{"id":34651,"date":"2019-10-31T21:59:38","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:59:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/o-pive-glazami-himika-chast-4\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T21:59:38","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T18:59:38","slug":"o-pive-glazami-himika-chast-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/news\/o-pive-glazami-himika-chast-4","title":{"rendered":"Par alu \u0137\u012bmi\u0137a skat\u012bjum\u0101. 4. da\u013ca","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Par alu \u0137\u012bmi\u0137a skat\u012bjum\u0101. 4. da\u013ca\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/6e226b1c00f17007df17565f0575b529.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nSveiks, %username%.<\/p>\n<p><noindex>Tre\u0161ais<\/noindex> Da\u013ca no manas alus cikla Habr\u0101 izn\u0101ca maz\u0101k paman\u0101ma nek\u0101 iepriek\u0161\u0113j\u0101s \u2014 sprie\u017eot p\u0113c koment\u0101riem un v\u0113rt\u0113juma, iesp\u0113jams, es saviem st\u0101stiem jau esmu nedaudz apnicis. Ta\u010du, \u0146emot v\u0113r\u0101, ka ir lo\u0123iski un nepiecie\u0161ami pabeigt st\u0101stu par alus sast\u0101vda\u013c\u0101m, priek\u0161 tevis ir ceturt\u0101 da\u013ca!<\/p>\n<p>Iesim.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nK\u0101 parasti, s\u0101kum\u0101 b\u016bs neliela alus st\u0101sta da\u013ca. Un \u0161oreiz t\u0101 b\u016bs diezgan nopietna. Tas b\u016bs st\u0101sts, kas \u013coti netie\u0161i \u2014 bet tom\u0113r skar Lielo Uzvaru, ko m\u016bsu vect\u0113ti\u0146i guva 1945. gad\u0101. Un neskatoties uz da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m spekul\u0101cij\u0101m un mu\u013c\u0137\u012bb\u0101m \u2014 es lepojos ar \u0161o uzvaru.<\/p>\n<p>Neiedzi\u013cinoties p\u0101r\u0101k, es past\u0101st\u012b\u0161u par visinteresant\u0101kajiem faktiem, kas saist\u012bti ar alus ra\u017eo\u0161anu un pat\u0113ri\u0146u Otr\u0101 pasaules kara laik\u0101 (dati \u0146emti no atkl\u0101tiem avotiem internet\u0101, k\u0101 ar\u012b no alus v\u0113sturnieka P\u0101vela Egorova lekcijas).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Alus ra\u017eoja pat kara laik\u0101. J\u0101, cik d\u012bvaini tas neb\u016btu, alus ra\u017eo\u0161ana Otr\u0101 pasaules kara laik\u0101 netika piln\u012bb\u0101 p\u0101rtraukta, lai gan produkcijas apjomi tika iev\u0113rojami samazin\u0101ti. Iemesls samazin\u0101jumam ir saprotams: gr\u016bt\u0101 valstij laik\u0101 bija nepiecie\u0161ami b\u016btiski resursi \u2014 gan cilv\u0113kresursi, gan p\u0101rtika, gan tehniskie.<\/li>\n<li>Da\u017eas alus dar\u012btavas s\u0101ka ra\u017eot krekerus. Daudzi padomju alus r\u016bpn\u012bcas, k\u0101 gaid\u012bts, tika p\u0101rceltas uz svar\u012bg\u0101ku kara laik\u0101 produktu ra\u017eo\u0161anu. Piem\u0113ram, Leningradas r\u016bpn\u012bcai \u201eStepans Razins\u201d tolaik p\u0101rtikas nozares tautas komis\u0101rs biedrs Zotovs noteica krekeru ra\u017eo\u0161anas normu 200 tonnu apjom\u0101 m\u0113nes\u012b. Nedaudz agr\u0101k tas pats \u201eStepans Razins\u201d kop\u0101 ar da\u017e\u0101m cit\u0101m liel\u0101m alus dar\u012btav\u0101m sa\u0146\u0113ma nor\u0101d\u012bjumu p\u0101rtraukt alus ra\u017eo\u0161anu, un visus eso\u0161os graudu kr\u0101jumus nodot mal\u0161anai miltos.<\/li>\n<li>Ja fa\u0161isti b\u016btu ien\u0101ku\u0161i Leningrad\u0101, pl\u0101nots vi\u0146us saind\u0113t ar alu. P\u0113c 1941. gada decembra datiem to pa\u0161u \u201eStepanu Razinu\u201d pagrabos palika nedaudz maz\u0101k par miljonu litru alus, galvenok\u0101rt \u201e\u017digul\u0113vu\u201d. Tas bija da\u013ca no t\u0101 saukt\u0101 strat\u0113\u0123isk\u0101 kr\u0101juma, kuru vajadz\u0113ja saind\u0113t, ja fa\u0161istiem b\u016btu j\u0101ierodas Leningrad\u0101. Diferenc\u0113\u0161anu, ja kas, bija j\u0101veic r\u016bpn\u012bcas galvenajam alus dar\u012bt\u0101jam.<\/li>\n<li>Alus v\u0101r\u012bja pat Leningradas blok\u0101des laik\u0101. Leningradas alus r\u016bpn\u012bca \u201eSarkan\u0101 Bav\u0101rija\u201d, ja tic\u0113t <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/storage.ning.com\/topology\/rest\/1.0\/file\/get\/2234102898?profile=original\">arh\u012bva dokumentiem<\/a><\/noindex>, pirms 1942. gada maija sv\u0113tkiem izdev\u0101s sara\u017eot ap miljonu litru alus, nodro\u0161inot visus Leningradas iedz\u012bvot\u0101jus ar svin\u012bgu alus kr\u016bzi. Turkl\u0101t da\u013cu no partijas darba \u0146\u0113m\u0113ji ra\u017eotn\u0113 pat izsvieda rok\u0101m, jo divus m\u0113ne\u0161us ra\u017eotn\u0113 nebija elektroener\u0123ijas.<\/li>\n<li>Pirmaj\u0101 Uzvaras dien\u0101 svin\u012bbas tika ats\u0101ktas ar\u012b ar alu. 1945. gada 9. maij\u0101 uzvara p\u0101r fa\u0161istiem tika svin\u0113ta ne tikai PSRS, bet ar\u012b Eiropas valst\u012bs, kur joproj\u0101m uztur\u0113j\u0101s m\u016bsu karasp\u0113ks. K\u0101ds, protams, svin\u0113ja \u0161o noz\u012bm\u012bgo notikumu ar mazo stipro alkoholisko dz\u0113rienu, bet citiem bija gald\u0101 alus: konkr\u0113ti, taj\u0101 laik\u0101 \u010cehoslov\u0101kij\u0101 uzturoties Sarkan\u0101s armijas karav\u012bri atz\u012bm\u0113ja uzvaru tie\u0161i ar viet\u0113jo alu (skat. foto raksta s\u0101kum\u0101).<\/li>\n<li>Slaven\u0101 Lidas alus ra\u017eotne pirms tam ra\u017eoja alu Wehrmacht. Tas notika, protams, nevis ra\u017eotnes \u012bpa\u0161nieku grib\u0113\u0161anas d\u0113\u013c: fa\u0161istisk\u0101s okup\u0101cijas laik\u0101 ra\u017eo\u0161ana non\u0101ca zem v\u0101cu p\u0101rvaldes, kuri organiz\u0113ja alus ra\u017eo\u0161anu nacistu karav\u012briem. Protams, viet\u0113jie iedz\u012bvot\u0101ji Baltkrievijas pils\u0113t\u0101 Lida un tuv\u0101kajos re\u0123ionos \u0161o alu nedz\u0113ra, jo visas partijas tika sadal\u012btas starp \u0161ajos re\u0123ionos disloc\u0113taj\u0101m v\u0101cu vien\u012bb\u0101m.<\/li>\n<li>Alu nacistiem ra\u017eoja ebreji. Interesanti, ka ra\u017eotnes uztur\u0113\u0161anu vad\u012bja in\u017eenieris no SS Joahims Lohb\u012blers, kur\u0161, neskatoties uz tolaik zin\u0101maj\u0101m k\u0101rt\u012bb\u0101m, ne tikai piesaist\u012bja alus ra\u017eo\u0161anai ebrejus, bet ar\u012b akt\u012bvi tos aizst\u0101v\u0113ja no citiem SS locek\u013ciem. K\u0101du br\u012bdi vi\u0146\u0161 pat br\u012bdin\u0101ja savus aizsarg\u0101jam\u0101s personas par n\u0101ves draudiem un ieteica b\u0113gt. 1943. gada septembr\u012b ra\u017eotni apmekl\u0113ja SS un arest\u0113ja visus ebrejus, aps\u016bdzot vi\u0146us alus saind\u0113\u0161an\u0101. Nabaga cilv\u0113kus ielika vilcien\u0101, bet ce\u013cojuma laik\u0101 da\u013ca g\u016bstek\u0146u sp\u0113ja izk\u0101pt no sast\u0101va: starp tiem, kas galu gal\u0101 izgl\u0101b\u0101s no nacistiem, bija ar\u012b Lidas alus ra\u017eotnes s\u0101kotn\u0113jie \u012bpa\u0161nieki \u2014 Marks un Semjons Pupko.<\/li>\n<li>Okup\u0113t\u0101 V\u0101cijas da\u013ca v\u0101r\u012bja alu PSRS. \u0160\u0101du alus ra\u017eo\u0161anas pas\u016bt\u012bt\u0101js bija Padomju armijas grupa V\u0101cij\u0101. Pat ir saglab\u0101ju\u0161\u0101s krievu valod\u0101 rakst\u012btas alus uzl\u012bmes. Cik maks\u0101ja \u0161is alus, kam tas tika pieg\u0101d\u0101ts un cik gar\u0161\u012bgs tas bija \u2014 \u0161os faktus v\u0113sture, diem\u017e\u0113l, noklus\u0113.<br \/>\n <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Par alu \u0137\u012bmi\u0137a skat\u012bjum\u0101. 4. da\u013ca\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/a2b8af19aa265ca49847f7beb27cedd6.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/li>\n<li>Starp milit\u0101rajiem trofeju bija ar\u012b v\u0101cu alus ra\u017eo\u0161anas iek\u0101rtas. Atg\u016bstot zaud\u0113jumus, ko nodar\u012bjusi nacistisk\u0101 V\u0101cija un t\u0101s sabiedrotie, PSRS tika nodota, starp citu, viena liela Berl\u012bnes alus ra\u017eot\u0101ja iek\u0101rta. \u0160\u012b trofeju iek\u0101rta tika uzst\u0101d\u012bta Stepa Razina alus fabrik\u0101. L\u012bdz\u012bgu trofeju \"dzelzi\" ieguva ar\u012b Maskavas alus dar\u012btava Hamo\u0146ikos.<br \/>\n <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Par alu \u0137\u012bmi\u0137a skat\u012bjum\u0101. 4. da\u013ca\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/ae2f4102ee1ec473ac20e4037a231c43.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/li>\n<li>P\u0113c Otr\u0101 pasaules kara tika pie\u0146emts alus standarts, kas darbojas l\u012bdz pat \u0161odienai. GOST 3473-46 tika pie\u0146emts 1946. gad\u0101 un, ar da\u017e\u0101m izmai\u0146\u0101m, izdz\u012bvoja l\u012bdz pat XX gadsimta beig\u0101m, p\u0113c tam tas tika aizst\u0101ts ar modern\u0101ku, lai ar\u012b ne pa\u0161u jaun\u0101ko standartu. Par to m\u0113s noteikti run\u0101sim atsevi\u0161\u0137i.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nNu, un tagad atgriez\u012bsimies pie m\u016bsu sast\u0101vda\u013c\u0101m. Palicis p\u0113d\u0113jais, un tas ir \u2014 <\/p>\n<h4>Piedevas.<\/h4>\n<p>\nEs s\u0101k\u0161u savu st\u0101stu par piedev\u0101m ar to, ka form\u0101li t\u0101m alus sast\u0101v\u0101 nevajadz\u0113tu b\u016bt. Faktiski t\u0101s ir katr\u0101 alus. Un t\u0101s nemaz nepasliktina ne gar\u0161u, ne kvalit\u0101ti, ne v\u0113rt\u012bbu \u2014 t\u0101s vienk\u0101r\u0161i atkl\u0101j da\u017eas t\u0101 \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas. M\u0113\u0123in\u0101sim izprast popul\u0101r\u0101k\u0101s no t\u0101m, bet p\u0113c tam detaliz\u0113t\u0101k run\u0101sim par to nepiecie\u0161am\u012bbu un nevajadz\u012bgumu.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Vispopul\u0101r\u0101k\u0101 starp alus dar\u012bt\u0101jiem, neiek\u013cauta oblig\u0101to sast\u0101vda\u013cu sarakst\u0101, ir t\u0101 saucam\u0101 \"nenos\u0113t\u0101\" \u2014 tie ir graudi, kas nav izg\u0101ju\u0161i d\u012bg\u0161anas posmu, tas ir, nav k\u013cuvu\u0161i par mie\u017eiem. Tas var b\u016bt kvie\u0161i, r\u012bsi vai kukur\u016bza. Visbie\u017e\u0101k sastopami ir kukur\u016bza un r\u012bsi, bie\u017ei vien miltu vai citu produktu veid\u0101. Iemesls ir vienk\u0101r\u0161s: tie ir l\u0113ts vienk\u0101r\u0161o cukuru avots, kas nepiecie\u0161ams raugiem oglek\u013ca dioks\u012bda un spirta ra\u017eo\u0161anai, un t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di \u2014 veids, k\u0101 paaugstin\u0101t dz\u0113riena stiprumu. Kukur\u016bza bie\u017ei ir sast\u0101vda\u013ca masu amerik\u0101\u0146u alu sortiment\u0101 (da\u017ek\u0101rt tiek min\u0113ta k\u0101 maize), bet r\u012bsi \u2014 \u0100zijas alus sast\u0101v\u0101, kas ir lo\u0123iski: ASV akt\u012bvi un lielos apjomos audz\u0113 kukur\u016bzu, bet \u0100zijas valst\u012bs \u2014 r\u012bsus. R\u012bsi un kukur\u016bza pie\u0161\u0137ir alum rakstur\u012bgu saldumu, ko paman\u012bs ikviens. T\u0101pat bie\u017ei izmanto nenos\u0113tu kvie\u0161u: tas ir viens no sast\u0101vda\u013c\u0101m kvie\u0161u alus pagatavo\u0161anai. Tie\u0161i vielas, kas atrodas kvie\u0161os, \u013cauj sasniegt noteiktus gar\u0161as un smar\u017eas to\u0146us.<\/li>\n<li>Cukurs ir v\u0113l viena bie\u017ei sastopama papildu sast\u0101vda\u013ca alus ra\u017eo\u0161an\u0101. To bie\u017ei izmanto stipro \u0161\u0137ir\u0146u ra\u017eo\u0161anai: cukura pievieno\u0161ana nodro\u0161ina raugiem visvienk\u0101r\u0161\u0101ko papildu bar\u012bbu alkohola ra\u017eo\u0161anai. Cukurs var tikt pievienots k\u0101 t\u0101di avoti: kukur\u016bzas s\u012brups, maltodes m\u012blze u.c. Var izmantot ar\u012b medu, ta\u010du tad ra\u017eo\u0161ana k\u013c\u016bs p\u0101r\u0101k d\u0101rga. Starp citu, bie\u017ei izmanto dab\u012bgo kr\u0101svielu: cukura kolorants (E150), kas b\u016bt\u012bb\u0101 ir cukura karameles izstr\u0101d\u0101jums. Ja redzi uz pudeles E150<b>Vair\u0101k nek\u0101 40 000 klientu 120+ valst\u012bs<\/b> \u2014 visp\u0101r atp\u016bties, jo tas ir pats dab\u012bg\u0101kais apdedzin\u0101tais cukurs, ko var \u0113st karot\u0113m. E150b, E150c un E150d \u2014 nav tik dab\u012bgi, bet tom\u0113r neviens neizlieto vair\u0101k par at\u013cautajiem 160 mg\/kg \u0137erme\u0146a masas, kas dzer alu.<\/li>\n<li>Apskat\u012bsim vienu no m\u012btiem: alus ra\u017eo\u0161an\u0101 praktiski nekad neizmanto \u0137\u012bmisk\u0101s m\u0101ksl\u012bg\u0101s kr\u0101svielas un konservantus \u2014 piln\u012bb\u0101 pietiek ar dab\u012bgajiem komponentiem un to ferment\u0101cijas produktiem, k\u0101 ar\u012b ar izstr\u0101d\u0101tajiem tehnolo\u0123iskajiem procesiem (par to v\u0113l\u0101k). K\u0101p\u0113c t\u0113r\u0113t naudu papildu \u0137\u012bmijai un oblig\u0101ti nor\u0101d\u012bt to sast\u0101v\u0101, kad visu var izdar\u012bt ar recept\u016bru? Bet tom\u0113r, ja atrast l\u0113tus \"aug\u013cu\" alus variantus (\"ar laimu\", \"ar gran\u0101tu\" u.c.) \u2014 tad \u0161aj\u0101 dz\u0113rien\u0101 patie\u0161\u0101m ir gan aromatiz\u0113t\u0101ji, gan kr\u0101svielas, bet \u0161o dz\u0113rienu man ir \u013coti gr\u016bti nosaukt par alu. T\u0101pat alus var pievienot askorb\u012bnsk\u0101bi (E300), kas form\u0101li nav sint\u0113tiska \u0137\u012bmija, bet ferment\u0101cijas produkts (j\u0101, tie\u0161i t\u0101 tas tiek sintez\u0113ts). Askorb\u012bnsk\u0101bes pievieno\u0161ana palielina alus iztur\u012bbu pret gaismu un sk\u0101bekli \u2014 un pat \u013cauj naliet alu caursp\u012bd\u012bg\u0101s pudel\u0113s (par to \u2014 v\u0113l\u0101k, bet jau var atcer\u0113ties Miller un Corona).<\/li>\n<li>Specifiskajos alus veidos ra\u017eot\u0101js var izmantot \u013coti da\u017e\u0101das piedevas: ne\u013c\u0137es, kardamonu, an\u012bsu, apels\u012bnu mizu, piparus, aug\u013cu biezeni vai pa\u0161us aug\u013cus un daudz ko citu. Visi \u0161ie komponenti ir paredz\u0113ti, lai pie\u0161\u0137irtu alum papildu gar\u0161as, arom\u0101tisk\u0101s un vizu\u0101l\u0101s \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas. \u0136irsis, avenes, zemenes \u2014 viss tas dab\u012bg\u0101 veid\u0101 var atrasties vien\u0101 tvertn\u0113 ar ferment\u0113jo\u0161u alu. It \u012bpa\u0161i \u0161os komponentus m\u012bl Be\u013c\u0123ijas lambe\u0137u ra\u017eot\u0101ji.<\/li>\n<li>Alusam var pievienot s\u0101li! Tas nav mu\u013c\u0137\u012bbu, bet nepiecie\u0161am\u0101 sast\u0101vda\u013ca, lai izveidotu tradicion\u0101l\u0101 v\u0101cu goze stila alu \u2014 kvie\u0161u sk\u0101bo alu, kura ra\u017eo\u0161an\u0101 tiek izmantots ar\u012b koriandrs un piensk\u0101be (k\u0101 piensk\u0101bes ferment\u0101cijas produkts). \u0160im stilam ir apm\u0113ram t\u016bksto\u0161 gadu, t\u0101p\u0113c tas ir divreiz vec\u0101ks par slaveno v\u0101cu \"Alus t\u012br\u012bbas likumu\", par kuru m\u0113s run\u0101sim nedaudz v\u0113l\u0101k. starp citu, s\u0101ls pievieno\u0161ana palielina n\u0101trija un hlor\u012bdu koncentr\u0101ciju \u2014 atcer\u0113simies 1. da\u013cu, kur tika run\u0101ts par \u016bdeni un \u0161o jonu \u012bpa\u0161\u012bb\u0101m.<\/li>\n<li>Da\u017ei alus dar\u012bt\u0101ji sp\u0113j\u012bgi izmantot \u013coti specifiskas piedevas: s\u0113nes, koksnes mizu, pienenes, kalm\u0101ru tintes un pat \"va\u013cu atraugas\" \u2014 viela, kas veidojas va\u013cu ku\u0146\u0123\u012b.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nNo sevis gribu teikt: form\u0101li alus bez piedev\u0101m nav. Vismaz t\u0101p\u0113c, ka ir j\u0101sagatavo \u016bdens, izl\u012bdzinot t\u0101 miner\u0101lvielu sast\u0101vu un pH. Un tas ir \u2014 piedevas. vismaz t\u0101p\u0113c, ka ir j\u0101izmanto g\u0101ze \u2014 par to m\u0113s run\u0101j\u0101m. Un tas ir \u2014 piedevas. Bet apspried\u012bsim, k\u0101 ar piedev\u0101m izturas no likuma viedok\u013ca.<\/p>\n<p>Visi noteikti atcer\u0113sies visizcil\u0101ko alus likumu \u2014 \"Alus t\u012br\u012bbas likumu\" jeb Reinheitsgebot, kuram jau ir vair\u0101k nek\u0101 500 gadu. \u0160is likums ir tik paz\u012bstams, popul\u0101rs un atpaz\u012bstams, ka to apkl\u0101jusi vesela m\u012btu un mald\u012bbu k\u0101rta, ko bie\u017ei izmanto tirgot\u0101ji. Proti, daudzi uzskata, ka alus ir tikai tas, kas atbilst Reinheitsgebot, bet p\u0101r\u0113jais ir produkts, kas rad\u012bts no m\u0101jas dz\u012bvnieku vieninieku \u0123imenes zirgu darb\u012bbas. Taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101 pazin\u0113ji bie\u017ei maz zina, kas tur ir rakst\u012bts un visp\u0101r, no kurienes tas n\u0101k. Apskat\u012bsim.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Likums par \"alus t\u012br\u012bbu\" ir vair\u0101k nek\u0101 500 gadu sena v\u0113sture \u2014 Bav\u0101rijas likums par \"alus t\u012br\u012bbu\" no 1516. gada ir viens no vec\u0101kajiem likumiem p\u0101rtikas ra\u017eo\u0161an\u0101. Liel\u0101ku neapmierin\u0101t\u012bbu bav\u0101rie\u0161iem rad\u012bja tas, ka vec\u0101kais alus t\u012br\u012bbas likums tika atrasts T\u012bring\u0101 un bija par 82 gadiem vec\u0101ks nek\u0101 izsniegtais Bav\u0101rijas likums \u2014 v\u0113l 1351. gad\u0101 Erfurt\u0101 tika izdotas iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101s nor\u0101des par noteiktu sast\u0101vda\u013cu izmanto\u0161anu alus dar\u012b\u0161an\u0101. Savuk\u0101rt Minhenes pa\u0161vald\u012bba s\u0101ka kontrol\u0113t alus dar\u012bt\u0101jus tikai 1363. gad\u0101, bet pirm\u0101 piemin\u0113\u0161ana par alus dar\u012b\u0161an\u0101 izmantoto tikai mie\u017eu iesalu, api\u0146iem un \u016bdeni dat\u0113ta ar 1453. gadu. \u0160aj\u0101 laik\u0101 T\u012bringas nor\u0101de jau bija sp\u0113k\u0101 gandr\u012bz 20 gadus. 1434. gad\u0101 dat\u0113t\u0101s nor\u0101des, kas izdotas Veisenz\u0113 (T\u012bring\u0101), tika atrastas viduslaiku Runneburg\u0101 net\u0101lu no Erfurtas 1999. gad\u0101.<\/li>\n<li>Visi vispirms likums regul\u0113ja nevis alus sast\u0101vu, bet t\u0101 cenu. Herzogam Bav\u0101rijas Vilhelmam VI parakst\u012btais likums pirmk\u0101rt regul\u0113ja alus cenu atkar\u012bb\u0101 no gadalaika un tikai vien\u0101 no punktiem tika piemin\u0113ti sast\u0101vda\u013cu sast\u0101vi: nekas cits k\u0101 mie\u017ei, \u016bdens un api\u0146i. Herzogam ir ieteicis ar\u012b ietaup\u012bt p\u0101rtikas resursus. At\u013caujot izmantot tikai mie\u017eu graudus, Vilhelms aizliedza p\u012bp\u0113ju\u0161i kvie\u0161u izmanto\u0161anu alus ra\u017eo\u0161an\u0101, jo tie bija svar\u012bgi maizes izgatavo\u0161anai.<\/li>\n<li>At\u013cauto likum\u0101 sast\u0101vda\u013cu sarakst\u0101 nebija rauga. Bet tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka tas neko nenoz\u012bm\u0113: v\u0101cie\u0161i labi pazin\u0101s raugu, bet, t\u0101 k\u0101 tie tiek no\u0146emti no gatav\u0101 dz\u0113riena \u2014 likum\u0101 tie netika piemin\u0113ti.<\/li>\n<li>M\u016bsdienu nosaukums \u2014 Reinheitsgebot, tas ir, burtiski \"t\u012br\u012bbas pras\u012bbas\" \u2014 \u0161is noteikumu kopums tika ieg\u016bts sal\u012bdzino\u0161i nesen \u2014 pirms apm\u0113ram simts gadiem. \u0160\u012b versija ar da\u017e\u0101m izmai\u0146\u0101m ir sp\u0113k\u0101 V\u0101cij\u0101 l\u012bdz pat \u0161odienai un b\u016bt\u012bb\u0101 sast\u0101v no div\u0101m da\u013c\u0101m: viena regul\u0113 lageru ra\u017eo\u0161anu, otra \u2014 ale izgatavo\u0161anu. Liberaliz\u0113ta iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 Eiropas tirgus d\u0113\u013c likums tika ieviests Eiropas ties\u012bbu aktos.<\/li>\n<li>M\u016bsdienu Reinheitsgebot versija neierobe\u017eo jebkura alus ievie\u0161anu V\u0101cij\u0101 un nepie\u013cauj viet\u0113jiem alus dar\u012bt\u0101jiem novirz\u012bties no likuma. Turkl\u0101t likums laiku pa laikam tiek atjaunots, sekojot modernaj\u0101m alus dar\u012b\u0161anas tendenc\u0113m, lai gan tas joproj\u0101m paliek sal\u012bdzino\u0161i konservat\u012bvs. <\/li>\n<li>V\u0101cu likumdo\u0161ana \u0161\u0137ir viet\u0113jo alu, kas pagatavots saska\u0146\u0101 ar alus likumu, no citiem t\u0101 veidiem: p\u0113d\u0113jie nav ties\u012bgi saukties par v\u0101rdu bier, ta\u010du netiek d\u0113v\u0113ti ar\u012b par mu\u013c\u0137\u012bgu nosaukumu \u201ealus dz\u0113riens\u201d.<\/li>\n<li>Neskatoties uz visiem eso\u0161ajiem ierobe\u017eojumiem un savu konservativit\u0101ti, Reinheitsgebot main\u0101s, \u013caujot v\u0101cu alus dar\u012bt\u0101jiem ra\u017eot \u013coti daudzveid\u012bgu alu un neizsl\u0113dzot eksperiment\u0101los alus dar\u012bt\u0101jus no nozares. Bet pat \u0161\u0101d\u0101 situ\u0101cij\u0101 daudzi v\u0101cu ra\u017eot\u0101ji un alus m\u012b\u013cot\u0101ji iebilst pret likumu vai vismaz atbalsta t\u0101 groz\u012bjumus.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nT\u0101 dz\u012bvo Eirop\u0101 un V\u0101cij\u0101, kur alus dar\u012b\u0161ana past\u0101v jau \u013coti ilgi. Taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101 Be\u013c\u0123ij\u0101, kur attiec\u012bbas ar raugu ir \u013coti br\u012bvas un alus nevar baid\u012bties pievienot visu, ko vien v\u0113las \u2014 visp\u0101r stipri neuztraucas. Un tur top lielisks alus, kas tiek p\u0101rdots vis\u0101 pasaul\u0113.<\/p>\n<p>Un k\u0101 ir Krievij\u0101? \u0160eit ir diezgan skumji.<\/p>\n<p>T\u0101p\u0113c, ka Krievij\u0101 ir divi likumi, prec\u012bz\u0101k \u2014 standarti: GOST 31711-2012, kas attiecas uz alu, un GOST 55292-2012, kas attiecas uz \u201ealus dz\u0113rieniem\u201d. Es patiesi uzskatu, ka viet\u0113jie likumdev\u0113ji un Krievijas alus ra\u017eo\u0161anas standartu autori grib\u0113ja uzrakst\u012bt savu Reinheitsgebot ar \u0161\u0146ukuriem un izsistajiem \u2014 bet tas k\u0101 vienm\u0113r nesan\u0101ca. Izanaliz\u0113sim galven\u0101s p\u0113rles.<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">\u0160eit ir tas, kas j\u0101b\u016bt alum saska\u0146\u0101 ar GOST 31711-2012<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Par alu \u0137\u012bmi\u0137a skat\u012bjum\u0101. 4. da\u013ca\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/f3e6f5945e935bf6ef4922cbeb534157.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">un tas viss \u2014 alus dz\u0113riens p\u0113c GOST 55292-2012<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Par alu \u0137\u012bmi\u0137a skat\u012bjum\u0101. 4. da\u013ca\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/04f70cb14e473ab7d0c3052d03a2c4e4.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nNu un ko teikt? Faktiski alus dz\u0113riens ir pilnv\u0113rt\u012bgs, norm\u0101ls alus, kur\u0101 ra\u017eo\u0161an\u0101 tika izmantoti kaut kas cits papildus klasiskajiem ingridientiem: piem\u0113ram, citrusu miza, gar\u0161viela vai aug\u013ci. Un t\u0101p\u0113c ar \u0161ausm\u012bgo nosaukumu \u201ealus dz\u0113riens\u201d veikalos par\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s alus, kas ir vec\u0101ks par visiem GOST standartiem, Krievij\u0101 un pat Reinheitsgebot. Piem\u0113ri: Hoegaarden \u2014 t\u0101 priek\u0161tecis v\u0101r\u012bts vien\u0101 un taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 Flemish ciemat\u0101 (tagad Be\u013c\u0123ija) jau kop\u0161 1445. gada, un jau tad taj\u0101 tika izmantoti koriandrs un apels\u012bna miza. Vai Hoegaarden uztrauc, ka to t\u0101 nosauku\u0161i? Dom\u0101ju, tas vi\u0146am ir vienalga. Toties m\u016bsu neapdom\u012bgais pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101js, izlasot uz pudeles rakst\u012bto, nekav\u0113joties iegrimst sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u0101s dom\u0101\u0161anas oper\u0101cij\u0101s attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz pasaules sazv\u0113rest\u012bbu un to, ka \u201ealus net\u012bri atved t\u0101du NENORM\u0100LU!\u201d Starp citu, Krievij\u0101 Hoegaarden tiek ra\u017eots pa\u0161\u0101 Krievij\u0101 \u2014 bet par to v\u0113l\u0101k.<\/p>\n<p>T\u0101tad, ja pie cenu z\u012bmes vai eti\u0137etes redzat v\u0101rdus \u201ealus dz\u0113riens\u201d, tad zin\u0101t \u2014 priek\u0161\u0101, visdr\u012bz\u0101k, ir \u013coti interesants alus, kas vismaz ir v\u0113rts izm\u0113\u0123in\u0101t. Tikai, ja sast\u0101v\u0101 redzat piemin\u0113t\u0101s \u0137\u012bmisk\u0101s aromatiz\u0113t\u0101jus un kr\u0101svielas \u2014 jums priek\u0161\u0101 ir k\u0101da \u201eGarage\u201d tipa ur\u012bna, kuru visp\u0101r lab\u0101k ne\u0146emt rok\u0101s.<\/p>\n<p>Bet dosimies t\u0101l\u0101k! T\u0101 k\u0101 post\u012bjums padomju laikos \u2014 tas nav tualet\u0113s, bet galv\u0101s, ar\u012b GOST m\u0113\u0123ina \u013coti stingri ierobe\u017eot alus \u0161\u0137irnes un t\u0101 sast\u0101vu. Tom\u0113r, t\u0101pat k\u0101 \u201ealus dz\u0113rieni\u201d. Zini, %username%, ka:<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Par alu \u0137\u012bmi\u0137a skat\u012bjum\u0101. 4. da\u013ca\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/efa0c85f0cd4ba64e49a4671fff2fcb6.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Paties\u012bb\u0101 viss ir pat v\u0113l stingr\u0101k.<\/b><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Par alu \u0137\u012bmi\u0137a skat\u012bjum\u0101. 4. da\u013ca\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/966a0a764c089289487c129c7f3e57e8.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Par alu \u0137\u012bmi\u0137a skat\u012bjum\u0101. 4. da\u013ca\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/56270e274d0995d5ce7df7c29985553c.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Par alu \u0137\u012bmi\u0137a skat\u012bjum\u0101. 4. da\u013ca\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/f72b1a9009fa75224b231253e1fe4832.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Par alu \u0137\u012bmi\u0137a skat\u012bjum\u0101. 4. da\u013ca\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/9c0138ef52a9d44bf2c232c08aeb4cd6.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Par alu \u0137\u012bmi\u0137a skat\u012bjum\u0101. 4. da\u013ca\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/93befc3e6161badfb553f2efae1c2e0c.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Par alu \u0137\u012bmi\u0137a skat\u012bjum\u0101. 4. da\u013ca\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/0b90920feda1dec18accb247f4e348c6.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nTas ir, solis pa kreisi - pa labi \u2014 m\u0113\u0123in\u0101jums aizb\u0113gt, l\u0113ciens \u2014 m\u0113\u0123in\u0101jums aizlidot.<\/p>\n<p>Man ir gr\u016bti apspriest \u0161\u012b marazma sp\u0113ku un dzi\u013cumu, bet pieskarsimies tikai EBC (Eiropas alus ra\u017eo\u0161anas konvencijas) vien\u012bb\u0101m \u2014 tas ir alus kr\u0101sas r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101js. Tie\u0161i tas tiek izmantots GOST, lai gan visa pasaule jau sen p\u0101rg\u0101jusi uz jauno Standarta Atsauces Metodi (SRM). Bet tas nav svar\u012bgi \u2014 lielumi ir viegli p\u0101rveidojami viens otram, izmantojot Morea formulu: EBC = 1,97 x SRM (p\u0113c jaun\u0101s EBC skalas) vai EBC = 2,65 x SRM - 1,2 (p\u0113c vec\u0101s EBC skalas \u2014 un j\u0101, ar SRM viss ir krietni viegl\u0101k).<\/p>\n<p>Starpcitu, SRM da\u017ek\u0101rt ar\u012b sauc par Lovibond skalu, par godu t\u0101s atkl\u0101j\u0113jam D\u017eozefam Viljamsam Lovibondam, kur\u0161, b\u016bdams alus br\u016bv\u0113t\u0101js, izgudroja izmantot kolorimetru alus kr\u0101sas raksturo\u0161anai un pati skala. <\/p>\n<p>\u012asum\u0101, viss izskat\u0101s t\u0101:<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Par alu \u0137\u012bmi\u0137a skat\u012bjum\u0101. 4. da\u013ca\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/ef0665019eaeefb94507b0c1be7ae715.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nJa tu esi uzman\u012bgi las\u012bjis un skat\u012bjies, %username%, tad saprati, ka viss, kas ir zem EBC 31 \u2014 ir gai\u0161ais alus, bet viss, kas virs \u2014 ir tum\u0161ais. Proti:<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Par alu \u0137\u012bmi\u0137a skat\u012bjum\u0101. 4. da\u013ca\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/9b641d1982df7e3c1ebcfa741a50f92c.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nAr visu cie\u0146u, bet \u0161\u0101da klasifik\u0101cija \u2014 ir murgs, t\u0101lu no realit\u0101tes \u2014 ta\u010du piln\u012bgi no \u201ealus dz\u0113riena\u201c rad\u012bt\u0101jiem. K\u0101 tu dom\u0101, kur\u0101 no \u0161\u012bm div\u0101m alus gl\u0101z\u0113m ir gai\u0161ais alus?<br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Par alu \u0137\u012bmi\u0137a skat\u012bjum\u0101. 4. da\u013ca\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/a19a52cfad2551d28f7584482e59645c.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Atbilde ir \u0161eit<\/b>Pa kreisi Guinness Nitro IPA, pa labi Saldens Pineapple IPA. Uz abu \u0161\u0137ir\u0146u bund\u017ei\u0146\u0101m ir rakst\u012bts \u201egai\u0161ais alus\u201c.<br \/>\nUn starp citu, English Pale Ale (burtiski: gai\u0161ais ang\u013cu eils) Fuller\u2019s London Pride p\u0113c GOST uzskata \u2014 tum\u0161o alu. J\u016btos k\u0101 kr\u0101su akls.<\/p>\n<p>\nStarp citu, nosl\u0113dzot sarunu par sast\u0101vda\u013c\u0101m un pirms p\u0101rejam uz n\u0101kamo da\u013cu, kur run\u0101sim par tehnolo\u0123iju, apl\u016bkosim v\u0113l vienu svar\u012bgu sa\u012bsin\u0101jumu sast\u0101va un alus kvalit\u0101tes aprakstos. Tu jau zini par IBU, SRM\/EBC. Ir laiks run\u0101t par ABV.<\/p>\n<p>ABV \u2014 tas nav m\u0113\u0123in\u0101jums tev atg\u0101din\u0101t par alfab\u0113tu, kad p\u0113c trim litriem tu nol\u0113mi kaut ko izlas\u012bt \u2014 un uzrad\u0101s eti\u0137ete \u2014 tas ir Alcohol By Volume (ABV). Uz eti\u0137e\u0161u var sastapt 4,5% ABV, 4,5% vol. vai 4,5% apj. \u2014 viss tas noz\u012bm\u0113 etanola tilpuma procentus dz\u0113rien\u0101, un \u201eapj.\u201c \u2014 nav m\u012btiski \u201eapgriezieni\u201c, bet tie\u0161i \u201etilpuma\u201c. Un j\u0101 \u2014 past\u0101v ar\u012b \u201esp\u0113ka gr\u0101di\u201c \u2014 v\u0113sturiski r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101ji, kurus \u0161odien neviens vairs neizmanto, t\u0101p\u0113c \u201ealus 4,5 gr\u0101di\u201c \u2014 tas vienk\u0101r\u0161i ir 4,5% apj. m\u016bsu Liel\u0101 un Sp\u0113c\u012bg\u0101 izpild\u012bjum\u0101.<\/p>\n<p><b class=\"spoiler_title\">Ja interes\u0113 gr\u0101du v\u0113sture un cie\u0146i D.I. Mende\u013cejevam<\/b>Alkohola saturs dz\u0113rienos vienm\u0113r ir uztraucis cilv\u0113kus, \u012bpa\u0161i, kad. rodas jaut\u0101jums par cenu. Johans-Georgs Tralles \u2014 v\u0101cu fizi\u0137is, kas paz\u012bstams ar spir\u012bta m\u0113r\u012bt\u0101ja izgudro\u0161anu, 1812. gad\u0101 uzrakst\u012bja fundament\u0101lu darbu \u201eUntersuchungen \u00fcber die specifischen Gewichte der Mischungen ans Alkohol und Wasser\u201c (\u201eP\u0113t\u012bjumi par mais\u012bjumu bl\u012bvumiem starp alkoholu un \u016bdeni\u201c).<br \/>\nTralles gr\u0101di atbilst m\u016bsdienu tilpuma procentiem alkohol\u0101. Piem\u0113ram, 40 Tralles gr\u0101diem vajadz\u0113ja atbilst 40% alkohola saturam p\u0113c tilpuma. Tom\u0113r, k\u0101 to par\u0101d\u012bja D. I. Mende\u013cejev, tas, ko Tralles uzskat\u012bja par \u201ealkoholu\u201c, bija t\u012brs alkohols, paties\u012bb\u0101 bija t\u0101 \u016bdens \u0161\u0137\u012bdums, kur\u0101 bez\u016bdens alkohola bija tikai 88,55%, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di 40 gr\u0101du dz\u0113riens p\u0113c Tralles atbilst 35,42% \u201ep\u0113c Mende\u013cejeva\u201c. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di krievu zin\u0101tnieks pirmo reizi pasaul\u0113 v\u0113sturiski atkl\u0101ja tr\u016bkumu no \u0101rzemju bur\u017euju puses.<\/p>\n<p>1840. gados akad\u0113mi\u0137is G. I. Hess p\u0113c Krievijas vald\u012bbas pas\u016bt\u012bjuma izstr\u0101d\u0101ja metodes un ier\u012bci alkohol\u0101 satura noteik\u0161anai v\u012bn\u0101. Pirms tam stiprums tika m\u0113r\u012bts p\u0113c Tralles sist\u0113mas un ar\u012b \u201edegviel\u0101\u201c. Piem\u0113ram, alkohola un \u016bdens mais\u012bjums, kas zaud\u0113ja pusi tilpuma pie degvielas (apm\u0113ram 38% alkohola) tika d\u0113v\u0113ts par pusgaru (saska\u0146\u0101 ar \u201eKrievijas imp\u0113rijas likumu pilno kopumu\u201c 1830. gad\u0101: \u201etiek noteikts t\u0101, lai, ielejot to kr\u0101sn\u012b ar z\u012bmogu, paraugs pie degvielas iztuk\u0161otos uz pusi\u201c). Finansu ministra Kankrina zi\u0146ojum\u0101 1843. gad\u0101 tika teikts, ka v\u012bna degviela un ang\u013cu hidrometri nenodro\u0161ina precizit\u0101ti, bet Tralles alkohola m\u0113r\u012bt\u0101jam ir nepiecie\u0161ami apr\u0113\u0137ini stipruma noteik\u0161anai, un t\u0101d\u0113\u013c ir j\u0101pie\u0161\u0137ir Tralles sist\u0113mai Krievijai piem\u0113rota forma.<\/p>\n<p>1847. gad\u0101 Hess izdeva gr\u0101matu \u201eAlkoholu uzskaite\u201c, kur\u0101 tika izkl\u0101st\u012bti alkohola m\u0113r\u012bt\u0101ja izmanto\u0161anas noteikumi ar tabul\u0101m, lai noteiktu stiprumu un at\u0161\u0137aid\u012b\u0161anas proporcijas. Otraj\u0101 izdevum\u0101 1849. gad\u0101 bija iek\u013cauts ar\u012b v\u0113stures un teorijas skaidrojums par stipruma m\u0113r\u012b\u0161anu. Hessa alkoholometrijas tabulas apvienoja Tralles m\u0113r\u012bjumus ar Krievijas trad\u012bciju alkohola p\u0101rr\u0113\u0137in\u0101\u0161anai uz pusgaru. Hessa alkohola m\u0113r\u012bt\u0101js r\u0101d\u012bja nevis alkohola saturu, bet skaitli, cik \u016bdens, kam ir 12,44 \u00b0R (Reom\u016bra gr\u0101di, 15,56 \u00b0C) nepiecie\u0161ams pievienot 100 v\u0113rda eksperiment\u0101lajam alkoholam, lai ieg\u016btu pusgaru, kas tiek noteikts k\u0101 38% alkohola (lai gan pat \u0161aj\u0101 br\u012bd\u012b ir str\u012bdi). L\u012bdz\u012bga sist\u0113ma tika izmantota Anglij\u0101, kur standarts bija pruve (57,3% alkohola).<\/p>\n<p>Vienk\u0101r\u0161i sakot, Hess tikai sare\u017e\u0123\u012bja visu, t\u0101d\u0113\u013c paldies Dmitrijam Ivanovi\u010dam, kur\u0161 ieviesa pareizo tilpuma procentu j\u0113dzienu alkohol\u0101.<\/p>\n<p>Nu, no no, no, no, alkohols n\u0101k no ferment\u0101cijas \u2014 tas ir galvenais spirta ra\u017eo\u0161anas produkts, un t\u0101p\u0113c tas rodas no rauga bar\u012bbas \u2014 cukura. Cukurs s\u0101kotn\u0113ji n\u0101k no mie\u017eu iesala. Gad\u0101s, ka cukura v\u0113l ir palicis, bet raugi jau ir izs\u012bku\u0161i. \u0160aj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 alus dar\u012bt\u0101js pievieno v\u0113l vienu rauga devu. Bet, ja alus j\u0101padara iev\u0113rojami stipr\u0101ks, p\u0101rstr\u0101d\u0101jam\u0101 cukura var nepietikt, un t\u0101 jau ir probl\u0113ma. Pievienot iesalu \u2014 nav pr\u0101t\u012bgi, jo iesalu veidu attiec\u012bba ietekm\u0113 ne tikai alkoholu \u2014 un to m\u0113s jau esam apspriedu\u0161i. Unii?<\/p>\n<p>Ir divi popul\u0101ri veidi. Pirmais un visbie\u017e\u0101k izmantotais: vienk\u0101r\u0161i dot raugiem visvienk\u0101r\u0161\u0101ko iesalu ekstraktu (nevis iesalu!), maltot, medu vai k\u0101du citu saldumu. L\u0113tos sortimentos parasti bez iev\u0113r\u012bbas izmanto vienk\u0101r\u0161i cukuru \u2014 t.i., saharozi, bet tad alus k\u013c\u016bst p\u0101r\u0101k salds. Lai nepadar\u012btu alu p\u0101r\u0101k saldu, alus dar\u012bt\u0101js var izmantot kukur\u016bzas s\u012brupu vai dekstrozi jebkur\u0101 form\u0101, jo to pievieno\u0161ana v\u0101ji ietekm\u0113 gala gar\u0161as un arom\u0101ta \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas. \u012asum\u0101, pievienojot vienk\u0101r\u0161us cukurus \u2014 ieg\u016bstam vair\u0101k alkohola. Bet \u0161eit ir v\u0113l viena probl\u0113ma.<\/p>\n<p>Ieg\u016bstot noteiktu alkohola koncentr\u0101ciju, raugi neiztur un iet boj\u0101 savos dz\u012bvotsp\u0113jas produktos \u2014 n\u0113, tas skan pavisam nepiekl\u0101j\u012bgi, t\u0101p\u0113c: tie izn\u012bkst \u2014 ar\u012b t\u0101 nav pareiz\u0101 izteiksme \u2014 \u012bs\u0101k sakot: mirst. P\u0101rst\u0101j darboties, un da\u017ek\u0101rt pat iet boj\u0101. Lai tas nenotiktu, stipr\u0101 alus ra\u017eot\u0101ji izmanto speci\u0101las rauga kolonijas. Bie\u017ei, starp citu, \u0161\u0101dos gad\u012bjumos alus dar\u012bt\u0101ji izmanto v\u012bna raugu. Bet pat \u0161aj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 nevar pacelties virs 12-13%. T\u0101p\u0113c\u2026<\/p>\n<p>Otrais veids, k\u0101 palielin\u0101t gr\u0101dus \u2014 ir alkohola koncentr\u0101cijas palielin\u0101\u0161ana, iz\u0146emot da\u013cu \u016bdens, to sasald\u0113jot. T\u0101, piem\u0113ram, tiek ra\u017eots v\u0101cu alus eisbock. Bet paties\u012bb\u0101 alus ar stiprumu virs 12-13% ir patie\u0161\u0101m reta par\u0101d\u012bba.<\/p>\n<p>Svar\u012bgs punkts: neviens nev\u0113rs\u012bs alkoholu alus vid\u016b. Nekad. Pirmk\u0101rt, tas pras\u012bs papildu licences alkoholisko dz\u0113rienu izmanto\u0161anai, otrk\u0101rt \u2014 tas sadrumstalota un padara alu nestabilu. Un k\u0101p\u0113c pirkt to, kas it k\u0101 jau rodas ferment\u0101cijas proces\u0101? J\u0101, ir gad\u012bjumi, kad alus skaidri smar\u017eo p\u0113c alkohola, bet tas ir nevis apzin\u0101ta etanola pievieno\u0161ana, bet gan specifisko esteri kl\u0101tb\u016btne (tu atceries sarunu par sare\u017e\u0123\u012btiem esteriem?)<\/p>\n<p>Starp citu, es atkal nos\u016bt\u012b\u0161u nepatiku Krievijas \u0413\u041e\u0421\u0422 31711-2012: <br \/>\n<img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Par alu \u0137\u012bmi\u0137a skat\u012bjum\u0101. 4. da\u013ca\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/2bc4bcf9f2c37a1d7f2e149b27d507fa.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\nMan person\u012bgi nav skaidrs \u201ene maz\u0101k k\u0101\u201d un \u201e+-\u201c \u2014 tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka es varu p\u0101rdot alu stipr\u0101ku l\u012bdz 0,5% un ne v\u0101j\u0101ku? J\u0101, un burv\u012bg\u0101 maksim\u0101l\u0101 stipruma skaitlis 8,6% \u2014 ar\u012b n\u0101k no \u0161\u012b dokumenta. T\u0101p\u0113c viss, kas ir stipr\u0101ks \u2014 visp\u0101r nesaprotams kas. V\u0101cie\u0161i par to ska\u013ci smejas. \u012asum\u0101, nezin\u0101m, un sveiciens GNH \u201eVNIIPBiVP\u201d Krievijas Lauksaimniec\u012bbas akad\u0113mijai \u2014 standarta izstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101jam.<\/p>\n<p>Tom\u0113r san\u0101ca gar\u0161 raksts. Pietiek!<\/p>\n<p>Un izskat\u0101s, ka cilv\u0113kiem visa \u0161\u012b st\u0101sta ir apnikusi. T\u0101p\u0113c es pa\u0146em\u0161u nelielu p\u0101rtraukumu, un ja tom\u0113r izr\u0101d\u012bsies, ka interese past\u0101v \u2014 n\u0101kamreiz m\u0113s \u012bsi parun\u0101sim par alus ra\u017eo\u0161anas tehnolo\u0123iju, uzzin\u0101sim bezalkoholiska alus nosl\u0113pumus un, iesp\u0113jams, izskat\u012bsim v\u0113l da\u017eus m\u012btus. T\u0101 k\u0101 es neesmu tehnolo\u0123s, tehnolo\u0123ijas apskate b\u016bs \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi parasta, bet, ceru, galven\u0101s stadijas un jaut\u0101jumus par iepakojumu, filtr\u0113\u0161anu un pasteriz\u0101ciju izdosies izskaidrot.<\/p>\n<p>Veiksmi, %username%!<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Par alu \u0137\u012bmi\u0137a skat\u012bjum\u0101. 4. da\u013ca\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/df28043b2372fa6a67e57bdb0f828228.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>Avots: habr.com<\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0442, %username%. \u0422\u0440\u0435\u0442\u044c\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043c\u043e\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430 \u043e \u043f\u0438\u0432\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0425\u0430\u0431\u0440\u0435 \u0432\u044b\u0448\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439, \u0447\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u2014 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044f \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0443, \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0447\u0442\u043e, \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0435, \u044f \u0443\u0436\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0443\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043b \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043c\u0438. \u041d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044e \u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0438\u0432\u0430 \u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u0442\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u2014 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u0432\u0451\u0440\u0442\u0430\u044f \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u044c! \u041f\u043e\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043b\u0438. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e, \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0435 \u0431\u0443\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f. \u0418 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":26111,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34651","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.5 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" 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