<\/a><\/noindex>
\nS\u0101ksim ar sol\u012bto st\u0101stu par Ginesu un Sv\u0113t\u0101 Patrika dienu.<\/p>\nGalvenais \u012bru sv\u0113tki jau sen un stingri asoci\u0113jas ar za\u013co kr\u0101su, g\u0101jieniem, piedz\u0113ru\u0161iem sarkaniem leprikoniem un Ginesa alu. Bet tas ir d\u012bvaini \u2014 k\u0101da saist\u012bba ir Sv\u0113tajam Patrikam un visp\u0101r \u0137ristianiz\u0101cijai \u012arij\u0101 ar Art\u016bru Ginesu un vi\u0146a alus dar\u012btavu, kas par\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s daudz v\u0113l\u0101k? <\/p>\n
Re\u0101li nek\u0101du \u2014 vair\u0101k nek\u0101: l\u012bdz pag\u0101ju\u0161\u0101 gadsimta 60. gadiem Sv\u0113t\u0101 Patrika dien\u0101 visus pubus sl\u0113dza, jo p\u0101rdot jebk\u0101du alkoholisko dz\u0113rienu, tostarp alu, bija aizliegts, kas ir pareizi, jo galu gal\u0101 sv\u0113tki ir vispirms reli\u0123iozi. Bet t\u0101 k\u0101 \u012bri ir, nu, \u012bri, tad 17. mart\u0101 kop\u0101 ar \u012arijas \u0137ristianiz\u0101ciju cilv\u0113ki ar\u012b godin\u0101s \u012bru kult\u016bru.<\/p>\n
Paties\u012bb\u0101 tie\u0161i par \"kult\u016bru\" sviest\u012bbu sv\u0113tki sag\u016bst\u012bja Ginesa ra\u017eot\u0101ji. Uz\u0146\u0113m\u012bgi \u012bru alus dar\u012bt\u0101ji, kam bija lieli bud\u017eeti, ne tikai akt\u012bvi reklam\u0113ja savu produkciju sv\u0113tku laik\u0101, bet ar\u012b lob\u0113ja t\u0101 r\u012bko\u0161anu cit\u0101s valst\u012bs. Tu nezin\u0101ji, %username%, bet Malaizij\u0101 \u013coti pat cien\u012bgi svin Sv\u0113t\u0101 Patrika dienu tie\u0161i pateicoties viet\u0113jai komp\u0101nijas noda\u013cai. Kan\u0101d\u0101, kur sv\u0113tki jau t\u0101pat ir milz\u012bgi popul\u0101ri, alus dar\u012btavas p\u0101rst\u0101vji pat akt\u012bvi c\u012bn\u012bj\u0101s par to, lai padar\u012btu to par nacion\u0101lo sv\u0113tku.<\/p>\n
Visp\u0101r, j\u0101saka, ka uz\u0146\u0113mumam j\u0101pie\u0161\u0137ir noz\u012bme: tas ir dar\u012bjis visu, lai cilv\u0113ki vis\u0101 pasaul\u0113 pie v\u0101rda \"\u012arija\" pirm\u0101m k\u0101rt\u0101m atcer\u0113tos slaveno stout un piln\u012bgi god\u012bgi uzskat\u012btu to par galveno sv\u0113tku alu. Saska\u0146\u0101 ar statistiku, \"Guinness\" p\u0101rdo\u0161ana Sv\u0113t\u0101 Patrika dien\u0101 palielin\u0101s aptuveni 10 reizes. M\u0101cies vesel\u012bgu m\u0101rketingu, %username%!<\/p>\n
Par Guinness m\u0113s v\u0113l ne reizi vien atcer\u0113simies, bet pagaid\u0101m turpin\u0101sim par alus sast\u0101vda\u013c\u0101m. Mums atlicis pavisam maz \u2014 un viss ir neoblig\u0101ts.<\/p>\n
Api\u0146i.<\/h4>\n
\nNu, s\u0101ksim ar to, ka api\u0146i (lat. H\u00famulus) ir ziedaugu suga no ka\u0146epju \u0123imenes. J\u0101-j\u0101, api\u0146u \u010diekuri ir radinieki tiem pa\u0161iem \u010diekuriem, par kuriem tevi un tavu balkonu \u013coti interes\u0113 da\u017ei nopietni onku\u013ci un tantes. Bet t\u016bl\u012bt izn\u012bcin\u0101sim vienu no m\u012btiem: api\u0146i, neskatoties uz v\u0101rda \"api\u0146oties\" noz\u012bmi un \u0161aub\u012bgiem radiniekiem \u0123imen\u0113, neietekm\u0113 alus stiprumu, tom\u0113r tiem ir maiga sedat\u012bva iedarb\u012bba, kas ir v\u0101j\u0101ka par valerianu. Valocordin, Valosedan, Novo-Passit, Korvaldin, Sedavit, Urolesan \u2014 prepar\u0101ti, kas satur api\u0146us vai to sast\u0101vda\u013cas. B\u016bsim atkl\u0101ti: \"api\u0146o\" galvenok\u0101rt alkohols, nevis api\u0146i, kuri lab\u0101kaj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 atsl\u0101bina un nomierina.<\/p>\n
Api\u0146u \"\u010diekuri\u0146os\" ir 8-prenilnarigen\u012bns \u2014 viela, kas pieder pie fitoestrog\u0113nu klases (fito \u2014 augs, estrog\u0113ns \u2014 sievie\u0161u dzimuma hormons), kas pie\u0161\u0137ir api\u0146iem estrog\u0113nu aktivit\u0101ti. Eksperimentos ar kastr\u0113tiem pel\u0113niem un infantiliem \u017eurk\u0101m ir konstat\u0113ts, ka 70% api\u0146u ekstrakts dev\u0101 10\u201430 mg izraisa estrus vai proestrus. Ikdienas ievad\u012b\u0161ana dz\u012bvniekiem ar api\u0146u ekstraktu 12 dienu garum\u0101 palielin\u0101ja dzemdes kakla masu 4.1 reizes. 8-izoprenilnarigen\u012bna pievieno\u0161ana dzeramaj\u0101 \u016bden\u012b \u017eurk\u0101m ar no\u0146emtiem oln\u012bc\u0101m izrais\u012bja estrog\u0113nu stimul\u0101ciju vagin\u0101laj\u0101 epitelij\u0101. Tom\u0113r efekts tika sasniegts koncentr\u0101cij\u0101 ne maz\u0101k par 100 mcg\/ml, kas 500 reizes p\u0101rsniedz 8-izoprenilnarigen\u012bna saturu al\u016b.<\/p>\n
Par fitoestrog\u0113nu i to ietekmi, ko humuls rad\u012bju\u0161aj\u0101 alum atst\u0101j cilv\u0113ka organism\u0101, past\u0101v daudz it k\u0101 sensacion\u0101lu st\u0101stu: tur, sieviet\u0113m, kas piedal\u012bj\u0101s humula nov\u0101k\u0161an\u0101, tika trauc\u0113ts menstru\u0101lais cikls, tur v\u012brie\u0161iem katastrof\u0101li krit\u0101s cien\u012bba \u2014 tom\u0113r sens\u0101cijas ne\u0146em v\u0113r\u0101 to, ka humul\u0101 eso\u0161ie fitoestrog\u0113ni ir aptuveni 5000 reizes v\u0101j\u0101ki par dz\u012bvnieku estrog\u0113nu. T\u0101tad, lai izaugtu skaista un stingra kr\u016btis, b\u016bs nepiecie\u0161ams katru dienu pat\u0113r\u0113t apm\u0113ram 5-10 tonnas alus. T\u0101p\u0113c aizmirsti visu par briesm\u012bgajiem v\u0101rdiem \u201eestrus\u201d un \u201eproestrus\u201d, p\u0101rtrauc sev piest\u0101v\u0113t raga un mekl\u0113t maksts epit\u0113liju \u2014 lab\u0101k ieliet v\u0113l vienu alus kausu.<\/p>\n
Humuls nav oblig\u0101ts alus sast\u0101vda\u013ca. Agr\u0101k t\u0101 viet\u0101 ra\u017eo\u0161an\u0101 tika izmantotas \u012bpa\u0161as z\u0101les, tom\u0113r m\u0113r\u0137is palika tas pats: l\u012bdzsvarot saldumu no mie\u017eu ar z\u0101\u013cu r\u016bgtumu. Alus var pagatavot bez humula, bet \u0161aj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 tas b\u016bs nel\u012bdzsvarots un negar\u0161\u012bgs. <\/p>\n
Humuls ietekm\u0113 ac\u012bmredzam\u0101s alus \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas: arom\u0101tu, visp\u0101r\u0113jo gar\u0161u un, \u012bpa\u0161i, r\u016bgtuma pak\u0101pi. R\u016bgtums ir galvenais r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101js, par ko m\u0113s zem\u0101k run\u0101sim s\u012bk\u0101k. Humula pievieno\u0161ana alus ra\u017eo\u0161anas pirmaj\u0101s stadij\u0101s palielin\u0101s r\u016bgtumu un iev\u0113rojami main\u012bs gar\u0161u, bet v\u0113l\u0101k\u0101 posm\u0101 t\u0101 galvenok\u0101rt ietekm\u0113s arom\u0101tu \u2014 citrusaug\u013cu, pasifloru, ziedu, mango, z\u0101\u013cu, zemes un citus arom\u0101tus alus ieg\u016bst, pateicoties humulam, nevis simp\u0101tisk\u0101m piedev\u0101m, kas s\u0101kas ar burtu \u201eE\u201d un p\u0113d\u0113jos ciparus. Bet nevajag mald\u012bties, %username%: viens no izsmalcin\u0101tajiem alus arom\u0101tiem ir ka\u0137a ur\u012bna un meln\u0101 j\u0101\u0146ogas smar\u017eas mais\u012bjums \u2014 \u0161\u0101du efektu rada liela humula \u0161\u0137irnes Simcoe koncentr\u0101cija, turpret\u012b svaigi pagatavota kafijas smar\u017ea, kas iesp\u0113jams tevi vilin\u0101ja tuv\u0113j\u0101 alus iest\u0101d\u0113 \u2014 glu\u017ei pret\u0113ji, t\u0101 ir neizsmalcin\u0101ta smar\u017ea un uzskat\u0101ma par nepie\u0146emamu alum. T\u0101 rodas humula oksid\u0101cijas rezult\u0101t\u0101, kad alus tiek pak\u013cauts saules gaismai \u2014 par to v\u0113lreiz pieskaramies v\u0113l\u0101k.<\/p>\n
L\u012bdz\u012bgi k\u0101 mie\u017ei, ra\u017eojot alus sortus, var izmantot vair\u0101kus da\u017e\u0101dus api\u0146u veidus, kurus pievieno da\u017e\u0101dos posmos. Tas \u013cauj sasniegt \u013coti interesantas gar\u0161as un arom\u0101tiskas \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas dz\u0113rienam, t\u0101d\u0113\u013c pasaul\u0113 tiek audz\u0113ts liels daudzums da\u017e\u0101du alus api\u0146u veidu, un katru gadu par\u0101d\u0101s jauni \u0161\u0137irnes. Tom\u0113r visbie\u017e\u0101k izmantotie ir burtiski da\u017eas desmiti veidu, no kuriem slaven\u0101kie ir no \u010cehijas un ASV. Viens no visatz\u012bt\u0101kajiem un atpaz\u012bstam\u0101kajiem api\u0146iem ir Saaz, jeb \u017datecis. Tas tiek izmantots milz\u012bg\u0101 daudzum\u0101 lageru ra\u017eo\u0161an\u0101, pie\u0161\u0137irot smalku r\u016bgtumu un atpaz\u012bstamu zemes-piparu arom\u0101tu ar z\u0101les not\u012bm. Ja j\u016bs esat dz\u0113ris klasiskos \u010cehijas veidus vai, piem\u0113ram, lageru Stella Artois, tad j\u016bs zin\u0101t, par ko es run\u0101ju.<\/p>\n
Bie\u017ei vien ra\u017eo\u0161an\u0101 tiek izmantoti pres\u0113tie api\u0146i granulu veid\u0101 (ir uzskats, ka tas ir viens no iemesliem, k\u0101p\u0113c radies m\u012bts par pulverveida alu): t\u0101d\u0113\u013c tie ilg\u0101k glab\u0101jas un saglab\u0101 savas \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas, kam\u0113r alus kvalit\u0101te nemain\u0101s.<\/p>\n
Be\u013c\u0123ij\u0101 api\u0146u lapas un jauni dzinumi tiek izmantoti sal\u0101tos, pievienoti zup\u0101m un m\u0113r\u010du. Rum\u0101nij\u0101 jaunus dzinumus \u0113d k\u0101 spar\u0123e\u013cus. Kop\u0161 seniem laikiem api\u0146us izmanto maizes cep\u0161an\u0101 un da\u017e\u0101du konditorejas izstr\u0101d\u0101jumu pagatavo\u0161an\u0101. Api\u0146i tiek izmantoti ne tikai alus ra\u017eo\u0161an\u0101, bet ar\u012b medus v\u012bna ra\u017eo\u0161an\u0101: tie uzlabo t\u0101 organoleptisk\u0101s \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas, veicina medus v\u012bna dab\u012bgu noskaidro\u0161an\u0101s procesu un pasarg\u0101 to no sk\u0101b\u0113\u0161anas.<\/p>\n
Tom\u0113r galvenais, k\u0101d\u0113\u013c api\u0146i ir v\u0113rt\u012bgi alus ra\u017eo\u0161an\u0101, ir alfa-sk\u0101bes. T\u0101 sauc diezgan sare\u017e\u0123\u012btas vielas, piem\u0113ram, gumulonu.
\nL\u016bk, skaistais gumulons<\/b>![\"Par](\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/c9bdf5722d84d1c25be786ffdecf3fde.jpeg\")
\n
\nAtkar\u012bb\u0101 no api\u0146u \u0161\u0137irnes, audz\u0113\u0161anas apst\u0101k\u013ciem, nov\u0101k\u0161anas vecuma un \u017e\u0101v\u0113\u0161anas procesa, gumulona koncentr\u0101cija var b\u016bt at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bga, piem\u0113ram:<\/p>\n\n- Cascade 4.5-8%<\/li>\n
- Centennial 9-11.5%<\/li>\n
- Chinook 12-14%<\/li>\n
- East Kent Goldings 4.5-7%<\/li>\n
- Hallertauer Hersbrucker 2.5-5%<\/li>\n
- Mt. Hood 3.5-8%<\/li>\n
- Saaz 2-5%<\/li>\n
- Styrian Goldings 4.5-7%<\/li>\n
- Willamette 4-7%<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
\nJ\u0101atz\u012bm\u0113, ka papildus \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0443\u043b\u043e\u043dam ir ar\u012b \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0443\u043b\u043e\u043d, \u0430\u0434\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0443\u043b\u043e\u043d, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0443\u043b\u043e\u043d un \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0443\u043b\u043e\u043d. Turkl\u0101t ir ar\u012b beta-sk\u0101bes: \u043b\u0443\u043f\u0443\u043b\u043e\u043d, \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0443\u043f\u0443\u043b\u043e\u043d un \u0430\u0434\u043b\u0443\u043f\u0443\u043b\u043e\u043d. T\u0101s p\u0101rv\u0113r\u0161 alus gar\u0161u nedaudz rupj\u0101k\u0101 r\u016bgtum\u0101 nek\u0101 alfa-sk\u0101bes. Bet, t\u0101 k\u0101 t\u0101s neiz\u0161\u0137\u012bst tik labi, to ieguld\u012bjums ir iev\u0113rojami maz\u0101ks, t\u0101p\u0113c alfa-sk\u0101bes uzvar.<\/p>\n
Sildot alfa-sk\u0101bes piedz\u012bvo izomeriz\u0101ciju, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0443\u043b\u043e\u043d veidojas no \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0443\u043b\u043e\u043d.
\n![\"Par](\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/1b0f3d0cf35e6bfd125cddf22e8d392a.jpeg\")
\nIzogumulons ir standarts r\u016bgtuma m\u0113r\u012bjumos, nosl\u0113pumain\u0101 sa\u012bsin\u0101jum\u0101 IBU, kas noz\u012bm\u0113 starptautisk\u0101s r\u016bgtuma vien\u012bbas \u2014 International Bitterness Units, b\u016bt\u012bb\u0101 nor\u0101da, k\u0101dai izogumulona koncentr\u0101cijai \u016bden\u012b mg\/l atbilst konkr\u0113t\u0101 alus r\u016bgtums. Uzskata, ka cilv\u0113ka r\u016bgtuma atpaz\u012b\u0161anas limits ir aptuveni 120 IBU. Viss, kas p\u0101rsniedz \u0161o v\u0113rt\u012bbu, tiks uztverts vien\u0101di. To vajadz\u0113tu atcer\u0113ties, saskaroties ar p\u0101rdo\u0161an\u0101 eso\u0161ajiem aluss ar \u013coti augstiem r\u016bgtuma r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101jiem, turkl\u0101t nav j\u0113gas dzert alu ar zemu IBU p\u0113c augstas v\u0113rt\u012bbas \u2014 gar\u0161as receptori tiks \"sastr\u0113gti\", un tu vienk\u0101r\u0161i nov\u0113rt\u0113si gar\u0161u.<\/p>\n
Starp citu, beta-sk\u0101bes neizomeriz\u0113jas, k\u0101 to dara alfa-sk\u0101bes. T\u0101 viet\u0101 t\u0101s l\u0113n\u0101m oksid\u0113jas. T\u0101 k\u0101 \u0161is process aiz\u0146em vair\u0101k laika, jo ilg\u0101k alus ir ferment\u0113jies un nogatavojies, jo sp\u0113c\u012bg\u0101ks ir efekts un izteikt\u0101ka ir r\u016bgtums. <\/p>\n
Izogumulons ir tikai viens no izo-alfa-sk\u0101b\u0113m, bet vis\u0101m t\u0101m ir v\u0113l viens noteico\u0161s efekts: t\u0101s nodro\u0161ina bakt\u0113riju izn\u012bcino\u0161o ietekmi uz daudz\u0101m gram-pozit\u012bv\u0101m bakt\u0113rij\u0101m. Pirmk\u0101rt, t\u0101s nom\u0101c bakt\u0113riju vairo\u0161anos, kas ir atbild\u012bgas par piensk\u0101bes ferment\u0101ciju \u2014 tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka aizsarg\u0101 alu no sk\u0101buma. No otras puses, izo-alfa-sk\u0101bes neietekm\u0113 gram-negat\u012bv\u0101s bakt\u0113rijas, t\u0101p\u0113c alus dar\u012bt\u0101jam ir j\u0101uzmana higi\u0113na un sterilit\u0101te, ja v\u0113las ieg\u016bt alu, nevis smirdo\u0161u un sk\u0101bu dz\u0113rienu.<\/p>\n
\u0145emot v\u0113r\u0101 \u0161os faktorus, k\u013c\u016bst skaidrs, k\u0101p\u0113c viduslaikos alu priek\u0161roku deva \u016bdenim: dz\u0113riena smar\u017ea un gar\u0161a bija lielisks pier\u0101d\u012bjums tam, ka tas ir pies\u0101r\u0146ots ar bakt\u0113rij\u0101m, kas noteikti nevar teikt par pa\u0161u \u016bdeni.<\/p>\n
Izol-alpha sk\u0101bes, t\u0101pat k\u0101 citi vielu komponenti, kas atrodamas humul\u0101, ir \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi svar\u012bgas put\u0101m: ja mie\u017ei nosaka putu veido\u0161anos, tad humul\u0101 ietekm\u0113 t\u0101s stabilit\u0101ti. Tas, starp citu, ir \u012bpa\u0161i labi redzams vienk\u0101r\u0161o vieglo lageru piem\u0113ros ar zemu bl\u012bvumu: ielejot gl\u0101z\u0113 k\u0101du Miller, bl\u012bvu stabilu putu segu nevar ieg\u016bt.<\/p>\n
Tom\u0113r tie\u0161i izol-alpha sk\u0101bes izraisa to, ko d\u0113v\u0113 par 'skunky beer' \u2014 burtiski: 'skunk alus'. Gaismas un sk\u0101bek\u013ca kl\u0101tb\u016btn\u0113 \u0161\u012bs vielas sadal\u0101s, rea\u0123\u0113jot, ko kataliz\u0113 riboflav\u012bns, veidojot br\u012bvos radik\u0101\u013cus rezult\u0101t\u0101 homol\u012btiskaj\u0101 oglek\u013ca-oglek\u013ca saites sadal\u012b\u0161an\u0101. Sad\u0101rdin\u0101tais acilgrupas s\u0101nu radik\u0101ls p\u0113c tam atkal sadal\u0101s, radot 1,1-dim\u0113tillienilradik\u0101lu. \u0160is radik\u0101ls var rea\u0123\u0113t ar s\u0113ru saturo\u0161\u0101m aminosk\u0101b\u0113m, piem\u0113ram, ciste\u012bnu, veidojot 3-metilbut-2-en-1-tiolu \u2014 un \u0161is produkts ir atbild\u012bgs par skunka smaku. Tom\u0113r \u013coti zem\u0101s koncentr\u0101cij\u0101s smar\u017ea ir l\u012bdz\u012bga svaigi grauzd\u0113tai kafijai.<\/p>\n
Jebkur\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 izol-alpha sk\u0101bju sadal\u012b\u0161an\u0101s ir \u013coti nev\u0113lams process, un jo vair\u0101k humul\u0101 ir al\u016b, jo \u0101tr\u0101k tas de\u0123ener\u0113sies, zaud\u0113jot arom\u0101tu un r\u016bgtumu. T\u0101d\u0113\u013c apstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101s alus \u0161\u0137irnes nevajadz\u0113tu ilgi glab\u0101t: alus var zaud\u0113t pusi aromatiz\u0113jo\u0161o \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbu jau p\u0113c da\u017eiem m\u0113ne\u0161iem p\u0113c ra\u017eo\u0161anas. Cik mu\u013c\u0137\u012bgi b\u016btu glab\u0101t to atv\u0113rtu. J\u0101saka taisn\u012bgi, ka \u0161\u0101da de\u0123ener\u0101cija nav rakstur\u012bga tikai IPA, bet ar\u012b jebkuram alus stilam, kuram rakstur\u012bga izteikta humul\u0101 komponenta kl\u0101tb\u016btne: tas attiecas uz vis\u0101m Pale Ale vari\u0101cij\u0101m (APA, NEIPA, bitteri utt.), k\u0101 ar\u012b pilsneriem (princip\u0101 \u010cehijas alus), un pat helles (v\u0101cu lagers, piem\u0113ram, 'Spaten', 'L\u00f6wenbr\u00e4u', 'Weihenstephaner' un taml\u012bdz\u012bgi). Visiem \u0161iem aliem ir j\u0113ga dzert p\u0113c iesp\u0113jas svaig\u0101k un neaizmirst tos ledusskap\u012b vai, v\u0113l jo vair\u0101k, plaukt\u0101 skap\u012b uz daudziem m\u0113ne\u0161iem. Pat b\u016bdams atv\u0113rts l\u012bdz nor\u0101d\u012bt\u0101 der\u012bguma termi\u0146a beig\u0101m, tas, visticam\u0101k, neb\u016bs tik gar\u0161\u012bgs.<\/p>\n
Lai nov\u0113rstu iesp\u0113jamo sabrukumu, alus ra\u017eo\u0161an\u0101 \u012bpa\u0161a uzman\u012bba tiek piev\u0113rsta UV starojuma iesp\u0113jam\u012bbai sasniegt alu, k\u0101 ar\u012b sk\u0101bek\u013ca koncentr\u0101cijai \u016bden\u012b. Da\u017e\u0101s alus dar\u012btav\u0101s ir izdevies pan\u0101kt sk\u0101bek\u013ca koncentr\u0101ciju desmitiem \u00b5g\/l vai pat zem\u0101k \u2014 lai tu saprastu, %username%, m\u0113s run\u0101jam par l\u012bme\u0146iem, kas ir pie\u013caujami kodolreaktoru dzes\u0113\u0161anas kont\u016br\u0101s.<\/p>\n
Starp, \u0161odien ir zin\u0101ms par 250 veidiem \u0113terisko e\u013c\u013cu, kas atrodas api\u0146os. Augst\u0101 koncentr\u0101cij\u0101 aug\u0101 ir mirc\u0113ns, humul\u0113ns un kariof\u012bls. Otrais no tiem sniedz visj\u016btam\u0101ko ieguld\u012bjumu dz\u0113riena gar\u0161\u0101 un arom\u0101t\u0101. Oke\u0101na \u0161\u0137irnes api\u0146u satur vair\u0101k mirc\u0113na nek\u0101 eiropie\u0161u. Tas pie\u0161\u0137ir vair\u0101k citrusaug\u013cu un skujkoku piez\u012bmju. Kariof\u012bls pievieno gar\u0161vielu notis, padarot alu as\u0101ku. Sajaucot ar jau piemin\u0113taj\u0101m sare\u017e\u0123\u012btaj\u0101m \u0113teriskaj\u0101m e\u013c\u013c\u0101m, kas ieg\u016btas ferment\u0101cijas proces\u0101, var ieg\u016bt tik sare\u017e\u0123\u012btu parf\u012bmu, ka Rive Gauche var atp\u016bsties ar L'\u00c9tual.<\/p>\n
G\u0101ze.<\/h4>\n
\nJ\u0101, j\u0101, %username%, g\u0101ze ar\u012b var tikt apl\u016bkota k\u0101 alus komponents. <\/p>\n
Pirmais g\u0101ze m\u016bsu sarakst\u0101 \u2014 oglek\u013ca dioks\u012bds \u2014 ir viens no rauga dz\u012bvotsp\u0113jas produktiem. Taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101 oglek\u013ca dioks\u012bda daudzums gatavotaj\u0101 al\u0101 liel\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101 atkar\u012bgs no alus dar\u012bt\u0101ja\/tehnologa v\u0113lmes, bet tas gandr\u012bz vienm\u0113r at\u0161\u0137iras atkar\u012bb\u0101 no t\u0101, k\u0101d\u0101 trauk\u0101 alus beig\u0101s tiek iepild\u012bts. Un tas ir b\u016btisks punkts.<\/p>\n
Visp\u0101r\u012bgi sakot, var teikt, ka g\u0101ze ir vienm\u0113r nepiecie\u0161ama \u2014 no vienas puses, t\u0101 izspie\u017e no \u0161\u0137\u012bduma kait\u012bgu sk\u0101bekli, bet no otras puses, t\u0101 nosaka putu veido\u0161anos alus atv\u0113r\u0161an\u0101.<\/p>\n
Bie\u017ei alus, kas p\u0101rdod pudel\u0113s vai bund\u017e\u0101s, pa\u0161reiz g\u0101z\u0113jas da\u017e\u0101du ferment\u0101cijas posmu proces\u0101 vai turpina to pa\u0161laik plaukt, ja tas ir t\u0101 sauktais dz\u012bvais alus, kas turpina ferment\u0113ties pudel\u0113. Cit\u0101s situ\u0101cij\u0101s ra\u017eot\u0101js var piespiedu k\u0101rt\u0101 g\u0101z\u0113t alu ar oglek\u013ca dioks\u012bdu l\u012bdz nepiecie\u0161amajam l\u012bmenim \u2014 tas ir \u0101tri un \u0113rti. Bie\u017ei t\u0101 tiek dar\u012bts, ja alus ir dom\u0101ts t\u0101l\u0101kai pild\u012b\u0161anai no kr\u0101na b\u0101r\u0101 vai veikal\u0101. \u0160\u0101d\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101, protams, ra\u017eot\u0101ju ra\u017eots g\u0101ze nemaz neat\u0161\u0137iras no pievienot\u0101 no cilindriem. Bet, protams, tu vari tic\u0113t \u201ebiolo\u0123iskajam oglek\u013ca dioks\u012bdam\u201d un maks\u0101t tr\u012bs reizes d\u0101rg\u0101k saska\u0146\u0101 ar teoriju par ieguvumiem, pildot riepas ar sl\u0101pekli. Veiksmi.<\/p>\n
T\u0101tad, speci\u0101l\u0101s muc\u0101s iepakotais alus, kas atst\u0101jis ra\u017eotni, ir nepiecie\u0161amais g\u0101zes l\u012bmenis (karboniz\u0101cija). \u0160aj\u0101 br\u012bd\u012b izlieto\u0161anas viet\u0101, tas ir, b\u0101r\u0101 vai izlieto\u0161anas veikal\u0101, \u0161o l\u012bmeni b\u016bs j\u0101saglab\u0101. \u0160im nol\u016bkam izsnieg\u0161anas sist\u0113mai ir piesl\u0113gts g\u0101zes balons (og\u013csk\u0101be vai sl\u0101pek\u013ca mais\u012bjums): t\u0101 uzdevums ir ne tikai izspiest alu no mucas, bet ar\u012b uztur\u0113t karboniz\u0101ciju pareizaj\u0101 l\u012bmen\u012b.<\/p>\n
Paties\u012bb\u0101, atkar\u012bb\u0101 no t\u0101, k\u0101ds spiediens ir iestat\u012bts izsnieg\u0161anas sist\u0113m\u0101, alus sa\u0146em at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgu g\u0101zes daudzumu, k\u0101 rezult\u0101t\u0101 var main\u012bties saj\u016btas t\u0101 lieto\u0161anas laik\u0101. Un tas ir viens no iemesliem, k\u0101d\u0113\u013c viens un tas pats sortiments izlie\u0161anas veid\u0101 var at\u0161\u0137irties da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s viet\u0101s un at\u0161\u0137irties no sav\u0101m pudel\u0113s un bund\u017e\u0101s pieejamaj\u0101m versij\u0101m. <\/p>\n
Papildus og\u013csk\u0101bei \u012bpa\u0161u uzman\u012bbu pelna sl\u0101peklis. K\u0101 konstat\u0113ts pirms 60 gadiem, og\u013csk\u0101bes un sl\u0101pek\u013ca \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbu at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas daudz ko maina.<\/p>\n
Atcerieties tikai kas nule bija ieliets gl\u0101z\u0113 izlietotais Guinness Draught. Bl\u012bva kr\u0113m\u012bga putas, zem t\u0101s - kr\u012bto\u0161ie burbu\u013ci, kas veido to pa\u0161u \"lav\u012bnas efektu\", bet pats alus - it k\u0101 nedaudz kr\u0113m\u012bgs, mazliet g\u0101z\u0113ts, ar maigu tekst\u016bru - viss tas ir izn\u0101kums, ko nodro\u0161ina sl\u0101pek\u013ca izmanto\u0161ana izlietojamaj\u0101 Guinness.<\/p>\n
Paties\u012bb\u0101, \u0161o g\u0101zi alus izlie\u0161anas laik\u0101 pirmo reizi s\u0101ka izmantot tie\u0161i slaven\u0101 vis\u0101 pasaul\u0113 paz\u012bstam\u0101 \u012bru stout ra\u017eot\u0101js, ta\u010du tas nenotika no labas dz\u012bves. Slaven\u0101 alus dar\u012btava smagi c\u012bn\u012bj\u0101s ar konkurenci 20. gadsimta pirmaj\u0101 pus\u0113, jo tolaik popularit\u0101ti ieguva izlie\u0161anas alus, it \u012bpa\u0161i lageri, un nevar\u0113ja neko dar\u012bt: \"Guinness\" tolaik vai nu tika p\u0101rdots silt\u0101 pudel\u0113s, vai lab\u0101kaj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 izlieka ar og\u013csk\u0101bi, kas pasliktin\u0101ja alus gar\u0161u un b\u016btiski pal\u0113nin\u0101ja izlie\u0161anas procesu. Ta\u010du cilv\u0113ki pras\u012bja, lai tas b\u016btu auksts un \u0101tri. Bija nepiecie\u0161ams kaut kas dar\u012bt.<\/p>\n
Problemu atrisin\u0101ja \u012bru alus dar\u012btavas darbinieks Maikls E\u0161s: b\u016bdams matem\u0101ti\u0137is p\u0113c izgl\u012bt\u012bbas, vi\u0146\u0161 tika iecelts vad\u012bb\u0101 komandai, kurai bija j\u0101izstr\u0101d\u0101 tehnolo\u0123ija pudel\u0113s iepild\u012bt\u0101 \u201eGuinness\u201d der\u012bguma termi\u0146a pagarin\u0101\u0161anai. E\u0161s ne tikai piev\u0113rs\u0101s lab\u0101kai gaisa iz\u0146em\u0161anas efektivit\u0101tei, izmantojot sl\u0101peklis viet\u0101 oglek\u013ca dioks\u012bdu, bet ar\u012b vi\u0146a komanda izstr\u0101d\u0101ja sist\u0113mu, kas \u013c\u0101va \u0101tri iepild\u012bt stautu tie\u0161i no mucas ar da\u017e\u0101du g\u0101zu mais\u012bjumu, starp kur\u0101m bija ar\u012b sl\u0101peklis. Rezult\u0101t\u0101 1958. gad\u0101 jaun\u0101 sist\u0113ma tika patent\u0113ta un pak\u0101peniski k\u013cuva par ikdienu, palielinot \u201eGuinness\u201d p\u0101rdo\u0161anu par ceturto da\u013cu. Starp citu, praktiski vienlaikus tika patent\u0113ta ar\u012b plastmasas bumbi\u0146as pievieno\u0161ana bund\u017e\u0101 ar saspiestu sl\u0101pekli, kas pl\u012bst atverot bund\u017eu un \u201esamaiza\u201d alu.<\/p>\n
M\u016bsdien\u0101s uz plan\u0113tas past\u0101v simtiem \u0161\u0137ir\u0146u, kuras pasniedz, izmantojot tie\u0161i sl\u0101pekli, prec\u012bz\u0101k, ar sl\u0101pek\u013ca un oglek\u013ca dioks\u012bda mais\u012bjumu: galvenok\u0101rt apm\u0113ram 80% sl\u0101pek\u013ca un 20% oglek\u013ca dioks\u012bda. Galvenok\u0101rt sl\u0101nekl\u012b uz sl\u0101pek\u013ca var sastapt ang\u013cu un \u012bru ali\u0146us, un \u012bpa\u0161i stautus, bet reiz\u0113m var atrast ar\u012b neparast\u0101kas \u0161\u0137irnes, piem\u0113ram, lagerus.<\/p>\n
Tom\u0113r j\u0101atz\u012bst, ka ar to dabiski ir saist\u012btas ar\u012b da\u017ei spekul\u0101cijas \u2014 \u0161obr\u012bd run\u0101ju par vis\u0101d\u0101m \u201eNitro IPA\u201d: Guinness Nitro IPA, Vermont Nitro IPA un cit\u0101m. Probl\u0113ma ir t\u0101da, ka IPA (India Pale Ale) ir alus stils, kur\u0101 galven\u0101 loma ir humla sast\u0101vda\u013cai. IPA stila ali nav j\u0101b\u016bt trakoti r\u016bgtiem (\u0161is trends jau ir pag\u0101jis), bet specifiska humla r\u016bgtuma ir j\u0101b\u016bt \u0161\u0101d\u0101 al\u016b. Tie\u0161i par sp\u0113c\u012bgu humla pievieno\u0161anu alus m\u012b\u013cot\u0101ji nov\u0113rt\u0113 IPA un t\u0101 \u0161\u0137irnes.<\/p>\n
Kapsulas bund\u017e\u0101s ar Nitro IPA satur sl\u0101pekli (prec\u012bz\u0101k, sl\u0101pek\u013ca un oglek\u013ca dioks\u012bda mais\u012bjumu). Sl\u0101peklis pie\u0161\u0137ir alum noteiktas \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas: bl\u012bvu kr\u0113mveida putu cepuri, pat\u012bkamu tekst\u016bru un dzirdam\u012bbu. Sl\u0101pek\u013ca alus lieliski dzeras, tas \u0161\u0137iet viegls un saprotams.<\/p>\n
Bet v\u0113l viena iez\u012bme, kas sl\u0113pjas sl\u0101pek\u013ca dab\u0101, ir t\u0101, ka tas sl\u0113pj noteiktus alus gar\u0161as nianses. Piem\u0113ram, tas mask\u0113 r\u016bgtumu. Ja klasiskajam pl\u0101najam stout 'Guinness' vai vienk\u0101r\u0161ajam un saprotamajam ale 'Kilkenny' sl\u0101peklis tikai pal\u012bdz uzlabot gar\u0161u, tad api\u0146u alu tas padara par galveno ienaidnieku. Sl\u0101peklis at\u0146em IPA to, ar ko \u0161is alus b\u016btu j\u0101izce\u013c citu vid\u016b.<\/p>\n
T\u0101p\u0113c jebkura \u2018IPA\u2019, kas pagatavota ar sl\u0101pekli, nesniegs to, ko tai vajadz\u0113tu sniegt \u2013 pat\u012bkamo, saus\u0101ko api\u0146u r\u016bgtumu. Prec\u012bz\u0101k sakot, t\u0101 m\u0113\u0123in\u0101s to izdar\u012bt, bet to trauc\u0113s no kapsulas izn\u0101ku\u0161ais g\u0101ze: t\u0101 padar\u012bs alu vieglu, pat\u012bkamu un dzirdino\u0161u, k\u0101 ar\u012b par\u0101d\u012bs skaistus gaisa burbu\u013cus, kas skrien pa gl\u0101zes sieni\u0146\u0101m, bet at\u0146ems jums to, d\u0113\u013c k\u0101 uz bund\u017eas ir rakst\u012btas t\u0101s tr\u012bs sv\u0113t\u0101s burti. <\/p>\n
\u012asum\u0101, 'Nitro IPAs' ir produkts, kas radies m\u0101rketinga speci\u0101listu v\u0113l\u0113\u0161an\u0101s sapludin\u0101t buldogu ar rhinocerose, rezult\u0101ts ir attiec\u012bgs.<\/p>\n
Starp citu, ja m\u0113s run\u0101jam par put\u0101m - piebilde v\u0113l nedaudz. Putas b\u016btiski ietekm\u0113 alus gar\u0161as un arom\u0101ta uztveri. Saskaroties ar gar\u0161as receptoriem, tie\u0161i t\u0101s sniedz m\u012bksta dz\u0113riena saj\u016btu, bet to tr\u016bkums vai pret\u0113jais - p\u0101r\u0101k daudz putu - var b\u016btiski main\u012bt gar\u0161as izj\u016btas. Ielejiet gl\u0101z\u0113 v\u0101cu kvie\u0161u alus, \u013caujiet put\u0101m nost\u0101v\u0113ties (j\u0101gaida) un nogar\u0161ojiet. Tagad ielejiet cit\u0101 gl\u0101z\u0113 jaunu porciju t\u0101, lai izveidotos putu cepure, un pa\u0146emiet malku: ticiet, at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbu noteikti sajut\u012bsiet.<\/p>\n
Interesanti, ka uz putu daudzumu ietekm\u0113 pat gl\u0101zes forma. Piem\u0113ram, klasisk\u0101 kvie\u0161u alus gl\u0101zes apak\u0161\u0113j\u0101 da\u013ca ir sa\u0161aurin\u0101ta tie\u0161i t\u0101p\u0113c, lai, katru reizi noliecot gl\u0101zi, atkal veidotos putas, kuras ir nepiecie\u0161amas \u0161im alus stilam p\u0113c standarta. Temperat\u016bra ar\u012b sp\u0113l\u0113 noz\u012bm\u012bgu lomu: teiksim, ja malko\u0161anas alus tiek glab\u0101ts p\u0101r\u0101k augst\u0101 temperat\u016br\u0101, tad pie pild\u012b\u0161anas tas b\u016bs \u013coti putains. Tas pats attiecas uz siltu pudel\u0113s vai bund\u017e\u0101s iepild\u012btu alu: dom\u0101ju, ka nav neviena alus m\u012b\u013cot\u0101ja, kur\u0161 vismaz reizi neb\u016btu appl\u016bdis ar put\u0101m, atverot pudeli silt\u0101 dien\u0101.<\/p>\n
Starp citu, ja j\u016bs \u0113dat taukainu \u0113dienu kop\u0101 ar alu, putu b\u016bs iev\u0113rojami maz\u0101k: katr\u0101 saskar\u0113 palieko\u0161ais tauks saturs uz l\u016bp\u0101m trauc\u0113 olbaltumviel\u0101m veidot putas un izn\u012bcina t\u0101s.<\/p>\n
T\u0101tad, n\u0101kamreiz, cen\u0161oties ieliet alu ar minim\u0101lu putu, atcerieties: visticam\u0101k, \u0161obr\u012bd br\u012bvpr\u0101t\u012bgi atsak\u0101ties no papildu baud\u012bjuma no dz\u0113riena.<\/p>\n
Starpcitu, cie\u0146a pret put\u0101m ir labs r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101js b\u0101rmenis prasm\u0113m un zin\u0101\u0161an\u0101m. Pareiz\u0101 alus b\u0101r\u0101 nekad neielies alu bez putu cepures, ja t\u0101 tur b\u016btu j\u0101b\u016bt. Un t\u0101 j\u0101b\u016bt liel\u0101kaj\u0101 da\u013c\u0101 gad\u012bjumu, iz\u0146\u0113mumi ir reti: ja alus dabiski slikti putas (piem\u0113ram, saucamie kas\u0137i vai amerik\u0101\u0146u vieglais lageris).<\/p>\n
T\u0101tad, nesteidzieties vainot b\u0101rmeni par to, ka vi\u0146\u0161 m\u0113\u0123in\u0101ja j\u016bs apm\u0101n\u012bt, nesot gl\u0101zi ar putu cepuri \u2014 visticam\u0101k, apm\u0101n\u0101t sevi esat j\u016bs pa\u0161i.
\n![\"Par](\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/d8593d05951e8de17b8e1cacc1ac851d.jpeg\")
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\nNu ko, laikam \u0161odien pietiek, bet n\u0101kamaj\u0101 da\u013c\u0101 run\u0101sim par p\u0113d\u0113jo alus sast\u0101vda\u013cu \u2014 da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m piedev\u0101m, izp\u0113t\u012bsim, vai t\u0101s patie\u0161\u0101m ir liekas, ko par to dom\u0101 v\u0101cie\u0161i un be\u013c\u0123i, k\u0101 ar\u012b GOST 31711-2012, GOST 55292-2012 un Krievijas vald\u012bba visp\u0101r \u2014 un ar\u012b apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101sim, kam tas nepiecie\u0161ams. Inform\u0101cijas b\u016bs daudz, un v\u0113l vair\u0101k palicis \u0101rpus aplok\u0161\u0146a, t\u0101d\u0113\u013c, visticam\u0101k, da\u013ca neb\u016bs p\u0113d\u0113j\u0101.
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