{"id":33395,"date":"2019-10-31T21:52:20","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:52:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/samye-interesnye-metally\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:52:20","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:52:20","slug":"samye-interesnye-metally","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/news\/samye-interesnye-metally","title":{"rendered":"Interesant\u0101kie met\u0101li","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Interesant\u0101kie<\/p>\n

Kas nesaklausa met\u0101lu \u2014 tam dievs pr\u0101ta nav devis!<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\n \u2014 Tautas dai\u013crade<\/i><\/p>\n

Sveiks, %username%.<\/p>\n

gjf<\/a><\/noindex> atkal sazin\u0101jos. \u0160odien b\u016b\u0161u pavisam \u012bss, jo p\u0113c se\u0161\u0101m stund\u0101m j\u0101ce\u013cas un j\u0101brauc.<\/p>\n

Bet \u0161odien gribu past\u0101st\u012bt par met\u0101lu. Bet ne par to, kas ir m\u016bzika, \u2014 par to varam parun\u0101t k\u0101d\u0101 br\u012bd\u012b pie alus kausa, nevis Habr\u0101. Un pat ne par met\u0101lu \u2014 bet par met\u0101liem! Un v\u0113los past\u0101st\u012bt par tiem met\u0101liem, kuri mani dz\u012bv\u0113 t\u0101 vai cit\u0101di p\u0101rsteigu\u0161i ar sav\u0101m \u012bpa\u0161\u012bb\u0101m.<\/p>\n

Kop\u0161 visi hitpar\u0101des dal\u012bbnieki izce\u013cas ar k\u0101d\u0101m sav\u0101m supersp\u0113j\u0101m, vietu un uzvar\u0113t\u0101ju neb\u016bs. B\u016bs \u2014 met\u0101la desmitnieks! T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di sec\u012bbas numurs neko nenoz\u012bm\u0113.<\/p>\n

Iesim.
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\n1. Dzelzs<\/b>\"Interesant\u0101kie
\n
\nDzelzs \u2014 visskaist\u0101kais met\u0101ls: t\u0101 ku\u0161anas temperat\u016bra ir -39 \u00b0C. Par to, ka tas ir toksisks \u2014 un pat \u013coti \u2014 es jau rakst\u012bju<\/a><\/noindex>, t\u0101p\u0113c atk\u0101rtoties negribu.<\/p>\n

Kop\u0161 seniem laikiem par dzelzi it k\u0101 neviens nel\u016bdz\u0101s \u2014 kas nek\u0101du br\u012bnumu: \"\u0161\u0137idrais sudrabs\"! Al\u0137\u012bmi\u0137i uzskat\u012bja, ka tie\u0161i dzelz\u012b kaut kur sl\u0113pjas slavenais filozofiskais akmens, piem\u0113ram, D\u017eabirs ibn Hajj\u0101ns uzskat\u012bja, ka, t\u0101 k\u0101 dzelzs ir \u0161\u0137idrs met\u0101ls, tas ir \"absol\u016bts\": tas ir br\u012bvs no jebkur\u0101m piemais\u012bjumiem, kas rakstur\u012bgas cietajiem met\u0101liem. S\u0113ra \u2014 cits apbr\u012bnas objekts Hajj\u0101nam \u2014 ir uguns elements, tas sp\u0113j rad\u012bt t\u012bru \"absol\u016btu\" liesmu, un t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di visi citi met\u0101li (un, t\u0101 k\u0101 tas bija VIII gadsimts, to nebija daudz: septi\u0146i) ir radu\u0161ies no dzelzs un s\u0113ra.<\/p>\n

Gan VIII gadsimt\u0101, gan tagad \u2014 ja sajauc dzelzi un seru, tad san\u0101ks melnais dzelzs sulf\u012bds (un, starp citu, tas ir viens no veidiem, k\u0101 dezinfic\u0113t izlieto dzelzi) \u2014 bet nu nek\u0101d\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 ne met\u0101ls. \u0160o nelaim\u012bgo neveiksmi Hajj\u0101ns skaidroja ar to, ka visiem mu\u013c\u0137iem tr\u016bkst k\u0101da \"nobriedin\u0101t\u0101ja\", kas no meln\u0101 s\u016bda var\u0113s pan\u0101kt met\u0101lu. Un, protams, visi met\u0101s mekl\u0113t \"nobriedin\u0101t\u0101ju\", lai ieg\u016btu zeltu. Filozofisk\u0101 akme\u0146a mekl\u0113jumu st\u0101sts ofici\u0101li tika atkl\u0101ts. <\/p>\n

%username%, tu tagad smejies par al\u0137\u012bmi\u0137iem \u2014 bet vi\u0146i tom\u0113r sasniedza savu! 1947. gad\u0101 amerik\u0101\u0146u fizi\u0137i beta-sadal\u012bjum\u0101 no izotopa Hg-197 ieguva vien\u012bgo stabilo zelta izotopu Au-197. No 100 mg dzelzs izguva veselas 35 \u00b5g zelta \u2014 un tie tagad lepojas \u010cik\u0101gas zin\u0101tnes un industri\u0101l\u0101 muzeja izst\u0101d\u0113. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di al\u0137\u012bmi\u0137i bija pareizi \u2014 jo var! Tikai, m\u0101tesgais, d\u0101rgi\u2026<\/p>\n

Starp citu, vien\u012bgais al\u0137\u012bmi\u0137is, kur\u0161 netic\u0113ja, ka var ieg\u016bt zeltu no citiem met\u0101liem, bija Ab\u016b al\u012b al-Husains ibn Abdall\u0101h ibn al-\u1e2a\u0101ss\u0101n ibn Al\u012b ibn S\u012bn\u0101 \u2014 un tum\u0161ajiem bezdieviem \u2014 vienk\u0101r\u0161i Avicena.<\/p>\n

Starp citu, ar dz\u012bvsudrabu p\u0113c izskata \u013coti konkur\u0113 cits met\u0101ls \u2014 gallijs. T\u0101 ku\u0161anas temperat\u016bra ir 29 \u00b0C, skol\u0101 man r\u0101d\u012bja iespaid\u012bgu triku: rok\u0101 liek k\u0101da met\u0101la gabalu...
\n... un l\u016bk, kas notiek.<\/b>\"Interesant\u0101kie
\n
\nStarp citu, galliju \u0161obr\u012bd var nopirkt ali\u0137\u012b, lai r\u0101d\u012btu t\u0101du triku. Nezinu, vai tam izdosies iziet caur muitas kontroli.<\/p>\n

2. Tit\u0101ns<\/b>\"Interesant\u0101kie
\n
\nSkaidrs tit\u0101ns \u2014 tas nav k\u0101 dz\u012bvsudraba kniebieni! Tas ir pats ciet\u0101kais met\u0101ls! Mans b\u0113rn\u012bb\u0101 un jaun\u012bb\u0101 ar tit\u0101nu rakst\u012bja uz visiem \u0161iem stikliem sabiedriskaj\u0101 transport\u0101. Jo skr\u0101p\u0113ja \u2014 un ar smalku met\u0101la putek\u013cu k\u0101rti\u0146u kr\u0101soja.<\/p>\n

Visi zina, ka tit\u0101na d\u0113\u013c t\u0101 ciet\u012bbas un viegluma to izmanto avi\u0101cij\u0101. Past\u0101st\u012b\u0161u par da\u017eiem interesantiem pielietojumiem.<\/p>\n

B\u016bdams uzsild\u012bts, tit\u0101ns s\u0101k absorb\u0113t da\u017e\u0101dus g\u0101zes \u2014 sk\u0101bekli, hloru un pat sl\u0101pekli. To izmanto inerto g\u0101zu att\u012br\u012b\u0161anas iek\u0101rt\u0101s (piem\u0113ram, argon\u0101) \u2014 to p\u016b\u0161 caur caurul\u0113m, kas piepild\u012btas ar tit\u0101na s\u016bkli un uzsild\u012btas l\u012bdz 500-600 \u00b0C. Starp citu, \u0161aj\u0101 temperat\u016br\u0101 tit\u0101na s\u016bklis rea\u0123\u0113 ar \u016bdeni \u2014 sk\u0101beklis tiek absorb\u0113ts, \u016bde\u0146radis tiek atdots, bet parasti \u016bde\u0146radis inertos g\u0101z\u0113s nevienu neaiztrauc, at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no \u016bdens.<\/p>\n

Baltais tit\u0101na dioks\u012bds TiO2 tiek izmantots kr\u0101s\u0101s (piem\u0113ram, tit\u0101na balts), k\u0101 ar\u012b pap\u012bra un plastmasas ra\u017eo\u0161an\u0101. P\u0101rtikas piedeva E171. Starp citu, tit\u0101na dioks\u012bda ra\u017eo\u0161an\u0101 oblig\u0101ti kontrol\u0113 t\u0101 elementu sast\u0101vu \u2014 bet nevis lai samazin\u0101tu piemais\u012bjumus, bet lai pievienotu \u201ebalin\u0101t\u0101jus\u201d: ir nepiecie\u0161ams, lai kr\u0101sojo\u0161o elementu \u2014 dzelzs, hroma, vara utt. \u2014 b\u016btu maz\u0101k.<\/p>\n

Tit\u0101na karb\u012bds, dibor\u012bda tit\u0101ns, tit\u0101na karbona nitr\u012bds \u2014 konkurenti volframa karb\u012bdam p\u0113c ciet\u012bbas. Tr\u016bkums \u2014 tie ir viegl\u0101ki. <\/p>\n

Tit\u0101na nitr\u012bds tiek izmantots instrumentu, bazn\u012bcu kupolu un rotu ra\u017eo\u0161an\u0101, jo tam ir kr\u0101sa, kas l\u012bdzin\u0101s zeltam. Visas \u0161\u012bs \u201emedic\u012bnisk\u0101s sakaus\u0113juma\u201d, kas atg\u0101dina zeltu \u2014 ir p\u0101rkl\u0101jums ar tit\u0101na nitr\u012bdu.<\/p>\n

Starp citu, neatlaid\u012bgi zin\u0101tnieki nesen tom\u0113r izveidoja sakaus\u0113jumu, kas ir ciet\u0101ks par tit\u0101nu! Bet, lai to pan\u0101ktu, n\u0101c\u0101s sajaukt pal\u0101diju, sil\u012bciju, fosforu, germ\u0101niju un sudrabu. \u0160is izstr\u0101d\u0101jums izr\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s d\u0101rgs, t\u0101p\u0113c atkal uzvar\u0113ja tit\u0101ns.<\/p>\n

3. Volframs<\/b>\"Interesant\u0101kie
\n
\nVolframs ir pretstat\u0101 dz\u012bvsudrabam: tas ir cietis met\u0101ls ar ku\u0161anas temperat\u016bru 3422 \u00b0C. Tas ir paz\u012bstams jau kop\u0161 16. gadsimta, lai gan paz\u012bstams nav pats met\u0101ls, bet miner\u0101ls volframit, kur\u0101 atrodams volframs. Interesanti, ka nosaukums Wolf Rahm ciet\u0101 v\u0101cu valod\u0101 noz\u012bm\u0113 \u201evilku kr\u0113jumu\u201d: v\u0101cie\u0161i, kas ku\u013co cinku, \u013coti neieredz\u0113ja volframita piemais\u012bjumus, kuri trauc\u0113ja ku\u0161anu, p\u0101rv\u0113r\u0161ot cinku putu sl\u0101\u0146u veid\u0101 (\"ap\u0113dot cinku k\u0101 vilks aitu\"). Pats met\u0101ls tika izdal\u012bts v\u0113l\u0101k, aptuveni p\u0113c 200 gadiem.<\/p>\n

Tas, kas ir att\u0113l\u0101, paties\u012bb\u0101 nav volframs, bet volframa karb\u012bds, t\u0101p\u0113c, ja tev, %username%, ir t\u0101ds gredzens, tad neuztraucies p\u0101r\u0101k. Volframa karb\u012bds ir smaga un \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi cieta savienojuma veids \u2014 t\u0101p\u0113c to izmanto da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s deta\u013c\u0101s, kur\u0101m nepiecie\u0161ama iztur\u012bba, un, starp citu, \"uzvar\u0113t\u0101js\" ir 90% volframa karb\u012bda. V\u0113l volframa karb\u012bdu labie cilv\u0113ki pievieno k\u0101 nogalu bru\u0146urupu\u010du gran\u0101t\u0101m un lod\u0113m. Bet ne tikai to \u2014 v\u0113l\u0101k st\u0101st\u012b\u0161u par citu met\u0101lu.<\/p>\n

Starp citu, kaut ar\u012b volframs ir smags \u2014 tom\u0113r neskatoties uz liel\u0101ku bl\u012bvumu sal\u012bdzin\u0101jum\u0101 ar tradicion\u0101lo un l\u0113t\u0101ko svinu, volframa aizsardz\u012bba izr\u0101d\u0101s maz\u0101k smaga ar vien\u0101diem aizsardz\u012bbas \u012bpa\u0161\u012bb\u0101m vai efekt\u012bv\u0101ka ar vien\u0101du svaru. Sakar\u0101 ar volframa augsto ku\u0161anas temperat\u016bru un ciet\u012bbu, kas apgr\u016btina t\u0101 apstr\u0101di, \u0161ajos gad\u012bjumos tiek izmantoti plastisk\u0101ki volframa sakaus\u0113jumi, pievienojot citus met\u0101lus vai volframa putek\u013cu suspensiju (vai t\u0101 savienojumus) polim\u0113ra b\u0101z\u0113. Rezult\u0101ts ir viegl\u0101ks, efekt\u012bv\u0101ks \u2014 bet tikai d\u0101rg\u0101ks. T\u0101p\u0113c, ja b\u016bs folauts, %username%, ieg\u0101d\u0101jies sev volframa bru\u0146as!<\/p>\n

Starp citu, uz sava \"m\u016b\u017e\u012bg\u0101 gredzena\" es sp\u0113ju uztais\u012bt k\u0101du \u0137\u012bmisku traipu \u2014 un pat nezinu, ar ko. T\u0101p\u0113c tas \"m\u016b\u017e\u012bgais\" ir tikai parastiem cilv\u0113kiem)))<\/p>\n

4. Ur\u0101ns<\/b>\"Interesant\u0101kie
\n
\nVien\u012bgais dab\u012bgais met\u0101ls, ko izmanto k\u0101 degvielu. Nu \u2014 kodolener\u0123ijas degvielu. <\/p>\n

Kad biju v\u0113l skolnieks un biju iepazinies ar universit\u0101ti (neieteik\u0161u k\u0101p\u0113c!), mani vienm\u0113r izpriec\u0113ja \u0101rzemju studentu reakcija, kad vi\u0146iem mikroskop\u0101 r\u0101d\u012bja uranilacet\u0101ta n\u0101trija krist\u0101lus. Nu, ir t\u0101da kvalitat\u012bva reakcija. Kad \u0101rzemniekiem teica v\u0101rdu \"uranil\" \u2014 vi\u0146i tika aizp\u016bsti no st\u0101va. Visi sm\u0113j\u0101s.<\/p>\n

Man ir smiekl\u012bgi un skumji, ka tagad ar\u012b liela da\u013ca m\u016bsu cilv\u0113ku uzskata, ka ur\u0101ns ir briesm\u012bgs, b\u012bstams un \u0161ausm\u012bgs. Izgl\u012bt\u012bbas kritums ir ac\u012bmredzams.<\/p>\n

Paties\u012bb\u0101 jau senos laikos dab\u012bg\u0101 ur\u0101na oks\u012bds tika izmantots dzelten\u0101s trauku ra\u017eo\u0161an\u0101. T\u0101tad, net\u0101lu no Neapoles tika atrasts dzelten\u0101 stikla fragments, kur\u0101 bija 1 % ur\u0101na oks\u012bda un kas dat\u0113ts ar 79. gadu m\u016bsu \u0113ras. Tas nesl\u0113pjas tums\u0101 un neizstaro. Es biju Dzeltenaj\u0101s \u016ad\u0113s Ukrain\u0101, kur ieg\u016bst ur\u0101na koncentr\u0101tu. Neviens tur nesl\u0113pjas un neizstaro. Un atkl\u0101jums ir vienk\u0101r\u0161s: dab\u012bgais ur\u0101ns ir v\u0101ji radioakt\u012bvs \u2014 ne vair\u0101k k\u0101 gran\u012bti un bazaltu, k\u0101 ar\u012b terikoni un metro. Tas ur\u0101ns, kas ir UR\u0100NS \u2014 ir izotops U-235, kura dab\u0101 ir tikai 0,7204 %. T\u0101 ir tik maz, ka kodolzin\u0101tniekiem ir j\u0101izol\u0113 un j\u0101koncentr\u0113 \u0161is izotops (\"bag\u0101tin\u0101t\") \u2014 cit\u0101di reaktors nedarbosies.<\/p>\n

Starp citu, agr\u0101k dab\u0101 U-235 bija vair\u0101k \u2014 laika gait\u0101 tas vienk\u0101r\u0161i sabruka. Un, t\u0101 k\u0101 t\u0101 bija liel\u0101ka, kodolreaktoru var\u0113ja izveidot tie\u0161i uz ce\u013ca. Tie\u0161\u0101 noz\u012bm\u0113. T\u0101 notika Gabon\u0101, Oklo ieguves viet\u0101 aptuveni pirms 2 miljardiem gadu: caur ie\u017eiem pl\u016bda \u016bdens, \u016bdens \u2014 dabisks neitronu pal\u0113nin\u0101t\u0101js, kas izn\u0101k, sadaloties ur\u0101nam-235 \u2014 un beig\u0101s neitronu ener\u0123ija bija tie\u0161i tik daudz, cik vajag ur\u0101na-235 kodola notver\u0161anai \u2014 un s\u0101k\u0101s \u0137\u0113des reakcija. Un ur\u0101ns dega da\u017eus simtus gadu, l\u012bdz izdega\u2026 <\/p>\n

M\u0113s to atkl\u0101j\u0101m iev\u0113rojami v\u0113l\u0101k, 1972. gad\u0101, kad ur\u0101na bag\u0101tin\u0101\u0161anas r\u016bpn\u012bc\u0101 Pj\u0113rlat\u0101 (Francija) ur\u0101na anal\u012bzes laik\u0101, kas tika veiktas Oklo, tika atkl\u0101ta novirze no norm\u0101m ur\u0101na izotopa sast\u0101v\u0101. U-235 izotopa saturs bija 0,717% viet\u0101, kur parasti ir 0,720%. Ur\u0101ns nav desas, \u0161eit nedos svaru stingri sod\u012bju\u0161i: visi kodolobjekti tiek pak\u013cauti stingrai kontrolei, lai nov\u0113rstu nelikum\u012bgu dal\u012b\u0161an\u0101s materi\u0101lu izmanto\u0161anu milit\u0101riem nol\u016bkiem. T\u0101p\u0113c zin\u0101tnieki s\u0101ka p\u0113t\u012bt un atrada v\u0113l p\u0101ris elementus, piem\u0113ram, neod\u012bmu un ruteniju, un saprata \u2014 U-235 pirms tam tika nozagts, t\u0101pat k\u0101 reaktor\u0101. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di kodolreaktors daba izgudroja ilgi pirms mums. Tom\u0113r, t\u0101pat k\u0101 viss.<\/p>\n

Izsmidzin\u0101tais ur\u0101ns (tas ir, kad 235. ir pa\u0146emts un atdots atomu darbiniekiem, bet paliek U-238) \u2014 smags un ciets, kaut kas atg\u0101dina volframu, un t\u0101d\u0113\u013c \u2014 t\u0101pat tiek izmantots tur, kur ir j\u0101sit. Par to ir st\u0101sts no biju\u0161\u0101s Jugoslavijas: tur tika izmantoti bru\u0146ubeigu \u0161\u0101vi\u0146i ar ur\u0101nu saturo\u0161u kodolu. Iedz\u012bvot\u0101jiem rad\u0101s probl\u0113mas, bet ne jau radi\u0101cijas d\u0113\u013c: smalk\u0101 ur\u0101na putek\u013ca iek\u013cuva plau\u0161\u0101s, uzs\u016bc\u0101s \u2014 un deva aug\u013cus: ur\u0101ns ir toksisks nier\u0113m. T\u0101tad \u2014 nav nek\u0101 j\u0101baid\u0101s no uranila acet\u0101ta! Paties\u012bb\u0101, saska\u0146\u0101 ar Krievijas Feder\u0101cijas likumiem tas nav noteikts \u2014 t\u0101p\u0113c past\u0101v\u012bgas probl\u0113mas ar \u0137\u012bmisko rea\u0123entu ieve\u0161anu, kas satur ur\u0101nu \u2014 jo oficiantiem ur\u0101ns ir tikai viens.<\/p>\n

Un v\u0113l ir ur\u0101na stikls: neliels ur\u0101na daudzums pie\u0161\u0137ir skaistu dzelteni-za\u013cu fluorescenci.
\nUn tas, nu j\u0101, ir skaisti!<\/b>\"Interesant\u0101kie
\n\"Interesant\u0101kie
\n
\nStarp citu, ir \u013coti noder\u012bgi viesiem pied\u0101v\u0101t \u0101bolus vai sal\u0101ti\u0146us, p\u0113c tam iesl\u0113gt nedaudz ultraviolet\u0101 gaismas un par\u0101d\u012bt, cik tas viss ir skaisti. Kad visi beidz apbr\u012bnot \u2014 nevain\u012bgi ierakst\u012bt: \u00abNu j\u0101, protams, tas ir ur\u0101na stikls\u2026\u00bb Un nograuzt gabali\u0146u \u0101bola no v\u0101zes\u2026<\/p>\n

5. Osmijs<\/b>\"Interesant\u0101kie
\n
\nNu, kad jau run\u0101j\u0101m par smagiem ur\u0101niem-volfram\u0101, laiks nosaukt visp\u0101r smag\u0101ko met\u0101lu \u2014 tas ir osmijs. T\u0101 bl\u012bvums ir 22,62 g\/cm3!<\/p>\n

Tom\u0113r osmijs, b\u016bdams smag\u0101kais, netrauc\u0113 b\u016bt ar\u012b lidojo\u0161am: gais\u0101 tas pak\u0101peniski oksid\u0113jas l\u012bdz OsO4, kas ir lidojo\u0161s \u2013 un, starp citu, \u013coti ind\u012bgs. J\u0101, tas ir elementu grup\u0101, bet tas piln\u012bb\u0101 oksid\u0113jas. Nosaukums \u201eosmijs\u201d n\u0101k no sengrie\u0137u v\u0101rda \u1f40\u03c3\u03bc\u03ae \u2013 \u201esmar\u017ea\u201d \u2013 tie\u0161i \u0161\u012b iemesla d\u0113\u013c: \u0137\u012bmisk\u0101s reakcijas, kad osm\u012brija s\u0101rmu sakaus\u0113jums (ne\u0161\u0137\u012bsto\u0161s plat\u012bna atlikums \u0137\u0113ra \u016bdens \u0161\u0137\u012bdum\u0101) tiek iz\u0161\u0137\u012bdin\u0101ts \u016bden\u012b vai sk\u0101b\u0113, ir saist\u012btas ar nepat\u012bkamu, sp\u0113c\u012bgu smaku OsO4, kas kairina kaklu, l\u012bdz\u012bgu hloram vai sapuvu\u0161iem r\u0101ce\u0146iem. \u0160o smaku sajusts Smitsons Tennants (par vi\u0146u v\u0113l\u0101k), str\u0101d\u0101jot ar osm\u012briju \u2013 un t\u0101p\u0113c vi\u0146\u0161 nosauca met\u0101lu. Un es zinu, ka osmijam j\u0101b\u016bt pulver\u012b un to j\u0101uzsilda, lai process norit\u0113tu intens\u012bv\u0101k \u2013 bet man\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 es necent\u012b\u0161os ilgi atrasties blakus \u0161im met\u0101lam.<\/p>\n

Starp citu, ir ar\u012b t\u0101ds izotops Os-187. Dab\u0101 t\u0101 ir \u013coti maz, t\u0101p\u0113c to ieg\u016bst no osmija, izmantojot centrif\u016bgas, veicot masu separ\u0101ciju \u2013 tie\u0161i t\u0101pat k\u0101 ur\u0101nu. Separ\u0113\u0161ana ilgst 9 m\u0113ne\u0161us \u2013 j\u0101, j\u0101, jau var\u0113tu piedzimt. T\u0101d\u0113\u013c Os-187 ir viens no d\u0101rg\u0101kajiem met\u0101liem, tie\u0161i t\u0101 satura d\u0113\u013c nosaka dab\u012bg\u0101 osmija tirgus cenu. Bet tas nav pats d\u0101rg\u0101kais, par to es past\u0101st\u012b\u0161u v\u0113l\u0101k.<\/p>\n

6. Ir\u012bdijs<\/b>\"Interesant\u0101kie
\n
\nJa run\u0101jam par plat\u012bna grupu, tad v\u0113rts atcer\u0113ties ar\u012b par ir\u012bdiju. Osmijs at\u0146\u0113ma ir\u012bdijam smag\u0101k\u0101 met\u0101la titulu \u2013 bet at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bba ir niec\u012bga: ir\u012bdija bl\u012bvums ir 22,53 g\/cm3. Osmijs un ir\u012bdijs tika atkl\u0101ti kop\u0101 1803. gad\u0101 ang\u013cu \u0137\u012bmi\u0137a S. Tennanta. Abi k\u0101 piemais\u012bjumi atrad\u0101s dab\u012bgaj\u0101 plat\u012bn\u0101, kas tika ieg\u016bta no Dienvidamerikas. Tennants bija pirmais no vair\u0101kiem zin\u0101tniekiem, kam izdev\u0101s ieg\u016bt pietiekamu daudzumu ne\u0161\u0137\u012bsto\u0161a atlikuma p\u0113c plat\u012bna pak\u013cau\u0161anas \u0137\u0113ra \u016bdens \u0161\u0137\u012bdumam un noteikt taj\u0101 iepriek\u0161 nezin\u0101mos met\u0101lus.<\/p>\n

Bet at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no osmija, ir\u012bdijs ir pats, pie velna, iztur\u012bg\u0101kais met\u0101ls: stie\u0146a form\u0101 tas ne\u0161\u0137\u012bst ne vien\u0101 sk\u0101b\u0113 un to mais\u012bjumos! Visp\u0101r! Pat baism\u012bgais fluor to nesp\u0113j iz\u0161\u0137\u012bdin\u0101t bez temperat\u016bras 400-450 \u00b0C. Lai tom\u0113r iz\u0161\u0137\u012bdin\u0101tu ir\u012bdiju, to n\u0101kas sajaukt ar s\u0101rmiem \u2013 un v\u0113lams papildus sk\u0101bek\u013ca pl\u016bsm\u0101. <\/p>\n

Ir\u012bdija meh\u0101nisk\u0101 un \u0137\u012bmisk\u0101 iztur\u012bba tiek izmantota Svaro un sv\u0113ra pal\u0101t\u0101 \u2014 etalons kilogramam ir izgatavots no zelta-ir\u012bdija sakaus\u0113juma.<\/p>\n

Pa\u0161laik ir\u012bdijs nav banku met\u0101ls, ta\u010du ar\u012b \u0161aj\u0101 jom\u0101 ir notiku\u0161as izmai\u0146as: 2013. gad\u0101 ir\u012bdijs pirmo reizi pasaul\u0113 tika izmantots ofici\u0101lu mon\u0113tu ra\u017eo\u0161an\u0101, ko izdeva Ruandas Nacion\u0101l\u0101 banka, izlaida mon\u0113tu no t\u012bra met\u0101la 999. prove. Ir\u012bdija mon\u0113ta tika izlaista ar nomin\u0101lv\u0113rt\u012bbu 10 ruandas frangiem. Un, ak, es grib\u0113tu t\u0101du mon\u0113tu!<\/p>\n

Starp citu, es jaun\u012bb\u0101 k\u0101d\u0101 \"Jaun\u0101 tehni\u0137a\" numur\u0101 izlas\u012bju fantastikas st\u0101stu, kur\u0101 puisis pan\u0101kumus guva, samainot smiltis pret ir\u012bdiju 1:1 kurs\u0101 ar k\u0101diem tur citplan\u0113tie\u0161iem pagrab\u0101. Vi\u0146iem, redz, vajadz\u0113ja sil\u012bcija! Nosaukumu un autora v\u0101rdu jau neatceros. Paldies. Wesha<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 atg\u0101din\u0101ja:<\/a><\/noindex> V. \u0160ibaev. Kabelis \"no turienes\".<\/p>\n

7. Zelta<\/b>N\u0113, nu vi\u0146u \u2014 visi redz\u0113ju\u0161i.
\n\"Interesant\u0101kie
\n
\nDz\u012bv\u0113 bie\u017ei ir t\u0101, ka ir faktiskais un form\u0101lais \u010dempions. Ja ir\u012bdijs ir faktiskais \u010dempions \u0137\u012bmiskaj\u0101 iztur\u012bb\u0101, tad zelta ir form\u0101ls: tas ir viselektronegativ\u0101kais met\u0101ls, 2,54 p\u0113c Polinga skalas. Bet tas netrauc\u0113 zeltam \u0161\u0137\u012bst sk\u0101bes mais\u012bjumos, t\u0101p\u0113c, k\u0101 parasti, slavas pieder\u012bg\u0101s ir tam, kur\u0161 ir bag\u0101t\u0101ks.<\/p>\n

Un tie\u0161\u0101m, \u0161obr\u012bd, pateicoties tam, ka \u0136\u012bna un Krievija atsak\u0101s no dol\u0101ru uzkr\u0101jumu politikas un p\u0101riet uz zelta uzkr\u0101jumu politiku, zelts ir visd\u0101rg\u0101kais banku met\u0101ls: p\u0113c cenas tas sen jau apsteidzis ieguld\u012bjumi un visas plat\u012bna grupas. T\u0101p\u0113c glab\u0101 naudu zelta kr\u0101jkas\u0113, %username%! <\/p>\n

Pamatojoties uz to, ka al\u0137\u012bmiskais dzelzs ieg\u016b\u0161anas veids ir d\u0101rgs, \u0161o met\u0101lu ieg\u016bst rafin\u0113\u0161anas r\u016bpn\u012bc\u0101s. Mon\u0113tas gan jau tiek ra\u017eotas mon\u0113tu mints. K\u0101 cilv\u0113ks, kur\u0161 ir bijis gan tur, gan \u0161eit, varu teikt: l\u012bdz\u012bgo uz\u0146\u0113mumu darbinieki apmekl\u0113jot zonu ar d\u0101rgmet\u0101liem, vai nu p\u0101r\u0123\u0113rbjas \u2013 un darba ap\u0123\u0113rbs nesatur nevienu \u0161\u0137ipsnu vai skavu \u2013 caurlaides ir pavisam cit\u0101das nek\u0101 lidost\u0101s, tur viss ir stingr\u0101k. Vai nu tiek izmantots t\u0101 sauktais \u201eplika re\u017e\u012bma\u201d \u2013 j\u0101, j\u0101, tu saprati pareizi: z\u0113ni un meitenes iet cauri da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m caurlaid\u0113m \u2013 p\u0101r\u0123\u0113rbieties jau iek\u0161pus\u0113. Ja tev ir met\u0101la implants \u2013 ir j\u0101uzr\u0101da daudzas apliec\u012bbas, ir nepiecie\u0161ami da\u017e\u0101di at\u013caujas, un katru reizi individu\u0101li p\u0101rbauda, ka implants ir viet\u0101, kur tam j\u0101b\u016bt.<\/p>\n

Starpcitu, k\u0101 tu dom\u0101 \u2013 k\u0101 tiek organiz\u0113tas caurlaides bankno\u0161u mints? Naudas gabali ta\u010du neskan!
\nAtbilde ir \u0161eit, bet padom\u0101 mazliet pats.<\/b>P\u0113c darba nevienu neizlai\u017e, tostarp vad\u012bbu, kam\u0113r netiek saskait\u012bta visa produkcija. J\u0101 \u2013 viss ir stingri. Ta\u010du neviens neiebilst, kad gr\u016btajos laikos algu izmaks\u0101 ar produktiem.<\/p>\n

\n8. Litijs<\/b>\"Interesant\u0101kie
\n
\nAt\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no smagajiem osmijs-\u012bridija litijs ir visslight\u0101kais met\u0101ls, t\u0101 bl\u012bvums ir tikai 0,534 g\/cm3. Tas ir s\u0101rmu met\u0101ls, bet vismaz\u0101k akt\u012bvs \u0161aj\u0101 grup\u0101: \u016bden\u012b neeksplod\u0113, bet mier\u012bgi rea\u0123\u0113, gais\u0101 ar\u012b stipri neoksid\u0113jas, un uzsist to ar\u012b nav viegli: p\u0113c 100 \u00b0C tas tik labi p\u0101rkl\u0101jas ar oks\u012bdu, ka turpm\u0101k neoksid\u0113jas. T\u0101p\u0113c litiju \u2013 vien\u012bgo s\u0101rmu met\u0101lu \u2013 neuzglab\u0101 naft\u0101 \u2013 k\u0101p\u0113c, ja tas ir pietiekami inerts? Un tas ir par laimi \u2013 d\u0113\u013c savas zem\u0101s bl\u012bvuma litijs peld\u0113tu naft\u0101.<\/p>\n

Dabas litijs sast\u0101v no diviem izotopiem: Li-6 un Li-7. T\u0101 k\u0101 pats atoms ir tik mazs, liekais neitrons b\u016btiski ietekm\u0113 orbit\u0101lo r\u0101diusu un elektrona uzbudin\u0101juma ener\u0123iju, t\u0101d\u0113\u013c parasto atomu spektrs \u0161iem diviem izotopiem at\u0161\u0137iras \u2013 l\u012bdz ar to iesp\u0113jams tos noteikt pat bez jebk\u0101diem masu spektrometriem \u2013 un tas ir vien\u012bgais iz\u0146\u0113mums dab\u0101! Abi izotopi ir \u013coti svar\u012bgi kodolener\u0123ij\u0101, starp citu, deuter\u012bds Li-6 tiek izmantots k\u0101 termonukle\u0101rais pulveris termonukle\u0101raj\u0101 iero\u010d\u0101 \u2013 un vair\u0101k es par \u0161o t\u0113mu nesak\u0161u ne v\u0101rda!<\/p>\n

Litijs tiek izmantots ar\u012b psihiatrij\u0101 k\u0101 normot\u0113risks l\u012bdzeklis maniaku \u0101rst\u0113\u0161anai un profilaksei. Kad es stud\u0113ju, es str\u0101d\u0101ju k\u0101d\u0101 katedr\u0101, un pie mums n\u0101ca sieviete ar asins plazmu, kur\u0101 bija j\u0101nosaka litijs. K\u0101du reizi es uzg\u0101ju literat\u016bru (interneta tobr\u012bd v\u0113l nebija), lai saprastu, k\u0101p\u0113c visp\u0101r j\u0101nosaka litijs? Un uzzin\u0101ju\u2026 N\u0101kamaj\u0101 viz\u012bt\u0113 es nejau\u0161i jaut\u0101ju sievietei, kas bija \u0161\u012bs asinis? Kad vi\u0146a atbild\u0113ja, ka t\u0101s ir vi\u0146as, es centos ar vi\u0146u person\u012bgi vairs nesatikt.<\/p>\n

Nu, tas t\u0101 \u2014 litijs un litijs, tas reiz\u0113m pat \u016bden\u012b ir sastopams. Starp citu, \u013bvov\u0101 \u016bden\u012b t\u0101 ir diezgan daudz.<\/p>\n

9. Francijs<\/b>\"Interesant\u0101kie
\n
\nFrancijam ir vesels komplekts titulu. Pirmk\u0101rt, francijs ir visret\u0101kais met\u0101ls. Visas t\u0101 satura da\u013cas ir piln\u012bgi radiog\u0113nas: tas eksist\u0113 k\u0101 ur\u0101na-235 un torija-232 sadal\u012b\u0161an\u0101s starpprodukts. Kop\u0113jais francija saturs zemes garoz\u0101 tiek l\u0113sts aptuveni 340 gramus. T\u0101p\u0113c att\u0113l\u0101 augst\u0101k redzamais traips \u2014 tas nav meln\u0101s bedres foto profils, bet apm\u0113ram 200 000 francija atomu magn\u0113tiskaj\u0101 optiskaj\u0101 slazd\u0101. Visi francija izotopi ir radioakt\u012bvi, visilg\u0101k dz\u012bvojo\u0161ais izotops Fr-223 ir ar pusperiodu 22,3 min\u016btes. T\u0101p\u0113c francija ir tik maz.<\/p>\n

Tom\u0113r francijam ir viszem\u0101k\u0101 elektronegat\u012bv\u0101 v\u0113rt\u012bba no visiem pa\u0161laik zin\u0101majiem elementiem \u2014 0,7 p\u0113c Paulinga skalas. Attiec\u012bgi, francijs ir ar\u012b visakt\u012bv\u0101kais s\u0101rmu met\u0101ls un veido sp\u0113c\u012bg\u0101ko s\u0101rmu \u2014 francija hidroks\u012bdu FrOH. Un nesvaig\u0101, %username%, k\u0101 to visu noteica ar elementu, kura ir maz \u2014 nu mazliet, un kura katras 22,3 min\u016btes k\u013c\u016bst v\u0113l divreiz maz\u0101k, bet p\u0113tnieks pats k\u013c\u016bst arvien spilgt\u0101ks. T\u0101p\u0113c viss tas ir interesanti un aizraujo\u0161i, ta\u010du francijs praktiski nekur netiek izmantots.<\/p>\n

10. Kalifornijs<\/b>\"Interesant\u0101kie\/><\/p>\n

Kalifornija \u0161aj\u0101 pasaul\u0113 nemaz nav, bet to ra\u017eo div\u0101s viet\u0101s: Dimitrovgr\u0101d\u0101 Krievij\u0101 un Okrid\u017eas nacion\u0101laj\u0101 laboratorij\u0101 ASV. Lai ra\u017eotu vienu gramu kalifornija, plutonijs vai kuriys tiek ilgi pak\u013cauts neitronu apstaro\u0161anai kodolreaktor\u0101 \u2014 no 8 m\u0113ne\u0161iem l\u012bdz 1,5 gadiem. Visa sabruk\u0161anas l\u012bnija izskat\u0101s \u0161\u0101di: Plutonijs-Americijs-Ku\u012brijs-Berkijs-Kalifornija. Kalifornija-252 ir \u0137\u0113des gala rezult\u0101ts \u2014 \u0161o elementu nav iesp\u0113jams p\u0101rv\u0113rst smag\u0101k\u0101 izotop\u0101, jo t\u0101 kodols it k\u0101 saka \"paldies, es esmu pa\u0113dis\" un v\u0101ji rea\u0123\u0113 uz neitronu iedarb\u012bbu. <\/p>\n

Plutonija p\u0101rveido\u0161anas ce\u013c\u0101 uz kaliforniju no 100% kodoliem sabr\u016bk 99,7%. Tikai 0,3% kodolu tiek notur\u0113ti no sabruk\u0161anas un iziet cauri visam posmam. Un v\u0113l produktu nepiecie\u0161ams izdal\u012bt! Izotopa izdal\u012b\u0161ana notiek ar ekstrakcijas metodi, ekstrakcijas hromatogr\u0101fiju vai jonu apmai\u0146as d\u0113\u013c. Lai pie\u0161\u0137irtu tam met\u0101la izskatu, tiek veikta reduc\u0113jo\u0161a reakcija.<\/p>\n

Lai ieg\u016btu vienu gramu kalifornija-252, tiek izt\u0113r\u0113ti 10 kilogrami plutonija-239. <\/p>\n

Gada laik\u0101 ieg\u016btais kalifornija-252 daudzums ir 40-80 mikrogrami, bet, p\u0113c speci\u0101listu v\u0113rt\u0113juma, glob\u0101lais kalifornija kr\u0101jums nep\u0101rsniedz 8 gramus. T\u0101p\u0113c kalifornijs, prec\u012bz\u0101k, kalifornijs-252, ir visd\u0101rg\u0101kais industrializ\u0113tais met\u0101ls pasaul\u0113, viena grama cena da\u017e\u0101dos gados sv\u0101rst\u012bjusies no 6,5 l\u012bdz 27 miljoniem dol\u0101ru.<\/p>\n

Lo\u0123isks jaut\u0101jums: kam to visp\u0101r vajag? No t\u0101 \u0137\u0113d\u012bti ap kaklu neizgatavos, m\u012b\u013cotajai gredzenu ned\u0101vin\u0101si. Lieta t\u0101da, ka Cf-252 ir augsts neitronu pavairo\u0161anas koeficients (virs 3). Grams Cf-252 izstaro aptuveni 3\u22c510^12 neitronus sekund\u0113. J\u0101, teor\u0113tiski var izveidot atomg\u0101zi, bet no ur\u0101na un t\u0101 pa\u0161a plutonija tas izmaks\u0101 l\u0113t\u0101k, t\u0101d\u0113\u013c pats kalifornijs tiek izmantots k\u0101 neitronu avots da\u017e\u0101dos p\u0113t\u012bjumos, tostarp r\u016bpnieciskajos neitronu aktiv\u0101cijas analizatoros uz konveijera lentes. Starp citu, %username%, es person\u012bgi redz\u0113ju \u0161o kaliforniju k\u0101 mazu ampulu, kuru iz\u0146\u0113ma no milzu radaiacion\u0101l\u0101s aizsardz\u012bbas mucas un \u0101tri ievietoja nepiecie\u0161amaj\u0101 analizatora viet\u0101.<\/p>\n

Ir skaidrs, ka par t\u0101d\u0101m naudas summ\u0101m kalifornijam vienk\u0101r\u0161i j\u0101b\u016bt ind\u0113m, lai ar\u012b ne tik sp\u0113c\u012bgai, k\u0101 polonijs, kas izstaro alfa da\u013ci\u0146as<\/a><\/noindex>, bet neitroni ar\u012b nav slikti. Tom\u0113r tas izn\u0101k d\u0101rgi, protams.<\/p>\n

Nu, \u0161\u0137iet, viss ir izdar\u012bts \u2014 atliku\u0161as apm\u0113ram \u010detras stundas miega pirms ce\u013cojuma. Ceru, ka viss izn\u0101ca interesanti un es to visu rakst\u012bju neb\u016bt ne velti.<\/p>\n

Nov\u0113lu tev, %username%, b\u016bt stingram k\u0101 tit\u0101ns, vieglam uz k\u0101j\u0101m k\u0101 litijs, nepiek\u0101p\u012bgam k\u0101 iridijs un v\u0113rt\u012bgam k\u0101 kalifornijs! Un protams, lai kabat\u0101 b\u016btu vair\u0101k zelta.<\/b>
\n(vari izcelt \u0161o tostu n\u0101kamaj\u0101 svin\u012bb\u0101s \u2014 nepateiks par to)<\/i>
\n
Avots: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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