{"id":36917,"date":"2019-10-31T22:14:43","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:14:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/shvatka-dvuh-yokodzun\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:14:43","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:14:43","slug":"shvatka-dvuh-yokodzun","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/administrirovanie\/shvatka-dvuh-yokodzun","title":{"rendered":"Divu \u0113kodontu c\u012b\u0146a","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Divu
\n
\nL\u012bdz jauno AMD EPYC\u2122 Rome procesoru p\u0101rdo\u0161anas uzs\u0101k\u0161anai paliku\u0161as maz\u0101k nek\u0101 24 stundas. \u0160aj\u0101 rakst\u0101 m\u0113s atskat\u0101mies uz to, k\u0101 s\u0101k\u0101s divu liel\u0101ko CPU ra\u017eot\u0101ju sacens\u012bbas.<\/p>\n

Pirmais 8 bitu komerci\u0101li pieejamais procesors pasaul\u0113 bija Intel\u00ae i8008, ko izlaida 1972. gad\u0101. Procesoram bija 200 kHz pulkste\u0146a frekvence, tas tika izgatavots ar 10 \u00b5m (10000 nm) tehnolo\u0123iju un bija paredz\u0113ts \u2018izsmalcin\u0101tiem\u2019 kalkulatoriem, ievades-izvades termin\u0101\u013ciem un pude\u013cu pild\u012b\u0161anas autom\u0101tiem.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/noindex>
\n\"Divu
\n
\n1974. gad\u0101 \u0161is procesors k\u013cuva par pamatu Mark-8 mikrodatoram, kas tika pied\u0101v\u0101ts k\u0101 DIY projekts \u017eurn\u0101la Radio-Electronics v\u0101ka lap\u0101. Projekta autors Jonatans Taituss pied\u0101v\u0101ja visiem interesentiem bukletu par 5 dol\u0101riem, kur\u0101 bija z\u012bm\u0113jumi druk\u0101to sh\u0113mu izgatavo\u0161anai un mont\u0101\u017eas procesa apraksts. Dr\u012bz par\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s l\u012bdz\u012bgs person\u0101laj\u0101 mikrodator\u0101 Altair 8800, ko rad\u012bja uz\u0146\u0113mums MITS (Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems).<\/p>\n

Sacens\u012bbu s\u0101kums<\/h2>\n

\nDivus gadus p\u0113c i8008 izveides Intel izlaida jauno mikrosh\u0113mu i8080, kas balst\u012bj\u0101s uz uzlaboto i8008 arhitekt\u016bru un tika izgatavota ar 6 \u00b5m (6000 nm) tehnolo\u0123iju. \u0160is procesors bija apm\u0113ram 10 reizes \u0101tr\u0101ks par priek\u0161g\u0101j\u0113ju (pulsa frekvence 2 MHz) un ieguva izstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101ku komandu sist\u0113mu.<\/p>\n

\"Divu
\n
\nIntel\u00ae i8080 apgrie\u0161ana, ko veica tr\u012bs talant\u012bgi in\u017eenieri \u2014 \u0160ons un Kima Heili, k\u0101 ar\u012b D\u017eajs Kumars, noveda pie modific\u0113ta klona izveides, kas sa\u0146\u0113ma nosaukumu AMD AM9080.<\/p>\n

\"Divu
\n
\nS\u0101kum\u0101 AMD AM9080 tika ra\u017eots bez licences, ta\u010du v\u0113l\u0101k Intel nosl\u0113dza licenc\u0113\u0161anas l\u012bgumu. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di abas komp\u0101nijas ieguva labumus \u010dipu tirgos, jo pirc\u0113ji cent\u0101s izvair\u012bties no potenci\u0101l\u0101s atkar\u012bbas no viena pieg\u0101d\u0101t\u0101ja. Pirmie p\u0101rdo\u0161anas apjomi bija \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi izdev\u012bgi, jo ra\u017eo\u0161anas izmaksas bija 50 centi, bet pa\u0161i \u010dipi akt\u012bvi tika ieg\u0101d\u0101ti no milit\u0101raj\u0101m strukt\u016br\u0101m par 700 dol\u0101riem par gabalu.<\/p>\n

P\u0113c tam Kima Heili nol\u0113ma izm\u0113\u0123in\u0101t sp\u0113kus Intel\u00ae EPROM 1702 atgrie\u0161anas in\u017eenierij\u0101. Taj\u0101 laik\u0101 t\u0101 bija vismodern\u0101k\u0101 past\u0101v\u012bg\u0101s atmi\u0146as tehnolo\u0123ija. Projekts izdev\u0101s tikai da\u013c\u0113ji \u2014 rad\u012btais klons saglab\u0101ja datus tikai 3 ned\u0113\u013cas pie istabas temperat\u016bras. <\/p>\n

Sadal\u012bjusi daudzus mikrosh\u0113mas un, balstoties uz sav\u0101m \u0137\u012bmijas zin\u0101\u0161an\u0101m, Kima secin\u0101ja, ka bez prec\u012bzas oks\u012bda aug\u0161anas temperat\u016bras zin\u0101\u0161anas neb\u016bs iesp\u0113jams sasniegt Intel nor\u0101d\u012btos r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101jus (10 gadi pie 85 gr\u0101diem). Izr\u0101dot soci\u0101l\u0101s in\u017eenierijas talantu, vi\u0146\u0161 piezvan\u012bja Intel ra\u017eotnei un jaut\u0101ja, k\u0101d\u0101 temperat\u016br\u0101 str\u0101d\u0101 vi\u0146u kr\u0101snis. P\u0101rsteidzo\u0161i, bet vi\u0146am bez \u0161aub\u0101m pazi\u0146oja prec\u012bzu skaitli \u2014 830 gr\u0101di. Bingo! Protams, \u0161\u0101di triki nevar\u0113ja nek\u0101du negat\u012bvu seku nes\u0101t.<\/p>\n

Pirmais tiesas process<\/h2>\n

\n1981. gada s\u0101kum\u0101 Intel gatavoj\u0101s nosl\u0113gt l\u012bgumu par procesoru ra\u017eo\u0161anu ar IBM, toreiz liel\u0101ko datoru ra\u017eot\u0101ju pasaul\u0113. Intel pa\u0161ai v\u0113l nebija pietiekamu ra\u017eo\u0161anas jaudu, lai apmierin\u0101tu IBM vajadz\u012bbas, t\u0101p\u0113c, lai nezaud\u0113tu l\u012bgumu, n\u0101c\u0101s piek\u0101pties. \u0160is piek\u0101p\u0161an\u0101s solis bija licenc\u0113\u0161anas vieno\u0161an\u0101s starp Intel un AMD, kas \u013c\u0101va p\u0113d\u0113jai s\u0101kt ra\u017eot Intel\u00ae 8086, 80186 un 80286 klonus.<\/p>\n

P\u0113c 4 gadiem tirg\u016b par\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s jaun\u0101kais Intel\u00ae 80386 ar takts frekvenci 33 MHz, kas tika izgatavots ar 1 \u03bcm (1000 nm) tehnolo\u0123isko procesu. \u0160aj\u0101 laik\u0101 AMD ar\u012b gatavoja l\u012bdz\u012bgu mikrosh\u0113mu ar nosaukumu Am386\u2122, tom\u0113r izlaide tika atlikta uz nenoteiktu laiku, jo Intel kategoriski atteic\u0101s sniegt tehnolo\u0123ijas datus saska\u0146\u0101 ar licenc\u0113\u0161anas vieno\u0161anos. Tas ar\u012b bija iemesls v\u0113rsties ties\u0101.<\/p>\n

Tiesas procesa laik\u0101 Intel cent\u0101s pier\u0101d\u012bt, ka vieno\u0161an\u0101s nosac\u012bjumi attiecas tikai uz iepriek\u0161\u0113jo paaud\u017eu procesoriem, kas ra\u017eoti pirms 80386. AMD savuk\u0101rt apgalvoja, ka vieno\u0161an\u0101s nosac\u012bjumi \u013cauj tai ne tikai reproduc\u0113t 80386, bet ar\u012b n\u0101kam\u0101s mode\u013cus, kas balst\u012bti uz x86 arhitekt\u016bras.<\/p>\n

\"Divu
\n
\nTiesved\u012bbas ilga vair\u0101kus gadus un nosl\u0113dz\u0101s ar AMD uzvaru (Intel izmaks\u0101ja AMD 1 miljardu dol\u0101ru). Uz\u0146\u0113mumu savstarp\u0113jai uztic\u012bbai pien\u0101ca gals, un Am386\u2122 tika laists tirg\u016b tikai 1991. gad\u0101. Tom\u0113r mikrosh\u0113ma bija \u013coti piepras\u012bta, jo t\u0101 darboj\u0101s ar augst\u0101ku frekvenci nek\u0101 ori\u0123in\u0101ls (40 MHz pret 33 MHz).<\/p>\n

\"Divu
\n<\/p>\n

Konkurences att\u012bst\u012bba<\/h2>\n

\nPirmais procesors pasaul\u0113, kas balst\u012bj\u0101s uz hibr\u012bdo CISC-RISC kodolu un kam bija matem\u0101tiskais co-processors (FPU) tie\u0161i taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 krist\u0101l\u0101, bija Intel\u00ae 80486. FPU \u013c\u0101va b\u016btiski pa\u0101trin\u0101t peldo\u0161a punkta oper\u0101cijas, no\u0146emot slodzi no CPU. V\u0113l viena inov\u0101cija bija instrukciju izpildes caurules meh\u0101nisma ievie\u0161ana, kas ar\u012b palielin\u0101ja veiktsp\u0113ju. Viens elements bija no 600 l\u012bdz 1000 nm gar\u0161, bet krist\u0101l\u0101 vieta jau bija no 0,9 l\u012bdz 1,6 miljoniem tranzistoru.<\/p>\n

AMD savuk\u0101rt prezent\u0113ja piln\u012bgu funkcion\u0101lu analogu ar nosaukumu Am486, izmantojot Intel\u00ae 80386 mikrokodu un Intel\u00ae 80287 co-processoru. \u0160is apst\u0101klis k\u013cuva par iemeslu daudzajiem tiesu str\u012bdiem. Tiesas l\u0113mums no 1992. gada apstiprin\u0101ja, ka AMD ir p\u0101rk\u0101pis autoratl\u012bdz\u012bbas ties\u012bbas attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz FPU 80287 mikrokodu, p\u0113c kura uz\u0146\u0113mums s\u0101ka izstr\u0101d\u0101t savu mikrokodu.<\/p>\n

Turpm\u0101kie tiesu procesi gan apstiprin\u0101ja, gan noraid\u012bja AMD ties\u012bbas izmantot Intel\u00ae mikrokodus. Gal\u012bgo punktu \u0161ajos jaut\u0101jumos pielika Kalifornijas \u0161tata augst\u0101k\u0101 tiesa, atz\u012bstot, ka uz\u0146\u0113muma AMD \u013caunpr\u0101t\u012bgi izmantojusi 80386 mikrokodu. Rezult\u0101ts bija vieno\u0161an\u0101s parakst\u012b\u0161ana starp ab\u0101m komp\u0101nij\u0101m, kas tom\u0113r \u013c\u0101va AMD ra\u017eot un p\u0101rdot procesorus, kas satur\u0113ja mikrokodus 80287, 80386 un 80486.<\/p>\n

P\u0101r\u0113jie x86 tirgus sp\u0113l\u0113t\u0101ji, piem\u0113ram, Cyrix, Texas Instruments un UMC, ar\u012b cent\u0101s atk\u0101rtot Intel pan\u0101kumus, izlaizdami funkcion\u0101los anal\u012bzes \u010dipus 80486. Jebkur\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 vi\u0146iem tas neizdev\u0101s. UMC izst\u0101j\u0101s no sacens\u012bb\u0101m p\u0113c tiesu aizlieguma p\u0101rdot savu Green CPU ASV teritorij\u0101. Cyrix neizdev\u0101s nosl\u0113gt izdev\u012bgus l\u012bgumus ar lielajiem mont\u0113t\u0101jiem, k\u0101 ar\u012b tika veiktas tiesved\u012bbas ar Intel par patent\u0113tu tehnolo\u0123iju izmanto\u0161anu. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di x86 tirgus l\u012bderi palika tikai Intel un AMD.<\/p>\n

Veiktsp\u0113jas palielin\u0101\u0161ana<\/h2>\n

\nTiecoties g\u016bt p\u0101rsvaru, gan Intel, gan AMD cent\u0101s sasniegt maksim\u0101lo veiktsp\u0113ju un \u0101trumu. T\u0101 AMD pirm\u0101 pasaul\u0113 p\u0101rk\u0101pa 1 GHz slieksni, izlaidusi savu Athlon\u2122 (37 miljoni tranzistoru, 130 nm) ar Thunderbird kodolu. \u0160aj\u0101 posm\u0101 \"sac\u012bkst\u0113s\" Intel bija probl\u0113mas ar otro l\u012bme\u0146a ke\u0161atmi\u0146as nestabilit\u0101ti savam Pentium\u00ae III ar Coppermine kodolu, kas izrais\u012bja produkta izlai\u0161anas aizkav\u0113\u0161anos.<\/p>\n

Interesants fakts \u2014 nosaukums Athlon n\u0101k no sengrie\u0137u valodas un var tikt tulkots k\u0101 \u00absacens\u012bba\u00bb vai \u00abc\u012b\u0146as vieta, ar\u0113na\u00bb. <\/i><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

T\u0101da pati pan\u0101kumu izaugsme AMD bija divkodolu procesora Athlon\u2122 X2 (90 nm) izn\u0101kums, un p\u0113c 2 gadiem sekoja Quad-Core Opteron\u2122 (65 nm), kur visi 4 kodoli tika audz\u0113ti vien\u0101 krist\u0101l\u0101, nevis veidojot no 2 atsevi\u0161\u0137iem krist\u0101liem ar pa 2 kodoliem katr\u0101. Taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101 Intel izlaida savus slavenos Core\u2122 2 Duo un Core\u2122 2 Quad, kas tika ra\u017eoti ar 65 nm tehnolo\u0123iju.<\/p>\n

Kop\u0101 ar pulkste\u0146a frekven\u010du palielin\u0101\u0161anu un kodolu skaita pieaugumu ak\u016bti aktualiz\u0113j\u0101s jaut\u0101jums par jauno tehnolo\u0123isko procesu apguvi, k\u0101 ar\u012b iek\u013c\u016b\u0161anu cit\u0101s tirgus ni\u0161\u0101s. Liel\u0101kais dar\u012bjums korpor\u0101cijai AMD bija ATI Technologies ieg\u0101de par 5,4 miljardiem dol\u0101ru. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di AMD iek\u013cuva grafisko pa\u0101trin\u0101t\u0101ju tirg\u016b un k\u013cuva par galveno konkurentu Nvidia. Intel, savuk\u0101rt, ieg\u0101d\u0101j\u0101s vienu no Texas Instruments noda\u013c\u0101m, k\u0101 ar\u012b uz\u0146\u0113mumu Altera par 16,7 miljardiem dol\u0101ru. Rezult\u0101t\u0101 tika iek\u013cauta tirg\u016b programm\u0113jamo lo\u0123isko integr\u0113to sh\u0113mu un SoC ra\u017eo\u0161anai pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101ju elektronik\u0101.<\/p>\n

Iev\u0113rojams fakts ir tas, ka kop\u0161 2009. gada AMD atteic\u0101s no pa\u0161a ra\u017eo\u0161anas, koncentr\u0113joties tikai uz izstr\u0101d\u0113m. M\u016bsdienu AMD procesori tiek ra\u017eoti GlobalFoundries un TSMC ra\u017eo\u0161anas jaud\u0101s. Intel, savuk\u0101rt, turpina att\u012bst\u012bt savas ra\u017eo\u0161anas jaudas mikrosh\u0113mu ra\u017eo\u0161anai.<\/p>\n

S\u0101kot ar 2018. gadu, papildus tie\u0161ai konkurencei ab\u0101m komp\u0101nij\u0101m par\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s ar\u012b kopprojekti. Spilgt\u0101kais piem\u0113rs ir Intel\u00ae Core\u2122 8. paaudzes procesoru izdo\u0161ana ar integr\u0113to AMD Radeon\u2122 RX Vega M grafiku, apvienojot abu uz\u0146\u0113mumu stipr\u0101s puses. \u0160\u0101ds risin\u0101jums \u013caus samazin\u0101t portat\u012bvo datoru un mini-datoru izm\u0113rus, vienlaikus palielinot veiktsp\u0113ju un akumulatora darb\u012bbas laiku.<\/p>\n

Secin\u0101jums<\/h2>\n

\nVis\u0101 abu uz\u0146\u0113mumu past\u0101v\u0113\u0161anas v\u0113stur\u0113 bija daudz at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbu un savstarp\u0113ju aps\u016bdz\u012bbu epizodu. C\u012b\u0146a par l\u012bdera vietu turpin\u0101j\u0101s un turpin\u0101s l\u012bdz pat \u0161odienai. \u0160aj\u0101 gad\u0101 m\u0113s redz\u0113j\u0101m nopietnu Intel\u00ae Xeon\u00ae Scalable Processors s\u0113rijas atjaunin\u0101jumu, par ko jau st\u0101st\u012bj\u0101m m\u016bsu emu\u0101r\u0101<\/a><\/noindex>, un tagad ir pien\u0101cis laiks, kad AMD atkal izn\u0101k uz skatuves.<\/p>\n

\u013boti dr\u012bz jaunie AMD EPYC\u2122 Rome procesori par\u0101d\u012bsies m\u016bsu laboratorij\u0101. Uzziniet<\/a><\/noindex> par vi\u0146u ien\u0101k\u0161anu pirmajiem.
\n
Avots: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u041e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0441\u0443\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0436 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 AMD EPYC\u2122 Rome. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043c\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c, \u0441 \u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0441\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0435\u0439\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 CPU. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u043c 8-\u0431\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0432 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b Intel\u00ae i8008, \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432 1972 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0443. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0432 200 \u043a\u0413\u0446, \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435\u043d \u043f\u043e 10 \u043c\u043a\u043c (10000 \u043d\u043c) \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0443 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":27660,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36917","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Divu e-kodzu c\u012b\u0146a | ProHoster","description":"Atliku\u0161as maz\u0101k par 24 stund\u0101m l\u012bdz jaunajiem AMD EPYC\u2122 Rome procesoru p\u0101rdo\u0161anas 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