nedara, lai gan, piem\u0113ram, prec\u012bzai optikai tiek ra\u017eoti putek\u013cu no\u0146\u0113m\u0113ji, kuros tiek izmantots neliels daudzums polonija. Paties\u012bb\u0101, ne Krievij\u0101 \u2014 \u0161eit polonijs ir piln\u012bb\u0101 aizliegts, bet ASV \u0161\u0101dus putek\u013cu no\u0146\u0113m\u0113jus var ieg\u0101d\u0101ties un pat izmest parastaj\u0101 atkritumu tvertn\u0113.<\/li>\n<li>Polonijs-210 var kalpot k\u0101 viegla litija izotopa (6Li) sakaus\u0113jums, kas sp\u0113j b\u016btiski samazin\u0101t kodoliero\u010da kritisko masu un kalpot par sava veida kodoldetonatoru. Turkl\u0101t polonijs ir piem\u0113rots kompakto \"net\u012bro bumbu\" izgatavo\u0161anai un ir \u0113rti transport\u0113jams, jo praktiski neizstaro gamma starojumu. Izotops izstaro gamma kvantus ar ener\u0123iju 803 keV, un t\u0101 samazin\u0101\u0161an\u0101s koeficients ir tikai 0,001% \u2014 p\u0113c dozimetra dom\u0101m, izotops ir praktiski dro\u0161s. Bet, lai izm\u0113r\u012btu alfa starojumu, nepiecie\u0161ams nopietn\u0101ks instruments. <b>BINGO!<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nPolonijs-210 ir \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi toksisks, radiotoksisks un kancerog\u0113ns, tam ir pusperiods 138 dienas un 9 stundas. Visu \u0161o laiku no t\u0101 izn\u0101k nep\u0101rtraukti alfa da\u013ci\u0146as: t\u0101 specifisk\u0101 aktivit\u0101te (166 TBq\/g) ir tik augsta, ka to nedr\u012bkst \u0146emt rok\u0101s, jo tas var izrais\u012bt \u0101das apstarojumu un, iesp\u0113jams, viss \u0137ermenis: polonijs diezgan viegli iek\u013c\u016bst iek\u0161\u0101 caur \u0101das virsmu. Parasti alfa da\u013ci\u0146as ar \u0161\u0101du ener\u0123iju gais\u0101 neizlido vair\u0101k par 1 cm, tom\u0113r \u0161is nav variants cietajam polonijam: t\u0101 savienojumi autom\u0101tiski sasilst un p\u0101riet aerosol\u0101.<\/p>\n<p>Un kas notiek ar tavu \u0137ermeni, kad taj\u0101 iek\u013c\u016bst dz\u012bvino\u0161ais polonijs-210 \u2014 vai to visp\u0101r v\u0113rts past\u0101st\u012bt? Paties\u012bb\u0101 katrs atoms, iek\u013c\u016bstot tav\u0101 iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 delik\u0101ti roz\u0101 audum\u0101, sadal\u0101s un bombard\u0113 visu tuvum\u0101 eso\u0161o ar alfa da\u013ci\u0146\u0101m. \u0160\u016bnas. \u016adeni. DNS un RNS molekulas. Viss tas sabr\u016bk nezinu k\u0101d\u0101 veid\u0101 \u2014 un tu ieg\u016bsti visas radi\u0101cijas slim\u012bbas \u0161\u0137\u0113rsgriezum\u0101 slikt\u0101kaj\u0101 izpratn\u0113.<\/p>\n<p>Polonijs-210 ir 4 triljonus rei\u017eu toksisk\u0101ks par cian\u016bde\u0146ra\u017e. Saska\u0146\u0101 ar speci\u0101listu nov\u0113rt\u0113jumu, let\u0101l\u0101 deva polonija-210 pieaugu\u0161am cilv\u0113kam tiek nov\u0113rt\u0113ta no 0,6 l\u012bdz 2 mkg, ja izotops non\u0101k organism\u0101 caur plau\u0161\u0101m, l\u012bdz 6\u201318 mkg, ja tas non\u0101k organism\u0101 caur gremo\u0161anas sist\u0113mu.<\/p>\n<p>V\u0113stur\u0113 ir divi gad\u012bjumi, kad cilv\u0113ki ir saind\u0113ju\u0161ies ar poloniju-210. Abi \u0161\u0137iet diezgan ticami.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Aleksandra Litvinenko n\u0101ve 2006. gad\u0101, kur\u0161 mira no saind\u0113\u0161an\u0101s ar poloniju-210. J\u0101atz\u012bm\u0113, ka s\u0101kotn\u0113ji tika uzskat\u012bts, ka vi\u0146u saind\u0113ja ar talliju. 24. novembr\u012b Britu Vesel\u012bbas a\u0123ent\u016bras (BVA) zin\u0101tnieki pazi\u0146oja, ka Litvinenko mira no radioakt\u012bvas saind\u0113\u0161an\u0101s. Saska\u0146\u0101 ar BVA radi\u0101cijas, \u0137\u012bmisko un \u0101r\u0113jo risku centra vad\u012bt\u0101ja Rod\u017eera Koksa pazi\u0146ojumu, ur\u012bna anal\u012bz\u0113s tika atrasti radioaktivit\u0101tes p\u0113das, ko izrais\u012bja, <i>k\u0101 tiek pie\u0146emts<\/i>, polonijs-210. Vi\u0146\u0161 ar\u012b apstiprin\u0101ja, ka neliel\u0101s dev\u0101s Po-210 palielina \u013caundab\u012bgu audz\u0113ju risku, bet lielos daudzumos trauc\u0113 kaulu smadze\u0146u, gremo\u0161anas sist\u0113mas un citu vit\u0101li svar\u012bgu org\u0101nu darb\u012bbu.<\/li>\n<li>Polonijs tika atrasts J\u0101sira Araf\u0101ta person\u012bgaj\u0101s liet\u0101s, kur\u0161 mira 2004. gad\u0101. Tika veikta \u0137erme\u0146a ekshum\u0101cija. <i>S\u0101kotn\u0113ji \u0160veices puses starptautisk\u0101 komisija apstiprin\u0101ja polonija saind\u0113\u0161an\u0101s faktu. Tom\u0113r v\u0113l\u0101k t\u0101 piekrita Krievijas un Francijas secin\u0101jumiem par pier\u0101d\u012bjumu tr\u016bkumu saind\u0113\u0161an\u0101s gad\u012bjum\u0101.<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nJ\u0101atz\u012bm\u0113, ka past\u0101v viegl\u0101 versija polonija-210 \u2014 t\u0101 ir protakt\u012bnijs-231. Ar \u0161o pa\u0161u meh\u0101nismu (alfa-sabrukums) protakt\u012bnija pusperiods ir 32480 gadi, un t\u0101d\u0113\u013c tas nav tik b\u012bstams: tas neuzkarst, nav tik radioakt\u012bvs, un t\u0101d\u0113\u013c ir tikai 250 miljonus rei\u017eu toksisk\u0101ks par cian\u016bde\u0146ra\u017e. Tas nav volat\u012bvs, caur \u0101du neuzs\u016bcas \u2014 uz polonija fona izskat\u0101s diezgan b\u0101ls, un t\u0101d\u0113\u013c maksim\u0101l\u0101 dro\u0161\u0101 (te es \u013coti \u013cauni pasm\u0113ju) protakt\u012bnija deva, kas non\u0101k cilv\u0113ka organism\u0101, ir 0,5 mkg. Tom\u0113r cilv\u0113ka organism\u0101 protakt\u012bnijs-231 ir tend\u0113ts uzkr\u0101ties nier\u0113s un kaulos \u2014 un palikt tur ilgi, apstarojot organismu no iek\u0161puses. T\u0101tad, t\u0101pat n\u0101ksies mirt.<\/p>\n<p><b>VISS!<\/b><\/p>\n<p>T\u0101 nu m\u0113s esam pabeigu\u0161i tre\u0161o da\u013cu m\u016bsu iepaz\u012b\u0161an\u0101s, %username%.<\/p>\n<p>Ceru, ka tu izlas\u012bji visu l\u012bdz galam un tev atlicis sp\u0113ks nospiest pogu balso\u0161anai, lai izlemtu, vai m\u016bsu iepaz\u012b\u0161an\u0101s turpin\u0101sies.<\/p>\n<p>Man jau gandr\u012bz se\u0161i no r\u012bta, laiks gul\u0113t.<\/p>\n<p>Joproj\u0101m nov\u0113lu vair\u0101k vesel\u012bbas un maz\u0101k indi sav\u0101 dz\u012bv\u0113!<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Es esmu N\u0101ve, di\u017eais pasaules post\u012bt\u0101js.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>\n<i> \u2014 Rindi\u0146as no Bhagavadg\u012bta, kuras Robert Oppenheimer deklam\u0113ja laik\u0101, kad notika pirmais m\u0101ksl\u012bgais kodolra\u0137e\u0161u spr\u0101dziens pie Alamogordo 1945. gada 16. j\u016blij\u0101.<\/i><\/p>\n<p class=\"for_users_only_msg\">Tikai re\u0123istr\u0113tie lietot\u0101ji var piedal\u012bties aptauj\u0101. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/auth\/login\/\">Pieteikties<\/a><\/noindex>, l\u016bdzu.<\/p>\n<h2 class=\"default-block__polling-title\">Vai turpin\u0101t?<\/h2>\n<ul class=\"content-list content-list_polling\">\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    Pietiek \u0146emt man smadzenes pie k\u0101rt\u012bbas!<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    Kas visp\u0101r lasa \u0161o mu\u013c\u0137\u012bbu IT vietn\u0113?<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    Iedzer indi!<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    Uzraksti par 'Dzelteno lietu' un 'Oran\u017eo a\u0123entu'.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"content-list__item content-list__item_polling\">\n<p>                    Uzraksti par 'Jauno'.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>    Nobalsoju\u0161i 6 lietot\u0101ji. Attur\u0113j\u0101s 3 lietot\u0101ji.<br \/>\n<br \/>Avots: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450542\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, %username%! \u0421\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440, \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0438 \u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430 \u043e \u044f\u0434\u0430\u0445. \u041d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u044e\u0441\u044c, \u0442\u044b \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0438 \u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0443\u044e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c. \u0412 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u0435\u0439 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u044b \u043d\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0434\u043e\u0445\u043d\u0451\u043c. \u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430 \u043e \u0442\u0435\u0445 \u044f\u0434\u0430\u0445, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0442\u0435\u0431\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0448\u0430\u0433\u0443 \u2014 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":24746,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-32987","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.5 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, %username%! \u0421\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440, \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0438.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/news\/samye-interesnye-yady\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.5\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"lv_LV\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\ud83e\udd47\u0421\u0430\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044f\u0434\u044b | ProHoster\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, %username%! \u0421\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0432\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0440, \u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043c\u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u0438.\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/news\/samye-interesnye-yady\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:secure_url\" content=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"350\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2019-10-31T18:50:08+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2019-10-31T18:50:08+00:00\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster\" \/>\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO -->\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Visinteresant\u0101kie ind\u012bgi | ProHoster","description":"Sveiks, %username%! 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