{"id":35024,"date":"2019-10-31T22:01:53","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:01:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/gomer-ili-pervyj-v-istorii-opensource-ch-1\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:01:53","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:01:53","slug":"gomer-ili-pervyj-v-istorii-opensource-ch-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/news\/gomer-ili-pervyj-v-istorii-opensource-ch-1","title":{"rendered":"Hom\u0113rs vai pirmais opensource v\u0113stur\u0113. da\u013ca 1","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Izskat\u0101s, ka Hom\u0113rs ar sav\u0101m episkaj\u0101m dzejam ir kaut kas t\u0101ls, arhaisks, gr\u016bti las\u0101ms un naivs. Ta\u010du t\u0101 nav. M\u0113s visi esam p\u0101r\u0146emti ar Hom\u0113ru, seno grie\u0137u kult\u016bru, no kuras radusies visa Eiropa: m\u016bsu valoda ir bag\u0101ta ar v\u0101rdiem un cit\u0101tiem no sen\u0101s grie\u0137u literat\u016bras: vismaz t\u0101di izteicieni k\u0101 \u201ehom\u0113risks smiekls\u201d, \u201edievu c\u012b\u0146a\u201d, \u201eAhileja v\u0101rti\u201d, \u201estr\u012bdus \u0101bols\u201d un m\u016bsu pa\u0161u \u201eTrojas zirgs\u201d. Tas viss kaut k\u0101d\u0101 veid\u0101 ir no Hom\u0113ra. Un par hel\u0113nisk\u0101s kult\u016bras ietekmi, el\u012bnu valodu (grie\u0137i nezin\u0101ja v\u0101rdu \u201eGrie\u0137ija\u201d un nesauc sevi par t\u0101diem, \u0161is etnon\u012bms pie mums n\u0101ca no romie\u0161iem) nemaz nerun\u0101jot. Skola, akad\u0113mija, \u0123imn\u0101zija, filozofija, fizika (metafizika) un matem\u0101tika, tehnika\u2026 koris, skatuve, \u0123it\u0101ra, mediatrs \u2014 visu uzskait\u012bt nevar \u2014 tas viss ir sengrie\u0137u v\u0101rdi. Bet j\u016bs to nezin\u0101j\u0101t?
\n\"Hom\u0113rs
\n\u2026
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nTiek apgalvots, ka grie\u0137i pirmie izgudroja naudu mon\u0113tu veid\u0101\u2026 Alfabets, k\u0101du m\u0113s to zin\u0101m. Pirm\u0101s naudas mon\u0113tas tika kaltas no dabisk\u0101 sudraba un zelta sakaus\u0113juma, kuru vi\u0146i sauca par elektru (sveiciens elektroniskajai naudai no pag\u0101tnes). Alfabets ar patska\u0146iem un t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di visu v\u0101rdu ska\u0146u nodo\u0161ana rakst\u012bb\u0101 \u2013 noteikti grie\u0137u izgudrojums, lai gan daudzi uzskata par t\u0101s aizs\u0101c\u0113jiem uz\u0146\u0113m\u012bgos fenicie\u0161us (sim\u012btisk\u0101 tauta, kas dz\u012bvoja m\u016bsdienu S\u012brijas un Izra\u0113las teritorij\u0101), kuriem nebija patska\u0146u burtu. Interesanti, ka lat\u012b\u0146u alfab\u0113ts izriet tie\u0161i no grie\u0137u, t\u0101pat k\u0101 sl\u0101vu alfab\u0113ts. Ta\u010du v\u0113l\u0101ki rietumeiropas valstu alfab\u0113ti ir jau atvasin\u0101ti no lat\u012b\u0146u. \u0160aj\u0101 zi\u0146\u0101 m\u016bsu kirilica st\u0101v blakus lat\u012b\u0146ai\u2026 Un cik daudz grie\u0137u zin\u0101tn\u0113, literat\u016br\u0101? Jambs, horejs, muza, lira, dzejo\u013ci, strofa, Pegass ar Parnasu. Pats v\u0101rds \u201edzejnieks\u201c, \u201edzeja\u201c, visbeidzot \u2013 visi no vi\u0146iem tagad ir skaidri. Visus neuzskait\u012bsi! Bet mana teksta nosaukums izsaka manas \u201eatkl\u0101\u0161anas\u201c grandiozit\u0101ti (seno grie\u0137u v\u0101rds). T\u0101p\u0113c es apst\u0101\u0161os un p\u0101rie\u0161u pie A tie\u0161i, apgalvojot, ka pirmais opensource (nu labi, pievieno\u0161u) ar git’u par\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s t\u0101lu pag\u0101tn\u0113: senaj\u0101 Grie\u0137ij\u0101 (prec\u012bz\u0101k arhaiskaj\u0101 senaj\u0101 Grie\u0137ij\u0101), un spilgt\u0101kais \u0161\u012b notikuma p\u0101rst\u0101vis ir visiem zin\u0101mais lielais Hom\u0113rs. <\/p>\n

Nu l\u016bk, ievads ir pabeigts, tagad par visu p\u0113c k\u0101rtas. Atkl\u0101\u0161ana: s\u0101kotn\u0113j\u0101s v\u0113rt\u012bbas iepriek\u0161 min\u0113tajiem grie\u0137u v\u0101rdiem es snieg\u0161u raksta beig\u0101s (t\u0101s ir viet\u0101m p\u0101rsteidzo\u0161as) \u2014 tas ir tiem, kuri izlas\u012bs \u0161o tekstu l\u012bdz galam. T\u0101tad, uz priek\u0161u!<\/p>\n

Homer.
\nLiel\u0101 Homera dzejo\u013ci parasti tiek dat\u0113ti ar IX gadsimta beig\u0101m un VIII gadsimta s\u0101kumu pirms m\u016bsu \u0113ras, lai gan, ac\u012bmredzot, \u0161ie teksti s\u0101ka veidoties t\u016bl\u012bt p\u0113c tajos aprakst\u012btajiem notikumiem, proti, kaut kur XII gadsimt\u0101 pirms m\u016bsu \u0113ras. Citiem v\u0101rdiem sakot, tiem ir apm\u0113ram 3 t\u016bksto\u0161i gadu. Tie\u0161i Homeram tiek pied\u0113v\u0113ti \"Ili\u0101de\" un \"Odiseja\", \"Homeriskie himnas\" un vair\u0101kas citas darba, piem\u0113ram, dzejo\u013ci \"Margits\" un \"Batrahomio-mahia\" (s\u0101tiriska parodija uz \"Ili\u0101de\", kas burtiski tiek tulkota k\u0101 \"Pel\u0113m un vard\u0113m kar\u0161\" (mahija \u2014 kauja, sitiens, mis \u2014 pele). P\u0113c zin\u0101tnieku dom\u0101m, tikai divi pirmie darbi pieder Homeram, p\u0101r\u0113jie, l\u012bdz\u012bgi k\u0101 daudzi citi, vi\u0146am tiek pied\u0113v\u0113ti (k\u0101p\u0113c es past\u0101st\u012b\u0161u v\u0113l\u0101k), citi uzskata, ka Homeram pieder tikai \"Ili\u0101de\"\u2026 t\u0101tad str\u012bdi turpin\u0101s, bet nenoliedzami ir viens \u2014 H\u0113mers noteikti bija, un noteikti notika notikumi, ko vi\u0146\u0161 apraksta pie Trojas sien\u0101m (otrais pils\u0113tas nosaukums ir Ilions, no t\u0101 \"Ili\u0101de\").<\/p>\n

K\u0101 m\u0113s to zin\u0101m? XIX gadsimt\u0101 \u0123erm\u0101\u0146u m\u0101c\u012bt\u0101js Henrijs \u0160limans, kur\u0161 Krievij\u0101 nopeln\u012bjis milzu bag\u0101t\u012bbu, piepild\u012bja savu sen loloto b\u0113rn\u012bbas sapni: atrada un izrakta Troju m\u016bsdienu Turcijas teritorij\u0101, burtiski apgrie\u017eot visu iepriek\u0161\u0113jo priek\u0161statu par tiem laikiem un tekstiem \u0161aj\u0101 t\u0113m\u0101. Agr\u0101k uzskat\u012bja, ka trojie\u0161u notikumi, kas s\u0101k\u0101s ar skaist\u0101s Elenas b\u0113g\u0161anu ar troj\u0101\u0146u princim Par\u012bsam (Aleksandrs) uz Troju, ir tikai m\u012bts, jo pat senajiem grie\u0137iem opis\u0101lajos darbos aprakst\u012btie notikumi uzskat\u012bti par dzi\u013cu senatni. Tom\u0113r ne tikai Trojas m\u016bri tika izrakti un atrasti sen\u0101kie \u0161\u012b laika zelta rot\u0101jumi (tie atrodas br\u012bv\u0101 pieej\u0101 Tretiakovas galerij\u0101), v\u0113l\u0101k tika atkl\u0101ti m\u0101la pl\u0101ksn\u012btes no sen\u0101k\u0101 hettie\u0161u valsts \u2014 kaimi\u0146a Trojai, kuru d\u0113v\u0113ja ar zin\u0101m\u0101m person\u0101m: Agamemnons, Menelajs, Aleksandrs... T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di liter\u0101rie varo\u0146i k\u013cuva par v\u0113sturisk\u0101m person\u0101m, jo \u0161\u012bs pl\u0101ksn\u012btes atspogu\u013coja diplom\u0101tisk\u0101s un nodok\u013cu realit\u0101tes k\u0101dreiz varenaj\u0101 hettie\u0161u valst\u012b. Interesanti, ka pa\u0161\u0101 Troj\u0101, k\u0101 ar\u012b Hell\u0101d\u0101 (k\u0101 smiekl\u012bgi, \u0161\u012b v\u0101rda tajos t\u0101los laikos ar\u012b nebija) rakst\u012bbas taj\u0101 laik\u0101 nebija. Tie\u0161i tas ar\u012b deva impulsu m\u016bsu t\u0113mas att\u012bst\u012bbai, kaut k\u0101 nesaprotams.
\n\"Hom\u0113rs
\n
\nT\u0101tad, Hom\u0113rs. Hom\u0113rs bija a\u0113ds \u2014 tas ir, kl\u012bsto\u0161s dzied\u0101t\u0101js sav\u0101m dziesm\u0101m (a\u0113ds \u2014 dzied\u0101t\u0101js). Kur vi\u0146\u0161 piedzimis un k\u0101 miris prec\u012bzi nav zin\u0101ms. Taj\u0101 skait\u0101 ar\u012b t\u0101d\u0113\u013c, ka par ties\u012bb\u0101m saukties par Hom\u0113ra dzimteni, k\u0101 ar\u012b vietu vi\u0146a n\u0101vei jau senatn\u0113 c\u012bn\u012bj\u0101s ne maz\u0101k k\u0101 septi\u0146as pils\u0113tas ab\u0101s Egejas j\u016bras pus\u0113s: Smirna, Hios, Pilosa, Samos, At\u0113nas un citas. Hom\u0113rs paties\u012bb\u0101 nav personv\u0101rds, bet segv\u0101rds. Tas noz\u012bm\u0113 no sen\u0101k\u0101s noz\u012bmes kaut ko l\u012bdz\u012bgu \u201c\u0137\u012blnieks\u201d. Pie\u0146emams, ka v\u0101rds, kas vi\u0146am doti piedzimstot, bija \u0161\u0101ds: Mel\u0113sigens, kas noz\u012bm\u0113 dzimis Mel\u0113zij\u0101, bet ar\u012b tas nav dro\u0161i. Senatn\u0113 Hom\u0113ru bie\u017ei d\u0113v\u0113ja \u0161\u0101di: Dzejnieks (Dzejniece). Tie\u0161i ar lielo burtu, ko apz\u012bm\u0113ja atbilsto\u0161ais artikuls. Un visi saprata, par ko ir runa. Dzejniece \u2014 noz\u012bm\u0113 \u201crad\u012bt\u0101js\u201d \u2014 v\u0113l viens sengrie\u0137u v\u0101rds, kas pievienojas m\u016bsu v\u0101rdn\u012bcai.<\/p>\n

Izcelsme tiek uzskat\u012bta, ka Hom\u0113rs (Omis p\u0113c senkrievu) bija akls un vecs, ta\u010du tam nav nek\u0101da pier\u0101d\u012bjuma. Pats Hom\u0113rs savos dzejol\u012b\u0161os nav sevi aprakst\u012bjis, k\u0101 ar\u012b vi\u0146\u0161 nav aprakst\u012bts ar\u012b ar m\u016bsdienu liter\u0101tiem (piem\u0113ram, dzejnieku Hesiodu). Liel\u0101koties \u0161is priek\u0161stats balst\u0101s uz dzejnieku aprakstu vi\u0146a \"Odisej\u0101\": veci, akli, sirmi v\u012bri dz\u012bves noriet\u0101, k\u0101 ar\u012b uz izplat\u012bto aklajiem cilv\u0113kiem taj\u0101 laik\u0101 k\u013c\u016b\u0161anu par klai\u0146ojo\u0161iem dzied\u0101t\u0101jiem, jo akls cilv\u0113ks praktiski nevar\u0113ja str\u0101d\u0101t, bet pensijas toreiz v\u0113l nebija izgudrotas.<\/p>\n

K\u0101 jau min\u0113ts, rakst\u012bbas grie\u0137iem tajos laikos nebija, un ja pie\u0146em, ka liel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca dzejnieku bija akli vai pusakli (brilles ar\u012b v\u0113l nebija izgudrotas), tad vi\u0146iem rakst\u012bba neb\u016btu bijusi nepiecie\u0161ama, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di dzejnieks dzied\u0101ja savas dziesmas ekskluz\u012bvi no atmi\u0146as. <\/p>\n

Tas izskat\u012bj\u0101s aptuveni t\u0101. Ce\u013cojo\u0161s vecais v\u012brs viens vai ar skolnieku (gidu) p\u0101rvietoj\u0101s no viena pils\u0113tas uz citu, kur vi\u0146u viesm\u012bl\u012bgi uz\u0146\u0113ma viet\u0113jie iedz\u012bvot\u0101ji: bie\u017e\u0101k pats karalis (bazeils) vai bag\u0101ts aristokr\u0101ts sav\u0101s m\u0101j\u0101s. Vakar\u0101, pie parasta vakari\u0146u galda vai \u012bpa\u0161\u0101 pas\u0101kum\u0101 \u2014 simpozij\u0101 (simpozijs \u2014 mielasts, ball\u012bte, svin\u012bbas), dzejnieks s\u0101ka dzied\u0101t savas dziesmas un dar\u012bja to l\u012bdz v\u0113lam vakaram. Vi\u0146\u0161 dzied\u0101ja \u010detru st\u012bgu formingo (priek\u0161tecis liras un v\u0113l\u0101 kuifara) pavad\u012bb\u0101, dzied\u0101ja par dieviem un vi\u0146u dz\u012bvi, par varo\u0146iem un varon\u012bbu, par seniem \u0137\u0113ni\u0146iem un notikumiem, kas tie\u0161i sk\u0101ra klaus\u012bt\u0101jus, jo visi vi\u0146i noteikti uzskat\u012bja sevi par tie\u0161iem p\u0113cte\u010diem no tiem, kas tika piemin\u0113ti \u0161aj\u0101s pa\u0161\u0101s dziesm\u0101s. Un t\u0101du dziesmu bija daudz. Mums ir saglab\u0101ju\u0161\u0101s piln\u0101s \"Ili\u0101das\" un \"Odisejas\" versijas, bet ir zin\u0101ms, ka par notikumiem Troj\u0101 past\u0101v\u0113ja vesels episk\u0101s dzejas cikls (cikls m\u016bsu izpratn\u0113, grie\u0137iem nebija burta \"c\", un daudzi grie\u0137u v\u0101rdi, piem\u0113ram, cikls, ciklops, c\u012bnika, ir non\u0101ku\u0161i pie mums latiniz\u0113t\u0101 form\u0101: cikls, ciklops, c\u012bn\u012bks) ar vair\u0101k nek\u0101 12 dzejo\u013ciem. Tu var\u0113tu br\u012bn\u012bties, las\u012bt\u0101j, bet \"Ili\u0101d\u0101\" nav aprakst\u012bts \"trojas zirgs\", dzejo\u013ca beigas ir k\u0101das laik\u0101 pirms Trojas kri\u0161anas. Par zirgu m\u0113s uzzin\u0101m no \"Odisejas\" un citiem episk\u0101s dzejas cikliem, it \u012bpa\u0161i no dzejo\u013ca \u201eTrojas kri\u0161ana\u201c no Arktina. Tas viss ir \u013coti interesanti, bet tas novirza m\u016bs no t\u0113mas, t\u0101p\u0113c par to run\u0101ju tikai \u012bsi.<\/p>\n

J\u0101, m\u0113s saucam \"Ili\u0101du\" par epiku, bet t\u0101 bija dziesma (v\u0113l joproj\u0101m t\u0101s noda\u013cas tiek d\u0113v\u0113tas par dziesm\u0101m). A\u0113ds nelas\u012bja, bet izjusti dzied\u0101ja muzik\u0101li stri\u0137iem no v\u0113r\u0161u zarn\u0101m, izmantojot asu kaulu \u2013 plektru k\u0101 mediatora (v\u0113l viens sveiciens no senatnes), bet apburti klaus\u012bt\u0101ji, labi zin\u0101dami notikumu tiek, izbaud\u012bja deta\u013cas. <\/p>\n

\"Ili\u0101da\" un \"Odiseja\" ir \u013coti garas epikas. Attiec\u012bgi vair\u0101k nek\u0101 15 t\u016bksto\u0161i un vair\u0101k nek\u0101 12 t\u016bksto\u0161i rindi\u0146u. T\u0101p\u0113c t\u0101s tika dzied\u0101tas daudzu vakaru garum\u0101. Tas bija \u013coti l\u012bdz\u012bgi m\u016bsdienu seri\u0101liem. Vakaros klaus\u012bt\u0101ji atkal san\u0101ca ap a\u0113du un ar aiztur\u0113tu elpu, da\u017ereiz ar asar\u0101m un smiekliem klaus\u012bj\u0101s st\u0101stu turpin\u0101jumus, kas tika dzied\u0101ti iepriek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 vakar\u0101. Jo gar\u0101ks un interesant\u0101ks seri\u0101ls, jo ilg\u0101k cilv\u0113ki pie t\u0101 paliek piesaist\u012bti. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di a\u0113di: dz\u012bvoja un iztika pie saviem klaus\u012bt\u0101jiem, kam\u0113r tie klaus\u012bj\u0101s vi\u0146u gar\u0101s dziesmas. <\/p>\n

\u00bb T\u016bc\u0113m kr\u0101j\u0113j\u0101 Zevs Kron\u012bds, valdnieks p\u0101r visiem, k\u0101jas sadega,
\nUn tad vi\u0146i aps\u0113d\u0101s pie bag\u0101t\u012bg\u0101k\u0101 mielasta\u2026 un izbaud\u012bja.
\nDievi\u0161\u0137ais dzied\u0101t\u0101js dzied\u0101ja zem formas \u2014 visiem god\u0101jamais Demodoks. \u201e<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nHom\u0113rs. \u201cOdiseja\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Hom\u0113rs<\/p>\n

T\u0101tad ir pien\u0101cis laiks piev\u0113rsties b\u016bt\u012bbai. Mums ir a\u0113du amatniec\u012bba, pa\u0161i a\u0113di, \u013coti garas epiku dziesmas un rakst\u012bbas tr\u016bkums. K\u0101 \u0161\u012bs epikas non\u0101ca pie mums kop\u0161 XIII gadsimta pirms m\u016bsu \u0113ras?<\/p>\n

Bet pirms v\u0113l viena nenov\u0113rojama deta\u013ca. M\u0113s sak\u0101m \"epikas\", jo to teksts bija po\u0113tisks, dzejas form\u0101 (dzejolis \u2013 v\u0113l viens sengrie\u0137u v\u0101rds, kas noz\u012bm\u0113 \"strukt\u016bra\")<\/p>\n

Saska\u0146\u0101 ar ant\u012bk\u0101s v\u0113stures, akad\u0113mi\u0137a RAN Igora Evgenjevi\u010da Surikova v\u0101rdiem: dzeja daudz lab\u0101k pierakst\u0101s un tiek nodota no paaudzes uz paaudzi. \"Piem\u0113\u0123iniet atcer\u0113ties prozu, \u012bpa\u0161i lielu fragmentu, bet dzeju \u2013 l\u016bk, es varu uzreiz atdarin\u0101t virkni dzejo\u013cu, ko iem\u0101c\u012bjos v\u0113l skol\u0101\" \u2013 vi\u0146\u0161 mums teica. Un tas ir paties\u012bba. Katrs no mums atceras vismaz da\u017eas dzejo\u013cu rindas (vai pat dzejo\u013cus) un ir maz cilv\u0113ku, kas atceras vismaz pilnu rindkopu, \u0146emtu no prozas.<\/p>\n

Senie grie\u0137i neizmantoja rimas, lai gan t\u0101s bija paz\u012bstamas. Dzejas pamats bija ritms, kur\u0101 noteikts garo un \u012bso zilbju izk\u0101rtojums veidoja dzejas metrus: jambs, horejs, dakt\u012bls, amfibrahijs un citi (\u0161is ir gandr\u012bz pilns m\u016bsdienu dzejas metru saraksts). Grie\u0137iem \u0161o metru bija milz\u012bgs daudzums. Vi\u0146i pazina rimu, bet to neizmantoja. Tom\u0113r ritmiskais da\u017e\u0101dums nodro\u0161in\u0101ja ar\u012b stilistisku daudzveid\u012bbu: trohejs, spondejs, safiskais dzejolis, alkeja strofa un, protams, slavenais heksametrs. Mans iecien\u012bt\u0101kais meters ir jambiskais trimetrs. (joks) Metrs - tas noz\u012bm\u0113 m\u0113r\u012b\u0161anu. V\u0113l viens v\u0101rds m\u016bsu kolekcijai.<\/p>\n

Heksametrs bija dzejas m\u00e8tres himn\u0101m (himnos - l\u016bg\u0161ana dieviem) un episkaj\u0101m dzejo\u013ciem, piem\u0113ram, Hom\u0113ra dzejo\u013ciem. Par to var\u0113tu ilgi run\u0101t, bet es teik\u0161u tikai to, ka daudzi, un daudz v\u0113l\u0101k, tostarp romie\u0161u dzejnieki, rakst\u012bja heksametrs, piem\u0113ram, Verg\u012blijs sav\u0101 \"Eneid\u0101\" - dzejol\u012b, kas ir izt\u0113les par \"Odiseju\", kur galvenais varonis Enejus b\u0113g no izn\u012bcin\u0101t\u0101s Trojas uz savu jauno dzimteni - It\u0101liju.<\/p>\n

\u00abVi\u0146\u0161 sac\u012bja \u2013 un Pelida sirds s\u0101p\u0113ja: varens sirds
\nVaro\u0146a kr\u016bt\u012bs, matainaj\u0101s, divas domas sacent\u0101s:
\nVai, t\u016bl\u012bt izvelkot zobenu no apvalka ass,
\nPretinieku izkais\u012bt un nogalin\u0101t Atreida valdnieku;
\nVai savald\u012bt dusmas, ierobe\u017eojot satru\u0161o dv\u0113seli\u2026\"<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\nHomers. \u201cIli\u0101da\u201d (tulk. G\u0146edi\u010ds)<\/p>\n

K\u0101 es jau teicu, aedi s\u0101ka dzied\u0101t par Trojas kara notikumiem gandr\u012bz uzreiz p\u0113c t\u0101 nosl\u0113guma. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di \"Odisej\u0101\" galvenais varonis, b\u016bdams t\u0101lu no m\u0101j\u0101m, desmit\u0101 gadu ce\u013cojum\u0101 dzird dziesmu par sevi no aeda un s\u0101k raud\u0101t, sl\u0113pjot asaras zem apmet\u0146a.<\/p>\n

T\u0101tad izn\u0101k, ka dziesmas rad\u0101s XIII gadsimt\u0101, un Hom\u0113rs dzied\u0101ja savu \u201cIli\u0101du\u201d VIII gadsimt\u0101. T\u0101s kanoniskais teksts tika pierakst\u012bts v\u0113l p\u0113c 200 gadiem, VI gadsimt\u0101 p.m.\u0113., At\u0113n\u0101s, pie tir\u0101na Pisistrata. K\u0101 tad \u0161ie teksti rad\u0101s un non\u0101ca l\u012bdz mums? Atbilde ir \u0161\u0101da: katrs n\u0101kamais a\u0113ds modifik\u0113ja iepriek\u0161\u0113jo autoru ori\u0123in\u0101lo kodu, un bie\u017ei vien \u201ciz\u0146\u0113ma\u201d sve\u0161as dziesmas, darot to k\u0101 pa\u0161saprotamu lietu, jo tas tika uzskat\u012bts par normu. Autorties\u012bbu tajos laikos ne tikai nebija, bet ar\u012b v\u0113l ilgi p\u0113c tam, ar rakst\u012bbas par\u0101d\u012b\u0161anos, darboj\u0101s \u201cpret\u0113js autorties\u012bbu princips\u201d: kad maz\u0101k paz\u012bstams autors parakst\u012bja savus darbus ar ska\u013cu v\u0101rdu, uzskatot, ka tas nodro\u0161in\u0101s vi\u0146a rad\u012bt\u0101 darba pan\u0101kumus.<\/p>\n

Git’am par avotu izplat\u012b\u0161anai kalpoja a\u0113di un vi\u0146u klaus\u012bt\u0101ji, kuri v\u0113l\u0101k k\u013cuva par dzied\u0101t\u0101jiem, k\u0101 ar\u012b a\u0113du konkursi, kas tika r\u012bkoti periodiski, un kur vi\u0146i var\u0113ja dzird\u0113t viens otru. Piem\u0113ram, bija uzskat\u012bts, ka reiz fin\u0101l\u0101 dzejnieki izl\u0113ca Hom\u0113rs un Hesiods, un d\u012bvaini, bet pirmo vietu p\u0113c daudzu \u017e\u016brijas locek\u013cu dom\u0101m ieguva Hesiods. (k\u0101p\u0113c es to \u0161eit izlai\u0161u)<\/p>\n

Katrs a\u0113da dziesmas izpild\u012bjums bija ne tikai izpild\u012bjuma akts, bet ar\u012b rado\u0161s: vi\u0146\u0161 katru reizi sast\u0101d\u012bja savu dziesmu it k\u0101 no jauna, no da\u017e\u0101diem gataviem blokiem un fr\u0101z\u0113m - form\u0101m, ar nelielu improviz\u0101ciju un aiz\u0146\u0113mumiem, sl\u012bp\u0113jot un mainot \u201ckodu\u201d \u201cuz vietas\u201d. Turkl\u0101t, \u0146emot v\u0113r\u0101, ka notikumi un personas klaus\u012bt\u0101jiem bija labi zin\u0101mi, vi\u0146\u0161 to dar\u012bja balstoties uz k\u0101du \u201ckodolu\u201d un, kas nav mazsvar\u012bgi, uz \u012bpa\u0161a dzejas dialekta - programm\u0113\u0161anas valodas, k\u0101 m\u0113s \u0161odien teiktu. Tikai iedom\u0101jieties, cik tas atg\u0101dina m\u016bsdienu kodu: ievades main\u012bgie, nosac\u012bjumu un ciklu bloki, notikumi, formulas un viss tas \u012bpa\u0161\u0101 dialekt\u0101, kas at\u0161\u0137iras no sarunvalodas! Sekot dialektam bija \u013coti stingri, un gadsimtiem ilgi da\u017e\u0101di dzejas darbi tika rakst\u012bti savos \u012bpa\u0161ajos dialektos (ionie\u0161u, eoliskaj\u0101, dorie\u0161u), neatkar\u012bgi no t\u0101, no kurienes bija autors! Vienk\u0101r\u0161i iev\u0113rojot pras\u012bbas \u201ckodeksam\u201d!<\/p>\n

T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di kanoniskais teksts rad\u0101s, aiz\u0146emoties cits no cita. Ac\u012bmredzot ar\u012b pats Hom\u0113rs aiz\u0146\u0113m\u0101s, ta\u010du at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no tiem, kas iev\u0113roja aizmirst\u012bbu (letas \u2013 viena no pazemes A\u012bda up\u0113m, kas draud\u0113ja ar aizmirst\u012bbu), vi\u0146\u0161 to izdar\u012bja \u0123eni\u0101li, apvienojot daudzus dzejo\u013cus vien\u0101, radot vienotu, spilgtu, t\u0113laini bag\u0101tu un form\u0101 un satur\u0101 nep\u0101rsp\u0113jamu variantu. Pret\u0113j\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 vi\u0146a v\u0101rds ar\u012b paliktu nezin\u0101ms un tiktu aizst\u0101ts ar citiem autoriem. Tie\u0161i vi\u0146a \u201cteksta\u201d \u0123eni\u0101lums, ko paaudz\u0113m iegaum\u0113ja dzied\u0101t\u0101ji p\u0113c vi\u0146a (tas, protams, tika p\u0101rstr\u0101d\u0101ts, ta\u010du daudz maz\u0101k\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101), nodro\u0161in\u0101ja vi\u0146am vietu v\u0113stur\u0113. \u0160aj\u0101 sakar\u0101 Hom\u0113rs k\u013cuva par tik gr\u016bti sasniedzamu virsotni, etalonu, t\u0113laini run\u0101jot, monol\u012btu \u201ckodolu\u201d visai dziesmu ekosist\u0113mai, ka, k\u0101 apgalvo zin\u0101tnieki, vi\u0146\u0161 sasniedza rakstisku kanoniz\u0101ciju tuv\u0101kaj\u0101 ori\u0123in\u0101la variant\u0101. Un tas \u0161\u0137iet paties\u012bba. P\u0101rsteidzo\u0161i, cik br\u012bni\u0161\u0137\u012bgs ir vi\u0146a teksts! Un k\u0101 tas tiek uztverts sagatavota las\u012bt\u0101ja. Nav br\u012bnums, ka Hom\u0113ru apbr\u012bnoja Pu\u0161kins un Tolstojs, un ko tur Tolstojs, pats Aleksandrs Lielais visu m\u016b\u017eu ne\u0161\u0137\u012br\u0101s no rokraksta \u201eIli\u0101d\u0113\u201d \u2013 vienk\u0101r\u0161i v\u0113sturiski fiks\u0113ts akts.<\/p>\n

Iepriek\u0161 es min\u0113ju trojanie\u0161u ciklu, kas sast\u0101v\u0113ja no vair\u0101kiem darbiem, kas atspogu\u013coja k\u0101du no Trojas kara epizod\u0113m. Da\u013c\u0113ji tie bija sava veida \u201eforki\u201d Hom\u0113ra \u201cIli\u0101d\u0113\u201d, kas rakst\u012bti heksametr\u0101 un papildin\u0101ja \u201cIli\u0101d\u0113\u201d neatrodam\u0101s epizodes. Praktiski visi no tiem vai nu visp\u0101r nav l\u012bdz mums non\u0101ku\u0161i, vai ar\u012b ir n\u0101ku\u0161i tikai fragmentos. T\u0101 ir v\u0113stures tiesa \u2013 ac\u012bmredzot tie iev\u0113rojami atpalika no Hom\u0113ra un nebija tik pla\u0161i izplat\u012bti starp iedz\u012bvot\u0101jiem.<\/p>\n

Nosl\u0113dzot. Noteikts stingrs dziesmu valodas stils, formulas, no kur\u0101m t\u0101s sast\u0101v\u0113ja, br\u012bv\u012bba izplat\u012bties un, galvenais, to atv\u0113rt\u012bba nep\u0101rtraukt\u0101m citu modifik\u0101cij\u0101m - \u0161\u012bs ir iez\u012bmes, ko m\u0113s tagad saucam par opensource - rad\u0101s m\u016bsu kult\u016bras s\u0101kum\u0101. Autora un kolekt\u012bv\u0101 rado\u0161uma jom\u0101. Tas ir fakts. Paties\u012bb\u0101 daudz no t\u0101, ko m\u0113s uzskat\u0101m par ultra m\u016bsdien\u012bgu, var atrast gadsimtos. Un tas, ko m\u0113s uzskat\u0101m par jaunu, iesp\u0113jams, iepriek\u0161 past\u0101v\u0113ja. \u0160aj\u0101 sakar\u0101 atceros v\u0101rdus no B\u012bbeles, no \u201cEkkl\u0113siasta\u201d (ko pied\u0113v\u0113 \u0137\u0113ni\u0146am Salomond): <\/p>\n

\u201eNotiek kas t\u0101ds, par ko saka: \u201eskaties, \u0161is ir jauns\u201c, bet tas jau ir bijis gadsimtos, kas biju\u0161i pirms mums. Nav atmi\u0146as par iepriek\u0161n\u0113jo; un ar\u012b par to, kas notiks, nepaliks atmi\u0146a tiem, kuri n\u0101ks p\u0113c\u2026\u201c <\/i><\/p>\n

beigas \u010c.1<\/p>\n

Skola (schola) \u2014 izklaide, br\u012bvais laiks.
\nAkad\u0113mija \u2014 me\u017es net\u0101lu no At\u0113n\u0101m, Platona filozofijas skolas vieta.
\nGimn\u0101zija (gimnos \u2014 kails) \u2014 gimn\u0101zijas sauca par sporta z\u0101l\u0113m \u0137erme\u0146a treni\u0146iem. Taj\u0101s z\u0113ni tren\u0113j\u0101s kaili. No t\u0101 izriet v\u0101rdi: vingro\u0161ana, \u0123imnastika.
\nFilozofija (philos \u2014 m\u012bl\u0113t, sophia \u2014 gudr\u012bba) \u2014 zin\u0101t\u0146u karaliene.
\nFizika (physis \u2014 daba) \u2014 m\u0101c\u012bba par materi\u0101lo pasauli, dabu.
\nMetafizika \u2014 burtiskaj\u0101 tulkojum\u0101 \u201eP\u0101r dabu\u201c. Aristotelis nezin\u0101ja, kur to pieskait\u012bt, un nosauca darbu t\u0101: \u201eNepat\u012bk daba\u201c.
\nMatem\u0101tika (matema \u2014 m\u0101c\u012bba) \u2014 nodarb\u012bbas.
\nTehnika (t\u0113khne \u2014 amats) Grie\u0137ij\u0101 \u2014 m\u0101kslinieki un t\u0113lnieki, k\u0101 ar\u012b m\u0101la trauku ra\u017eot\u0101ji, bija tehni\u0137i, amatnieki. No t\u0101 izriet \u201em\u0101kslinieka amats\u201c.
\nKors \u2014 s\u0101kotn\u0113ji dejas. (no t\u0101 horeogr\u0101fija). V\u0113l\u0101k, jo dejot\u0101ji izpild\u012bja dziesmas daudzos, koris \u2014 daudzbals\u012bga dzied\u0101\u0161ana.
\nSkatuve (sk\u0113na) \u2014 telts m\u0101kslinieku p\u0101r\u0123\u0113rb\u0161anai. T\u0101 atrad\u0101s amfite\u0101tra centr\u0101.
\nGat\u0101ra \u2014 no sengrie\u0137u \u201ekithara\u201c, st\u012bgu m\u016bzikas instruments.
\n
Avots: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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