Tas pats attiecas uz taliju \u2014 tas ir b\u012bstami inde.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\nT\u0101d\u0113\u013c paliku\u0161i tikai n\u0101trijs un k\u0101lijs. Bet, b\u016bsim god\u012bgi \u2014 vis\u0101m kod\u012bgaj\u0101m s\u0101rmu viel\u0101m ir l\u012bdz\u012bgas \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas.<\/p>\n
N\u0101trija hidroks\u012bds \u2014 k\u0101 'kaustisk\u0101 soda' \u2014 ir zin\u0101ms visiem. K\u0101lija hidroks\u012bds k\u0101 p\u0101rtikas piedeva E525 \u2014 ar\u012b. Abu \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas ir l\u012bdz\u012bgas: tie ir \u013coti higroskopiski, t\u0101tad pievelk mitrumu un gais\u0101 'izpl\u016bst'. Labi iz\u0161\u0137\u012bst \u016bden\u012b, radot lielu siltuma daudzumu.<\/p>\n
'Izpl\u016b\u0161ana' gais\u0101 \u2014 b\u016bt\u012bb\u0101 s\u0101rmu \u013coti koncentr\u0113tu \u0161\u0137\u012bdumu veido\u0161an\u0101s. T\u0101d\u0113\u013c, ja uzliksi kod\u012bgu s\u0101rmu gabalu uz pap\u012bra, \u0101das vai da\u017eiem met\u0101liem (t\u0101dam k\u0101 alum\u012bnijs) \u2014 p\u0113c laika paman\u012bsi, ka materi\u0101ls ir labi sa\u0113dies! Tas, ko par\u0101d\u012bja 'C\u012b\u0146as klub\u0101' \u2014 patie\u0161\u0101m izskat\u0101s k\u0101 paties\u012bba: ja sviedrainas rokas \u2014 tie\u0161i s\u0101rmain\u0101s \u2014 tas b\u016bs s\u0101p\u012bgi! Person\u012bgi man lik\u0101s s\u0101p\u012bg\u0101k nek\u0101 no s\u0101lssk\u0101bes (par to zem\u0101k).<\/p>\n
Tom\u0113r, ja rokas ir \u013coti sausas \u2014 visticam\u0101k, ka tie\u0161i saus\u0101 s\u0101rmain\u0101 tu neko nejut\u012bsi.<\/p>\n
Kod\u012bgas s\u0101rmu vielas lieliski sa\u0161\u0137e\u013c taukus par glicer\u012bnu un tauksk\u0101bju s\u0101\u013ciem \u2014 t\u0101 tiek ra\u017eota ziepes (sveiciens, 'C\u012b\u0146as klubam!'). Nedaudz ilg\u0101k, bet t\u0101pat efekt\u012bvi sa\u0161\u0137e\u013c olbaltumvielas \u2014 t\u0101tad princip\u0101 s\u0101rmi iz\u0161\u0137\u012bdina ga\u013cu, \u012bpa\u0161i stipri \u0161\u0137\u012bdumi \u2014 j\u0101, sildot. Sal\u012bdzinot ar hlor\u016bde\u0146ra\u017esk\u0101bi (par kuru t\u0101pat run\u0101\u0161u zem\u0101k), tr\u016bkums ir tas, ka visi s\u0101rmi pievelk og\u013csk\u0101bi no atmosf\u0113ras, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di sp\u0113ks pak\u0101peniski samazin\u0101s. Turkl\u0101t s\u0101rmi rea\u0123\u0113 ar\u012b ar stikla sast\u0101vda\u013c\u0101m \u2014 stikls izpl\u016bst, lai gan, lai to piln\u012bb\u0101 iz\u0161\u0137\u012bdin\u0101tu, \u0161eit, protams, j\u0101piep\u016blas. <\/p>\n
Kod\u012bg\u0101m s\u0101rmu viel\u0101m reiz\u0113m pieskaita ar\u012b tetraalkilammonija hidroks\u012bdus, piem\u0113ram,<\/p>\n
Tetraalkilammonija hidroks\u012bds<\/b>S\u0113rsk\u0101be<\/h3>\n
\nH2SO4<\/b>
Starpcitu, s\u0113rsk\u0101be, at\u0146emot \u016bdeni, vesel\u012bgi sakarst, kas v\u0113l vair\u0101k padara ainu sul\u012bgu. T\u0101p\u0113c to mazg\u0101t ar \u016bdeni \u2014 \u013coti slikta ideja. Lab\u0101k \u2014 ar e\u013c\u013cu (nomazg\u0101t, nevis iemas\u0113t \u2014 un tad jau noskalot ar \u016bdeni). Vai ar lielu \u016bdens pl\u016bsmu, lai nekav\u0113joties ar\u012b atdzes\u0113tu.<\/p>\n
\"Vispirms \u016bdens, un p\u0113c tam sk\u0101be \u2014 cit\u0101di notiks liela nelaime!\" \u2014 tas ir tie\u0161i par s\u0113rsk\u0101bi, kaut k\u0101p\u0113c visi dom\u0101, ka tas attiecas uz jebkuru sk\u0101bi.<\/p>\n
B\u016bdama oksid\u0113t\u0101js, s\u0113rsk\u0101be oksid\u0113 met\u0101lu virsmas l\u012bdz oks\u012bdiem. Un, t\u0101 k\u0101 oks\u012bdu mijiedarb\u012bba ar sk\u0101b\u0113m notiek \u016bdens k\u0101 katalizatora kl\u0101tb\u016btn\u0113 \u2014 bet \u016bdeni s\u0113rsk\u0101be neatdod \u2014 notiek efekts, ko sauc par pasiviz\u0101ciju: bl\u012bva, neiz\u0161\u0137\u012bsto\u0161a un necaurlaid\u012bga met\u0101la oks\u012bda pl\u0113ve aizsarg\u0101 to no turpm\u0101kas iz\u0161\u0137\u012b\u0161anas.<\/p>\n
\u0160\u0101da meh\u0101nisma d\u0113\u013c koncentr\u0113to s\u0113rsk\u0101bi s\u016bta t\u0101lajos dzelz\u0113 un alumnij\u0101. Interesanti, ka, ja sk\u0101bi at\u0161\u0137aida \u2014 par\u0101d\u0101s \u016bdens, un s\u016bt\u012bt vairs nevar \u2014 met\u0101li iz\u0161\u0137\u012bst.<\/p>\n
Starpcitu, s\u0113ra oks\u012bds SO3 \u0161\u0137\u012bst s\u0113rsk\u0101b\u0113 un veido ol\u0113mu \u2014 kuru da\u017ereiz nepareizi raksta k\u0101 H2S2O7, bet tas nav pavisam prec\u012bzi. Ol\u0113mam ir v\u0113l liel\u0101ka tieksme uz \u016bdeni.<\/p>\n
Person\u012bg\u0101 pieredze, saskaramies ar s\u0113rsk\u0101bi uz rokas: nedaudz siltums, tad nedaudz dedzina \u2013 noskalojiet zem kr\u0101na, nekas traks. Filmiem neticiet, bet uz sejas pil\u0113t neiesaku.<\/p>\n
Organiskie rea\u0123enti bie\u017ei izmanto hrompiku vai \"hromu mais\u012bjumu\" \u2013 tas ir k\u0101lija bikrom\u0101ts, kas iz\u0161\u0137\u012bdin\u0101ts s\u0113rsk\u0101b\u0113. Paties\u012bb\u0101 tas ir hromsk\u0101bes \u0161\u0137\u012bdums, tas ir labs trauku mazg\u0101\u0161anai no organiskajiem atkritumiem. Ja tas nokr\u012bt uz rokas, ar\u012b dedzina, bet paties\u012bb\u0101 \u2013 s\u0113rsk\u0101be plus toksiskais se\u0161v\u0113rt\u012bgais hroms. R\u016bp\u012bgi j\u0101izturas, lai nerad\u012btu caurumus rok\u0101, ja vien uz ap\u0123\u0113rba.<\/p>\n
\u0160o rindu autors paz\u012bst idiotu, kur\u0161, izmantojot k\u0101lija bikrom\u0101tu, izmantoja k\u0101lija permangan\u0101tu. Saskar\u0113 ar organisko vielu nedaudz uzspr\u0101ga. Kl\u0101teso\u0161ie mazliet nobij\u0101s, bet nekas traks.<\/p>\n
S\u0101lssk\u0101be<\/h3>\n \nHCl<\/b>
Kad tas nokr\u012bt uz \u0101das, dedzina nedaudz stipr\u0101k, subjekt\u012bvi \u2013 ar\u012b nieze, turkl\u0101t smar\u017eo: ja laboratorij\u0101 ar sliktu ventil\u0101ciju str\u0101d\u0101jat daudz ar koncentr\u0113tu s\u0101lssk\u0101bi \u2013 j\u016bsu zob\u0101rsts pateiks jums \"paldies\": j\u016bs izsniegs vi\u0146am naudu plomb\u0101s. Starp citu, ko\u0161\u013c\u0101jam\u0101 gumija pal\u012bdz. Bet ne \u013coti. Lab\u0101k \u2013 izs\u016bkn\u0113\u0161ana.<\/p>\n
Kop\u0161 tas nav e\u013c\u013cains un ar \u016bdeni stipri nesakars\u0113, agresivit\u0101te ir tikai attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz met\u0101liem, un ne visiem. Starp citu, t\u0113rauds koncentr\u0113t\u0101 s\u0101lssk\u0101b\u0113 pasiviz\u0113jas un saka tai \"n\u0113!\". Tie\u0161i to izmanto transport\u0113\u0161anas laik\u0101.<\/p>\n
Sl\u0101pek\u013ca sk\u0101be<\/h3>\n \nHNO3<\/b>
B\u016bdams oksid\u0113t\u0101js, pasiviz\u0113 daudzus met\u0101lus, kas p\u0101rkl\u0101jas ar ne\u0161\u0137\u012bsto\u0161u pl\u0113vi un saka: \"uz redz\u0113\u0161anos\" \u2013 tas ir hroms, dzelzs, alum\u012bnijs, kobalts, ni\u0137elis un citi. <\/p>\n
Ar \u0101du moment\u0101ni reag\u0113 saska\u0146\u0101 ar ksanprotre\u012bnreakcijas principu - rad\u012bsies dzeltena plankum, kas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka tu, %username%, patie\u0161\u0101m sast\u0101vi no olbaltumviel\u0101m! P\u0113c k\u0101da laika dzelten\u0101 \u0101da nolob\u012bsies, k\u0101 p\u0113c apdeguma. Taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101 k\u0101d\u0101 zi\u0146\u0101 kairin\u0101jums ir maz\u0101ks nek\u0101 s\u0101lssk\u0101bei, lai gan smar\u017eo ne slikt\u0101k - un \u0161oreiz t\u0101 ir toksisk\u0101ka: lidojo\u0161ie sl\u0101pek\u013ca oks\u012bdi nav \u012bpa\u0161i labi organismam.<\/p>\n
\u0136\u012bmij\u0101 izmanto t\u0101 saucamo \"nitr\u0113jo\u0161o mais\u012bjumu\" - vispopul\u0101r\u0101kais sast\u0101v no s\u0113rsk\u0101bes un sl\u0101pek\u013ca sk\u0101bes. To lieto sint\u0113z\u0113, galvenok\u0101rt, jautr\u0101 materi\u0101la - piroksil\u012bna - ieg\u016b\u0161anai. Kairin\u0101juma zi\u0146\u0101 tas ir tas pats hrompikas plus skaista dzelten\u0101 \u0101da.<\/p>\n
T\u0101pat ir \"\u0137\u0113ni\u0161a \u016bdens\" - tas ir da\u013ca no sl\u0101pek\u013ca sk\u0101bes uz trim da\u013c\u0101m s\u0101lssk\u0101bes. To lieto da\u017e\u0101du met\u0101lu, galvenok\u0101rt d\u0101rgmet\u0101lu, iz\u0161\u0137\u012bdin\u0101\u0161anai. At\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgais mais\u012bjums un \u016bdens pievieno\u0161ana ir pamats pilienu metodei, k\u0101 p\u0101rbaud\u012bt zelta izstr\u0101d\u0101jumu paraugu - starp citu, speci\u0101listiem par \u0161o metodi ir \u013coti gr\u016bti apm\u0101not ar viltojumiem. Kairin\u0101juma zi\u0146\u0101 tas ir tas pats \"nitr\u0113jo\u0161ais mais\u012bjums\" plus smar\u017ea, ko negar\u0101m ar neko - tas ar\u012b ir diezgan toksisks.<\/p>\n
Ir ar\u012b \"pret\u0113j\u0101 \u0137\u0113ni\u0161a \u016bdens\" - kad attiec\u012bba ir pret\u0113ja, bet tas ir ret\u0101ka specifika.<\/p>\n
Fosforsk\u0101be<\/h3>\n \nH3PO4<\/b>
Koncentr\u0113t\u0101 ortofosforsk\u0101be (85%) - tas ir t\u0101ds s\u012brup. Sk\u0101be pati par sevi ir vid\u0113ja, to bie\u017ei izmanto p\u0101rtikas r\u016bpniec\u012bb\u0101, starp citu - kad tev liek plombas, zoba virsma iepriek\u0161 tiek apstr\u0101d\u0101ta ar fosforsk\u0101bi.<\/p>\n
Korozivit\u0101te ir t\u0101da, bet ir nepat\u012bkams nianses: \u0161is s\u012brups labi uzs\u016bcas. T\u0101p\u0113c, ja iekr\u012bt uz liet\u0101m - tas uzs\u016bksies, bet p\u0113c tam l\u0113n\u0101m izn\u012bcin\u0101s. Un ja no sl\u0101pek\u013ca un s\u0101lssk\u0101bes izveidosies plankums vai caurums - tad no fosforsk\u0101bes lieta s\u0101ks izsist, \u012bpa\u0161i tas izskat\u0101s kr\u0101\u0161\u0146i uz apaviem, kad caurums it k\u0101 s\u0101k drupt, l\u012bdz tas izveidos caurumu.<\/p>\n
Nu, visp\u0101r gr\u016bti to nosaukt par kairino\u0161u.<\/p>\n
P\u013cauku sk\u0101be<\/h3>\n \nHF<\/b>
V\u0101ja sk\u0101be, kas ar kod\u012bgas m\u012blest\u012bbas sp\u0113ku veido stabilus kompleksus ar visu, ar ko var. T\u0101p\u0113c t\u0101 p\u0101rsteidzo\u0161i iz\u0161\u0137\u012bdina to, ko citi, stipr\u0101kie draugi \u2014 nesp\u0113j, un t\u0101d\u0113\u013c bie\u017ei tiek izmantota da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s mais\u012bjumos iz\u0161\u0137\u012bd\u0161anai. Saskaroties ar roku, saj\u016btas b\u016bs vair\u0101k no \u0161\u0101du mais\u012bjumu citiem komponentiem, bet ir viens nianses aspekts.<\/p>\n
Fluor\u016bde\u0146ra\u017ea sk\u0101be iz\u0161\u0137\u012bdina SiO2. T\u0101tad smiltis. T\u0101tad stikls. T\u0101tad kvarcs. Nu un t\u0101 l\u012bdz\u012bgi. N\u0113, ja tu uzpilin\u0101si \u0161o sk\u0101bi uz loga \u2014 tas neiz\u0161\u0137\u012bd\u012bs, bet paliks miglains traips. Lai iz\u0161\u0137\u012bdin\u0101tu \u2014 j\u0101tur ilgsto\u0161i, un v\u0113l lab\u0101k \u2014 j\u0101n\u0101k siltumam. Iz\u0161\u0137\u012bdin\u0101\u0161anas laik\u0101 izdal\u0101s SiF4, kas ir tik vesel\u012bgs, ka lab\u0101k to dar\u012bt zem ventil\u0101cijas.<\/p>\n
Mazs, bet pat\u012bkams nianses aspekts: sil\u012bcijs ir iek\u0161\u0101 pie tevis, %username%, nagos. T\u0101tad, ja fluor\u016bde\u0146ra\u017ea sk\u0101be iek\u013c\u016bst zem nagiem \u2014 tu neko neman\u012bsi. Bet nakt\u012b nevar\u0113si gul\u0113t \u2014 b\u016bs tik s\u0101p\u012bgi, ka reiz\u0113m rodas v\u0113lme nogriezt pirkstu. Tici man, draugs \u2014 es zinu.<\/p>\n
Un visp\u0101r fluor\u016bde\u0146ra\u017ea sk\u0101be ir toksiska, kancerog\u0113na, uzs\u016bcas caur \u0101du un v\u0113l daudzas citas lietas \u2014 bet m\u0113s jau \u0161odien run\u0101jam par kod\u012bgumu, vai ne?<\/p>\n
Atceries, m\u0113s s\u0101kum\u0101 vienoj\u0101mies, ka fluor\u0101 neb\u016bs? T\u0101 ar\u012b neb\u016bs. Bet b\u016bs\u2026<\/p>\n
Fluor\u012bdi no inerta g\u0101z\u0113m<\/h3>\n \nPaties\u012bb\u0101 fluor\u0161 ir nopietns puisis, ar vi\u0146u \u012bpa\u0161i neiztrauc\u0113ties, un t\u0101d\u0113\u013c da\u017eas inertas g\u0101zes veido ar vi\u0146u fluor\u012bdus. Ir zin\u0101mi \u0161\u0101di stabilie fluor\u012bdi: KrF2, XeF2, XeF4, XeF6. Visi tie ir krist\u0101li, kas gais\u0101 ar da\u017e\u0101du \u0101trumu un v\u0113lmi sadal\u0101s mitrum\u0101, veidojot fluor\u016bde\u0146ra\u017ea sk\u0101bi. Kod\u012bgums \u2014 attiec\u012bgs. <\/p>\n
Jod\u016bde\u0146ra\u017ea sk\u0101be<\/h3>\n \nHI<\/b>Hlor\u016bde\u0146ra\u017ea sk\u0101be<\/h3>\n
\nHClO4<\/b>
Non\u0101kot uz \u0101das, t\u0101 dedzina, saj\u016btas k\u0101 no s\u0101lssk\u0101bes. Smird. Kad redzat film\u0101s, ka k\u0101ds iemet l\u012b\u0137i trauk\u0101 ar hlor\u016bde\u0146ra sk\u0101bi \u2014 un tas iz\u0161\u0137\u012bst, j\u0101, t\u0101 var b\u016bt \u2014 bet ilgi vai j\u0101kars\u0113. Ja kars\u0113 \u2014 var pl\u012bst (skat\u012bt iepriek\u0161). T\u0101tad esiet kritiski pret kinematogr\u0101fiju (man, \u0161\u0137iet, t\u0101 esmu redz\u0113jis film\u0101 \"Kloverf\u012blds, 10\").<\/p>\n
Starpcitu, hloru oks\u012bdu (VII) Cl2O7 un hloru oks\u012bdu (VI) Cl2O6 raup\u012bga iedarb\u012bba ir rezult\u0101ts tam, ka ar \u016bdeni \u0161ie oks\u012bdi veido hlor\u016bde\u0146ra sk\u0101bi.<\/p>\n
Bet tagad iedom\u0101simies, ka m\u0113s nol\u0113m\u0101m vien\u0101 savienojum\u0101 apvienot sp\u0113c\u012bgu sk\u0101bumu \u2014 un fluora toksiskumu: \u0146emsim hlor\u016bde\u0146ra vai s\u0113rsk\u0101bes molekulu \u2014 un nomain\u012bsim taj\u0101 visas hidroksilgrupas uz fluor! Izn\u0101ks \u012bsta dr\u0101ma: t\u0101 darbosies ar \u016bdeni un l\u012bdz\u012bgiem savienojumiem \u2014 un reakcijas viet\u0101 nekav\u0113joties veidosies sp\u0113c\u012bga sk\u0101be un fluor\u016bde\u0146ra sk\u0101be. Ko j\u016bs sak\u0101t?<\/p>\n
S\u0113ra, bromu un jodu fluor\u012bdi<\/h3>\n \nVai atceraties, ka vienoj\u0101mies apskat\u012bt tikai \u0161\u0137idrumus? Tie\u0161i \u0161\u012b iemesla d\u0113\u013c m\u016bsu rakst\u0101 nav trifluor\u012bda hloram ClF3<\/b>, kas v\u0101r\u0101s pie +12 \u00b0C, lai gan visas pasakas par to, ka tas ir \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi toksisks, aizdedzina stiklu, pretaizdedzes masks, un 900 kilogramu izlieto\u0161ana \u2014 izsme\u013c 30 cm betona un metra grants \u2014 viss tas ir paties\u012bba. Bet m\u0113s ta\u010du vienoj\u0101mies \u2014 tikai \u0161\u0137idrumi.<\/p>\n
Tom\u0113r ir dzeltena \u0161\u0137idruma \u2014 pentafluor\u012bds jodam IF5<\/b>, bezkr\u0101saina \u0161\u0137idruma \u2014 trifluor\u012bda bromam BrF3<\/b>, gai\u0161i dzeltena \u2014 pentafluor\u012bds bromam BrF5<\/b>, kas nav slikt\u0101ki. Piem\u0113ram, BrF5 ar\u012b iz\u0161\u0137\u012bdina stiklu, met\u0101lus un betonu.<\/p>\n
T\u0101pat \u2014 no visiem s\u0113ra fluor\u012bdiem \u0161\u0137idrs ir tikai dekafluor\u012bds dis\u0113ra (da\u017ek\u0101rt to sauc ar\u012b par piecifluor\u0113tu sieru) \u2014 bezkr\u0101saina \u0161\u0137idruma formula ir S2F10<\/b>. Bet \u0161is savienojums norm\u0101l\u0101s temperat\u016br\u0101s ir pietiekami stabils, neizk\u016bst \u016bden\u012b \u2014 t\u0101p\u0113c nav ar\u012b \u012bpa\u0161i kod\u012bgs. Paties\u012bb\u0101 tas ir 4 reizes toksisk\u0101ks par fosg\u0113nu ar l\u012bdz\u012bgu darb\u012bbas meh\u0101nismu.<\/p>\n
Starpcitu, run\u0101, ka pentafluor\u012bds jods bija \u00abspeci\u0101lais gaiss\u00bb atmosf\u0113ras piepild\u012b\u0161anai izn\u012bcin\u0101t\u0101ju uz laik\u0101 \u00abSve\u0161ais\u00bb 1979. gad\u0101. Nu, god\u012bgi sakot, nezinu.<\/p>\n
Supersk\u0101bes<\/h3>\n \nTerminu \u00absupersk\u0101be\u00bb ieviesa D\u017e\u0435\u0439\u043css Konants 1927. gad\u0101, lai klasific\u0113tu stipr\u0101kas sk\u0101bes nek\u0101 parast\u0101s miner\u0101lsk\u0101bes. Da\u017eos avotos hlor\u016bde\u0146ra\u017ea sk\u0101bi uzskata par supersk\u0101bi, lai gan tas t\u0101 nav \u2014 t\u0101 ir parasta miner\u0101lsk\u0101be.<\/p>\n
Vair\u0101ku supersk\u0101bju s\u0113rija \u2014 t\u0101s ir miner\u0101lsk\u0101bes, kur\u0101m pievienota halog\u0113na: halog\u0113ns pievelk elektronus, visi atomi \u013coti sp\u0113c\u012bgi satraucas, bet viss parasti paliek \u016bde\u0146radim: tas nokr\u012bt k\u0101 H+ \u2014 bang: l\u016bk, sk\u0101be k\u013cuva stipr\u0101ka.<\/p>\n
Piem\u0113ri \u2014 fluorsk\u0101be un hlorssk\u0101be<\/b>
P\u0113c tam k\u0101ds gudrs padom\u0101ja: bet k\u0101p\u0113c m\u0113s \u0146emam Bersteda sk\u0101bi (vielu, kas sp\u0113j pie\u0146emt cita viela elektronu p\u0101ri) un sajaucam to ar sk\u0101bo L\u016bisa sk\u0101bi (vielu, kas sp\u0113j atdot protonu)! Sajauc\u0101m pentafluor\u012bdu antimonija ar fluora sk\u0101bi \u2014 ieguv\u0101m heksafluorantimonija sk\u0101bi HSbF6<\/b>. \u0160aj\u0101 sist\u0113m\u0101 fluora sk\u0101be izdala protonu (H+), un saist\u012btais b\u0101zes (F\u2212) tiek izol\u0113ts ar koordin\u0113jo\u0161u saiti ar pentafluor\u012bdu antimonija. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di veidojas liels oktaedrisks anjons (SbF6\u2212), kas ir \u013coti v\u0101ja nukleofils un \u013coti v\u0101ja b\u0101ze. P\u0101rnests atpaka\u013c, protons nosaka sist\u0113mas supersk\u0101buma pak\u0101pi \u2014 Gamma funkcija -28!<\/p>\n
P\u0113c tam n\u0101ca citi un teica, k\u0101p\u0113c m\u0113s \u0146emam v\u0101ju Bersteda sk\u0101bi \u2014 un izdom\u0101ja \u0161\u0101du.<\/p>\n
Tetrafluormetansulfonsk\u0101be<\/b>
Un tad grups zin\u0101tnieku no \u0137\u012bmijas katedras Amerikas Kalifornijas universit\u0101t\u0113, kuru vad\u012bja profesors Kristofers R\u012bds, satik\u0101s ar kol\u0113\u0123iem no Katalizatora instit\u016bta So RAN (Novosibirska) un izdom\u0101ja karbor\u0101nsk\u0101bi H(CHB11Cl11). Nu, to nosauca par \"karbor\u0101nsk\u0101bi\" parastiem cilv\u0113kiem, bet, ja v\u0113lies justies k\u0101 zin\u0101tnieks \u2014 pasaki \"2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12-undecloro-1-karba-kl\u014dzododekabors(12)\" tr\u012bs reizes un \u0101tri.<\/p>\n
T\u0101 izskat\u0101s \u0161\u012b skaistule<\/b>
V\u0113l\u0101k Kristofers R\u012bds intervij\u0101 \u017eurn\u0101lam Nature sac\u012bja: \"Ideja par karbor\u0101nsk\u0101bes sint\u0113zi rad\u0101s no sap\u0146iem 'par molekul\u0101m, kuras nekad iepriek\u0161 nav rad\u012btas.' Vi\u0146\u0161 kop\u0101 ar kol\u0113\u0123iem v\u0113las izmantot karbor\u0101nsk\u0101bi, lai oksid\u0113tu inerta g\u0101zes ksenona atomus \u2014 vienk\u0101r\u0161i t\u0101p\u0113c, ka neviens to iepriek\u0161 nav dar\u012bjis. Ori\u0123in\u0101li, ko lai saka.<\/p>\n
Nu, t\u0101 k\u0101 superk\u0101bes ir parastas sk\u0101bes, t\u0101s uzvedas parasti, tikai nedaudz stipr\u0101k. Ir skaidrs, ka t\u0101s dedzina \u0101du, bet tas nenoz\u012bm\u0113 \u2014 ka t\u0101s iz\u0161\u0137\u012bdina. Fluorsulfonsk\u0101be ir cits gad\u012bjums, bet tur viss ir gr\u016bt\u012bbas ar fluoru, k\u0101 ar\u012b hidrofluoric.<\/p>\n
Tr\u012bhalogenacetiskas sk\u0101bes<\/h3>\n \nUn konkr\u0113ti \u2014 trifluoroacetisk\u0101 un trihloracetisk\u0101 sk\u0101be<\/b>
Vism\u012b\u013c\u0101k\u0101 ir trifluoracetisk\u0101 sk\u0101be: 20% \u0161\u0137\u012bdums izn\u012bcina met\u0101lus, kor\u0137i, gumiju, bakel\u012btu, polietil\u0113nu. Uz \u0101das dedzina un veido sausas \u010d\u016blas, l\u012bdz pat musku\u013ca sl\u0101nim. <\/p>\n
Trihloracetisk\u0101 \u0161aj\u0101 zi\u0146\u0101 ir jaun\u0101kais br\u0101lis, bet ar\u012b nav slikta. Starp citu, aplausi v\u0101j\u0101k\u0101 dzimuma: skaistuma mekl\u0113jumos da\u017ei dodas uz t\u0101 saukto TCA p\u012blinga proced\u016bru (TCA ir TetraChloroAcetate) \u2014 kad ar \u0161o pa\u0161u tetrakloracetisko sk\u0101bi iz\u0161\u0137\u012bdina aug\u0161\u0113jo s\u012bko \u0101das sl\u0101ni.<\/p>\n
Tom\u0113r, ja kosmetologs run\u0101 pa telefonu, iesp\u0113jams, ka rodas neveiksme.<\/b>habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u2013\u00a0\u042d\u0442\u0438 \u0438\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0442\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0444\u0430\u0440\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u0441\u043e \u00ab\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043c\u00bb \u0432 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0443, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0443\u044e\u2026 \u0422\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u00ab\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c\u00bb \u043f\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043b \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043b \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0448\u043a\u0443, \u0432\u044b\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0443, \u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435, \u0441 \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043e\u043d \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043e\u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u00ab\u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u044c\u00bb. \u041f\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0431\u043b\u043e \u0442\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a, \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":24989,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-33254","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t
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