{"id":34101,"date":"2019-10-31T21:56:25","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:56:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/ob-anonimnosti-v-account-based-blokchejnah\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:56:25","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:56:25","slug":"ob-anonimnosti-v-account-based-blokchejnah","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/administrirovanie\/ob-anonimnosti-v-account-based-blokchejnah","title":{"rendered":"Par anonimit\u0101ti account-based blok\u0137\u0113d\u0113s","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u0113s jau sen esam ieinteres\u0113ti anonimit\u0101tes t\u0113m\u0101 kriptoval\u016bt\u0101s un cen\u0161amies sekot tehnolo\u0123iju att\u012bst\u012bbai \u0161aj\u0101 jom\u0101. Savos rakstos m\u0113s jau detaliz\u0113ti apskat\u012bj\u0101m darba principus konfidenci\u0101l\u0101m transakcij\u0101m<\/a><\/noindex> Monero, k\u0101 ar\u012b veic\u0101m sal\u012bdzino\u0161o apskatu<\/a><\/noindex> tehnolo\u0123iju anal\u012bzi, kas past\u0101v \u0161aj\u0101 lauk\u0101. Tom\u0113r vis\u0101m anon\u012bmaj\u0101m kriptoval\u016bt\u0101m m\u016bsdien\u0101s ir t\u0101da datu mode\u013ca b\u0101ze, ko pied\u0101v\u0101ja Bitcoin \u2014 Unspent Transaction Output (turpm\u0101k UTXO). Akciju b\u0101zes blok\u0137\u0113d\u0113m, piem\u0113ram, Ethereum, eso\u0161\u0101s risin\u0101jumi anonimit\u0101tes un konfidencialit\u0101tes \u012bsteno\u0161anai (piem\u0113ram, Mobius<\/a><\/noindex> vai Aztec<\/a><\/noindex>) cent\u0101s atk\u0101rtot UTXO modeli viedajos l\u012bgumos.<\/p>\n

2019. gada febru\u0101r\u012b Stenfordas Universit\u0101tes un Visa Research p\u0113tnieku grupa<\/a><\/noindex> izlaida publik\u0101cija<\/a><\/noindex> \u00abZether: Ce\u013c\u0101 uz priv\u0101tumu viedo l\u012bgumu pasaul\u0113\u00bb. Autori pirmo reizi pied\u0101v\u0101ja pieeju anonimit\u0101tes nodro\u0161in\u0101\u0161anai akciju b\u0101zes blok\u0137\u0113d\u0113s un prezent\u0113ja divus vied\u0101 l\u012bguma variantus: konfidenci\u0101l\u0101 (bilances un p\u0101rskait\u012bjumu summu sl\u0113p\u0161ana) un anon\u012bm\u0101 (s\u016bt\u012bt\u0101ja un sa\u0146\u0113m\u0113ja sl\u0113p\u0161ana) transakcij\u0101m. M\u0113s uzskat\u0101m, ka pied\u0101v\u0101t\u0101 tehnolo\u0123ija ir interesanta un v\u0113lamies dal\u012bties ar t\u0101s darb\u012bbu, k\u0101 ar\u012b run\u0101t par to, k\u0101p\u0113c anonimit\u0101tes probl\u0113ma akciju b\u0101zes blok\u0137\u0113d\u0113s tiek uzskat\u012bta par \u013coti sare\u017e\u0123\u012btu un vai autoriem izdev\u0101s to atrisin\u0101t piln\u012bb\u0101.<\/p>\n

Par \u0161o datu mode\u013cu strukt\u016bru<\/h3>\n

\nUTXO model\u012b transakcija sast\u0101v no \u00abievadiem\u00bb un \u00abizvadiem\u00bb. Tie\u0161i analogs \u00abizvadiem\u00bb \u2014 banknotes j\u016bsu mak\u0101: katram \u00abizvadem\u00bb ir k\u0101da nomin\u0101lv\u0113rt\u012bba. Kad j\u016bs nor\u0113\u0137in\u0101ties ar k\u0101du (veidojot transakciju), j\u016bs izt\u0113r\u0113jat vienu vai vair\u0101kus \u00abizvadus\u00bb, kas k\u013c\u016bst par transakcijas \u00abievadiem\u00bb, un blok\u0137\u0113de tos atz\u012bm\u0113 k\u0101 izt\u0113r\u0113tus. Savuk\u0101rt j\u016bsu maks\u0101juma sa\u0146\u0113m\u0113js (vai j\u016bs pats, ja jums ir nepiecie\u0161ama atlikums) sa\u0146em jauni rad\u012btus \u00abizvadus\u00bb. Sch\u0113matiski to var att\u0113lot t\u0101:<\/p>\n

\"Par
\n
\nAkciju b\u0101zes blok\u0137\u0113des ir iek\u0101rtotas l\u012bdz\u012bgi k\u0101 j\u016bsu bankas konts. T\u0101s str\u0101d\u0101 tikai ar summu j\u016bsu kont\u0101 un p\u0101rskait\u012bjuma summu. Kad j\u016bs p\u0101rs\u016bt\u0101t k\u0101du summu no sava konta, j\u016bs nesadedzin\u0101t nevienu \u00abizvadu\u00bb, un t\u012bklam nav j\u0101atceras, kuras mon\u0113tas ir izt\u0113r\u0113tas, bet kuras nav. Visvienk\u0101r\u0161\u0101kaj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 transakcijas p\u0101rbaude samazin\u0101s l\u012bdz s\u016bt\u012bt\u0101ja paraksta un summas uz vi\u0146a bilances p\u0101rbaudei:<\/p>\n

\"Par
\n<\/p>\n

Tehnolo\u0123ijas anal\u012bze<\/h3>\n

\nT\u0101l\u0101k m\u0113s run\u0101sim par to, k\u0101 Zether sl\u0113pj transakciju summu, sa\u0146\u0113m\u0113ju un nos\u016bt\u012bt\u0101ju. Aprakstot t\u0101 darb\u012bbas principus, m\u0113s atz\u012bm\u0113sim at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas starp konfidenci\u0101lo un anon\u012bmo variantu. T\u0101 k\u0101 konfidencialit\u0101tes nodro\u0161in\u0101\u0161ana konta b\u0101z\u0113tajos blok\u0137\u0113d\u0113s ir daudz vienk\u0101r\u0161\u0101ka, da\u017eas no anonimiz\u0101cijas noteikumiem \u0161aj\u0101 tehnolo\u0123ijas konfidenci\u0101laj\u0101 versij\u0101 b\u016bs nepietiekamas.<\/p>\n

Bilances un p\u0101rskait\u012bjumu summu sl\u0113p\u0161ana<\/h4>\n

\nZether bilances un p\u0101rskait\u012bjumu summu \u0161ifr\u0113\u0161anai tiek izmantota \u0161ifr\u0113\u0161anas sh\u0113ma El-Gamal<\/a><\/noindex>. T\u0101 darbojas \u0161\u0101di. Kad Alise v\u0113las nos\u016bt\u012bt Bobam b<\/b><\/i> mon\u0113tas uz adresi (vi\u0146a publisko atsl\u0113gu) Y<\/b><\/i>, vi\u0146a izv\u0113las nejau\u0161u skaitli r<\/b><\/i> un \u0161ifr\u0113 summu:<\/p>\n

\"Par
\nkur C<\/b><\/i> \u2014 \u0161ifr\u0113ta summa, D<\/b><\/i> \u2014 papildus v\u0113rt\u012bba, kas nepiecie\u0161ama \u0161\u012bs summas at\u0161ifr\u0113\u0161anai, G<\/b><\/i> \u2014 fiks\u0113ta punkts uz eliptisk\u0101s l\u012bknes, reizinot slepeno atsl\u0113gu, kas dod publisko atsl\u0113gu.<\/p>\n

Kad Bobs sa\u0146em \u0161\u012bs v\u0113rt\u012bbas, vi\u0146\u0161 vienk\u0101r\u0161i pievieno t\u0101s savai \u0161\u0101d\u0101 veid\u0101 \u0161ifr\u0113tajai bilancei, kas ir \u0161\u012bs sh\u0113mas \u0113rt\u012bba.<\/p>\n

L\u012bdz\u012bgi Alise izskaita no savas bilances t\u0101das pa\u0161as v\u0113rt\u012bbas, tikai izmantojot savu publisko atsl\u0113gu. Y<\/b><\/i> Sa\u0146\u0113m\u0113ja un nos\u016bt\u012bt\u0101ja sl\u0113p\u0161ana<\/p>\n

Izmanto\u0161ana \"izeju\" sajauk\u0161anai UTXO par\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s jau kriptoval\u016btu s\u0101kum\u0101 un pal\u012bdz sl\u0113pt nos\u016bt\u012bt\u0101ju. \u0160im nol\u016bkam pats nos\u016bt\u012bt\u0101js, veicot p\u0101rskait\u012bjumu, izv\u0113las nejau\u0161as \"izejas\" blok\u0137\u0113d\u0113 un sajauc t\u0101s ar sav\u0101m. P\u0113c tam vi\u0146\u0161 paraksta \"izejas\" ar gredzenveida parakstu \u2014 kriptogr\u0101fisku meh\u0101nismu, kas \u013cauj p\u0101rliecin\u0101t p\u0101rbaud\u012bt\u0101ju, ka starp sajauktaj\u0101m \"izej\u0101m\" ir nos\u016bt\u012bt\u0101ja mon\u0113tas. Sajaukt\u0101s mon\u0113tas, protams, netiek izt\u0113r\u0113tas.<\/h4>\n

\nTom\u0113r, lai nosl\u0113ptu sa\u0146\u0113m\u0113ju, mums neizdosies \u0123ener\u0113t viltus \"izejas\". T\u0101p\u0113c UTXO katrai \"izejai\" ir sava unik\u0101la adrese, kas kriptogr\u0101fiski ir saist\u012bta ar \u0161o mon\u0113tu sa\u0146\u0113m\u0113ja adresi. \u0160obr\u012bd nav veida, k\u0101 noteikt saikni starp unik\u0101lo \"izejas\" adresi un sa\u0146\u0113m\u0113ja adresi, nezinot vi\u0146a slepen\u0101s atsl\u0113gas.<\/p>\n

Tom\u0113r, lai nosl\u0113ptu sa\u0146\u0113m\u0113ju, m\u0113s nevar\u0113sim \u0123ener\u0113t viltus \"izejas\". T\u0101p\u0113c UTXO katrai \"izejai\" ir sava unik\u0101l\u0101 adrese, un t\u0101 ir kriptogr\u0101fiski saist\u012bta ar \u0161o mon\u0113tu sa\u0146\u0113m\u0113ja adresi. Pa\u0161laik nav veida, k\u0101 noteikt saist\u012bbu starp unik\u0101lo \"izejas\" adresi un sa\u0146\u0113m\u0113ja adresi, nezinot vi\u0146a slepenos atsl\u0113gas.<\/p>\n

Account-based model\u012b m\u0113s nevaram izmantot vienreiz\u0113j\u0101s adreses (cit\u0101di tas jau b\u016bs modelis \"izej\u0101m\"). T\u0101p\u0113c sa\u0146\u0113m\u0113ju un nos\u016bt\u012bt\u0101ju n\u0101kas sajaukt starp citiem kontiem blok\u0137\u0113d\u0113. \u0160aj\u0101 proces\u0101 no sajauktajiem kontiem tiek atskait\u012bti \u0161ifr\u0113ti 0 mon\u0113tu (vai pievienoti 0 \u2014 sajaucot sa\u0146\u0113m\u0113ju), faktiski nemainot vi\u0146u re\u0101lo bilanci.<\/p>\n

T\u0101 k\u0101 gan nos\u016bt\u012bt\u0101jam, gan sa\u0146\u0113m\u0113jam vienm\u0113r ir past\u0101v\u012bga adrese, \u0161eit rodas nepiecie\u0161am\u012bba, veicot p\u0101rvedumus uz vien\u0101m un t\u0101m pa\u0161\u0101m adres\u0113m, izmantot vienas un t\u0101s pa\u0161as grupas sajauk\u0161anai. Viegl\u0101k to apskat\u012bt, izmantojot piem\u0113ru.<\/p>\n

Pie\u0146emsim, ka Alise nol\u0113ma veikt ziedojumu Boba labdar\u012bbas fondam, ta\u010du dod priek\u0161roku, lai \u0161is p\u0101rvedums paliktu anon\u012bms \u0101r\u0113ja nov\u0113rot\u0101ja ac\u012bs. T\u0101d\u0113\u013c, lai nosl\u0113ptu sevi nos\u016bt\u012bt\u0101ja lauk\u0101, vi\u0146a pievieno v\u0113l \u0100dama un Adel\u012bnas kontus. Lai sl\u0113ptu Bobu \u2014 sa\u0146\u0113m\u0113ja lauk\u0101 vi\u0146a papildus pievieno Bena un Bili. Veicot n\u0101kamo ziedojumu, Alise nol\u0113ma blakus sev pievienot Aleksu un Amandu, bet blakus Bobam \u2014 Br\u016bsu un Ben\u017eenu. \u0160aj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101, analiz\u0113jot blok\u0137\u0113di, \u0161aj\u0101s div\u0101s dar\u012bjumu dar\u012bjumos atrad\u012bsies tikai viena krustojuma dal\u012bbnieku p\u0101ra \u2014 Alise un Bobs, kas deanonimiz\u0113 \u0161os dar\u012bjumus.<\/p>\n

\"Par
\n<\/p>\n

Dar\u012bjumu sacens\u012bbas<\/h4>\n

\nK\u0101 jau m\u0113s min\u0113j\u0101m, lai sl\u0113ptu savu bilanci account-based sist\u0113m\u0101s, lietot\u0101js \u0161ifr\u0113 savu bilanci un p\u0101rskaita summu. Taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101 vi\u0146am j\u0101nodro\u0161ina, ka atlikums vi\u0146a kont\u0101 paliek nenegat\u012bvs. Probl\u0113ma ir t\u0101, ka, izveidojot dar\u012bjumu, lietot\u0101js veido pier\u0101d\u012bjumu par savu pa\u0161reiz\u0113jo konta st\u0101vokli. Ko dar\u012bt, ja Bobs nos\u016bta Alisei dar\u012bjumu, un tas tiek pie\u0146emts pirms Alices nos\u016bt\u012bt\u0101? Tad Alices dar\u012bjums tiks uzskat\u012bts par neder\u012bgu, jo bilances pier\u0101d\u012bjums bija izveidots pirms Boba dar\u012bjuma pie\u0146em\u0161anas.<\/p>\n

\"Par
\n
\nPirmais risin\u0101jums, kas n\u0101k pr\u0101t\u0101 \u0161\u0101d\u0101 situ\u0101cij\u0101, ir konta iesald\u0113\u0161ana l\u012bdz dar\u012bjuma veik\u0161anai. Bet \u0161is pieejamais risin\u0101jums nav pie\u0146emams, jo, papildus \u0161\u0101das uzdevuma risin\u0101\u0161anai izplat\u012btaj\u0101 sist\u0113m\u0101 sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u012bbai, anon\u012bm\u0101 sh\u0113m\u0101 neb\u016bs skaidrs, kuru kontu blo\u0137\u0113t.<\/p>\n

Lai atrisin\u0101tu \u0161o probl\u0113mu, tehnolo\u0123ija dal\u0101s ien\u0101ko\u0161aj\u0101s un izejo\u0161aj\u0101s transakcij\u0101s: izdevumi t\u016bl\u012bt\u0113ji ietekm\u0113 bilances st\u0101vokli, bet ie\u0146\u0113mumi \u2013 atlikti. T\u0101d\u0113\u013c tiek ieviests j\u0113dziens \"\u0113ra\" \u2013 fiks\u0113ta izm\u0113ra bloku grupa. Aktu\u0101l\u0101 \"\u0113ra\" tiek noteikta, dalot bloku augstumu ar grupas izm\u0113ru. Apstr\u0101d\u0101jot transakciju, t\u012bkls nekav\u0113joties atjaunina s\u016bt\u012bt\u0101ja bilanci, bet sa\u0146\u0113m\u0113ja l\u012bdzek\u013ci tiek uzkr\u0101ti. Uzkr\u0101tie l\u012bdzek\u013ci non\u0101k sa\u0146\u0113m\u0113ja r\u012bc\u012bb\u0101 tikai jaun\u0101s \"\u0113ras\" iest\u0101\u0161an\u0101s br\u012bd\u012b.<\/p>\n

T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di lietot\u0101js var nos\u016bt\u012bt transakcijas neatkar\u012bgi no t\u0101, cik bie\u017ei vi\u0146\u0161 sa\u0146em l\u012bdzek\u013cus (cik to at\u013cauj vi\u0146a bilance, protams). \u0112ras lielumu nosaka atkar\u012bb\u0101 no t\u0101, cik \u0101tri bloki izplat\u0101s t\u012bkl\u0101 un cik \u0101tri transakcija non\u0101k blok\u0101. <\/p>\n

\u0160is risin\u0101jums labi darbojas priv\u0101t\u0101s p\u0101rskait\u012bjumu gad\u012bjum\u0101, ta\u010du ar anon\u012bm\u0101m transakcij\u0101m, k\u0101 m\u0113s redz\u0113sim t\u0101l\u0101k, tas rada nopietnas probl\u0113mas.<\/p>\n

Aizsardz\u012bba pret replay uzbrukumiem<\/h4>\n

\nAccount-based blok\u0137\u0113d\u0113s katra transakcija tiek parakst\u012bta ar s\u016bt\u012bt\u0101ja priv\u0101to atsl\u0113gu, kas p\u0101rliecina p\u0101rbaud\u012bt\u0101ju par to, ka transakcija nav main\u012bta un to izveidojis \u0161\u012bs atsl\u0113gas \u012bpa\u0161nieks. Bet ko dar\u012bt, ja uzbruc\u0113js, kur\u0161 klaus\u012bj\u0101s datu p\u0101rs\u016bt\u012b\u0161anas kan\u0101lu, no\u0137er \u0161o zi\u0146ojumu un nos\u016bta t\u0101du pa\u0161u otro? P\u0101rbaud\u012bt\u0101js sal\u012bdzina transakcijas parakstu un ir p\u0101rliecin\u0101ts par t\u0101s autor\u012bbu, un t\u012bkls atk\u0101rtoti noraksta t\u0101du pa\u0161u summu no s\u016bt\u012bt\u0101ja bilances.<\/p>\n

\u0160o uzbrukumu sauc par replay uzbrukumu. UTXO model\u012b \u0161\u0101di uzbrukumi nav aktu\u0101li, jo uzbruc\u0113js m\u0113\u0123in\u0101s izmantot izt\u0113r\u0113tos izejas datus, kas pa\u0161\u0101 par sevi nav der\u012bgi un tiek noraid\u012bti no t\u012bkla.<\/p>\n

Lai izvair\u012btos no t\u0101, transakcij\u0101 tiek ieb\u016bv\u0113ts lauks ar nejau\u0161iem datiem, ko sauc par nonce vai vienk\u0101r\u0161i \"s\u0101ls\". Atk\u0101rtoti nos\u016btot transakciju ar \"s\u0101li\", p\u0101rbaud\u012bt\u0101js skat\u0101s, vai \u0161is nonce iepriek\u0161 tika izmantots, un, ja n\u0113, uzskata \u0161o transakciju par der\u012bgu. Lai netur\u0113tu blok\u0137\u0113d\u0113 visu lietot\u0101ju nonce v\u0113sturi, parasti pirmaj\u0101 transakcij\u0101 to pie\u0146em par nulli, bet p\u0113c tam palielina par vienu. T\u012bklam tikai j\u0101nodro\u0161ina, ka jaun\u0101s transakcijas nonce at\u0161\u0137iras no iepriek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 par vienu.<\/p>\n

Anon\u012bm\u0101s p\u0101rskait\u012bjumu sh\u0113m\u0101 rodas nonce p\u0101rbaud\u012b\u0161anas probl\u0113ma dar\u012bjumiem. M\u0113s nevaram skaidri saist\u012bt nonce ar nos\u016bt\u012bt\u0101ja adresi, jo tas ac\u012bmredzot deanonimiz\u0113 p\u0101rskait\u012bjumu. M\u0113s ar\u012b nevaram pievienot vien\u012bbu visiem iesaist\u012bto kontu nonce, jo tas var rad\u012bt konfliktu ar citiem dar\u012bjumiem, kas \u0161obr\u012bd tiek apstr\u0101d\u0101ti. <\/p>\n

Zether autori pied\u0101v\u0101 \u0123ener\u0113t nonce kriptogr\u0101fiski \u2014 atkar\u012bb\u0101 no \"epohas\". Piem\u0113ram:<\/p>\n

\"Par
\n\u0160eit x<\/i><\/b> \u2014 nos\u016bt\u012bt\u0101ja slepenais atsl\u0113ga, un Gepoch<\/i><\/b> \u2014 papildu \u0123enerators epohai, ko ieg\u016bst, hashojot virsrakstu veid\u0101 'Zether + '. Tagad, \u0161\u0137iet, probl\u0113ma tiek risin\u0101ta \u2014 m\u0113s neatkl\u0101jam nos\u016bt\u012bt\u0101ja nonce un iejaucamies nesaist\u012bto dal\u012bbnieku nonce. Bet \u0161\u0101ds pieejas veids uzliek nopietnu ierobe\u017eojumu: viens konts var nos\u016bt\u012bt ne vair\u0101k k\u0101 vienu dar\u012bjumu \u201eepoh\u0101\u201d. \u0160\u012b probl\u0113ma, diem\u017e\u0113l, paliek neatrisin\u0101ta, un \u0161obr\u012bd padara anon\u012bmo Zether versiju, m\u016bsupr\u0101t, mazliet izmantojamu.<\/p>\n

Nulles atkl\u0101\u0161anas pier\u0101d\u012bjumu sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u012bba<\/h4>\n

\nUTXO nos\u016bt\u012bt\u0101jam j\u0101apliecina t\u012bklam, ka vi\u0146\u0161 net\u0113r\u0113 negat\u012bvu summu, cit\u0101di jaunu mon\u0113tu \u0123ener\u0113\u0161ana no gaisa k\u013c\u016bs iesp\u0113jama (k\u0101p\u0113c tas ir iesp\u0113jams, m\u0113s rakst\u012bj\u0101m vien\u0101 no iepriek\u0161\u0113j\u0101m rakstus<\/a><\/noindex>). T\u0101pat ir j\u0101paraksta \u201eievadi\u201d ar ri\u0146\u0137a parakstu, lai pier\u0101d\u012btu, ka starp sajauktaj\u0101m mon\u0113t\u0101m ir l\u012bdzek\u013ci, kas pieder vi\u0146am.<\/p>\n

Anon\u012bm\u0101s kontu balst\u012bt\u0101s blok\u0137\u0113des versij\u0101 pier\u0101d\u012bjumu izteiksmes k\u013c\u016bst iev\u0113rojami sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u0101kas. Nos\u016bt\u012bt\u0101js pier\u0101da, ka:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Nos\u016bt\u012bt\u0101 summa ir pozit\u012bva;<\/li>\n
  2. Bilance paliek nenoliedzama;<\/li>\n
  3. Nos\u016bt\u012bt\u0101js pareizi ir \u0161ifr\u0113jis p\u0101rskait\u012bjumu summas (tostarp nulles);<\/li>\n
  4. Bilance main\u0101s tikai nos\u016bt\u012bt\u0101j\u0101 un sa\u0146\u0113m\u0113j\u0101;<\/li>\n
  5. Nos\u016bt\u012bt\u0101js pieder slepenai atsl\u0113gai no sava konta, un vi\u0146\u0161 patie\u0161\u0101m ir iek\u013cauts nos\u016bt\u012bt\u0101ju sarakst\u0101 (starptautiskaj\u0101);<\/li>\n
  6. Nonce, kas izmantots dar\u012bjum\u0101, ir sast\u0101d\u012bts pareizi.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \n\u0160\u0101dam sare\u017e\u0123\u012btam pier\u0101d\u012bjumam autori izmanto mais\u012bjumu Bulletproof<\/a><\/noindex> (viens no autoriem, starp citu, piedal\u012bj\u0101s t\u0101s izveid\u0113) un Sigma protocol<\/a><\/noindex>, kuras d\u0113v\u0113 par Sigma-bullets. Form\u0101la \u0161\u0101das apgalvojuma pier\u0101d\u012b\u0161ana ir diezgan sare\u017e\u0123\u012bta uzdevums, un t\u0101 iev\u0113rojami ierobe\u017eo v\u0113lmi \u012bstenot tehnolo\u0123iju.<\/p>\n

    Ko m\u0113s ieg\u016bstam?<\/h4>\n

    \nM\u016bsupr\u0101t, Zether da\u013ca, kas nodro\u0161ina konfidencialit\u0101ti account-based blok\u0137\u0113d\u0113s, jau tagad var tikt izmantota. Tom\u0113r pa\u0161laik anon\u012bm\u0101 tehnolo\u0123ijas versija uzliek nopietnus ierobe\u017eojumus t\u0101s lieto\u0161anai, bet t\u0101s sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u012bba \u2014 realiz\u0101cijai. Tom\u0113r nevajadz\u0113tu aizmirst, ka autori to izlaida tikai pirms da\u017eiem m\u0113ne\u0161iem, un iesp\u0113jams, ka k\u0101ds cits atrad\u012bs risin\u0101jumu \u0161odien past\u0101vo\u0161aj\u0101m probl\u0113m\u0101m. Tie\u0161i t\u0101d\u0101 veid\u0101 tiek veikta zin\u0101tne.
    \n
    Avots:     habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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