{"id":36984,"date":"2019-10-31T22:15:09","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:15:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/koe-chto-ob-inode\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:15:09","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:15:09","slug":"koe-chto-ob-inode","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/administrirovanie\/koe-chto-ob-inode","title":{"rendered":"Kaut kas par inode","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Periodiski, ar m\u0113r\u0137i p\u0101rcelties uz datu centru, esmu veicis p\u0101rrunas da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s liel\u0101s komp\u0101nij\u0101s, galvenok\u0101rt no Sanktp\u0113terburgas un Maskavas, k\u0101 DevOps speci\u0101lists. Piev\u0113rsu uzman\u012bbu, ka daudz\u0101s uz\u0146\u0113mum\u0101 (\u012bpa\u0161i labos uz\u0146\u0113mumos, piem\u0113ram, Yandex) tiek uzdoti divi l\u012bdz\u012bgi jaut\u0101jumi:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> Kas ir inode;<\/li>\n<li> K\u0101p\u0113c var rasties ieraksta k\u013c\u016bda disk\u0101 (vai, piem\u0113ram: k\u0101p\u0113c disk\u0101 var beigties vieta, b\u016bt\u012bba ir viena).\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nK\u0101 bie\u017ei notiek, es biju p\u0101rliecin\u0101ts, ka \u0161o t\u0113mu zinu labi, ta\u010du, tikl\u012bdz s\u0101ku izskaidrot, atkl\u0101j\u0101s zin\u0101\u0161anu tr\u016bkumi. Lai sistematiz\u0113tu savas zin\u0101\u0161anas, aizpild\u012btu tuk\u0161umus un vairs neapkaunotos, rakstu \u0161o rakstu, varb\u016bt tas noder\u0113s ar\u012b k\u0101dam citam.<\/p>\n<p>S\u0101ksim \"no apak\u0161as\", t.i., no ciet\u0101 diska (noraid\u012bsim zibatmi\u0146as, SSD un citas m\u016bsdien\u012bgas lietas, jaut\u0101jumu apl\u016bkosim, izmantojot jebkuru 20 vai 80 GB veco disku, jo tur bloka izm\u0113rs ir 512 baiti).<\/p>\n<p>Cietais disks nem\u0101k adres\u0113t savu telpu pa baitu; nosac\u012bti t\u0101 tiek sadal\u012bta blokos. Bloku numur\u0113\u0161ana s\u0101kas ar 0. (to sauc par LBA, s\u012bk\u0101ka inform\u0101cija ir \u0161eit: <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LBA\">ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LBA<\/a><\/noindex>)<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Kaut kas par inode\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/47036dc7ec2ed8c868fa1bcf044ba9ea.jpeg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nK\u0101 redzams att\u0113l\u0101, LBA blokus esmu iez\u012bm\u0113jis k\u0101 HDD l\u012bmeni. Starp citu, varat p\u0101rbaud\u012bt, k\u0101ds ir j\u016bsu diska bloka izm\u0113rs \u0161\u0101di: <\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\/home\/serp# blockdev --getpbsz \/dev\/sdb\n512<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nAugst\u0101k l\u012bmen\u012b ir izveidots nodal\u012bjums, viens visam diskam (atkal vienk\u0101r\u0161\u012bbas p\u0113c). Visbie\u017e\u0101k izmanto divu veidu nodal\u012bjumu sh\u0113mas: msdos un gpt. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di msdos ir vecais form\u0101ts, kas atbalsta diskus l\u012bdz 2TB, savuk\u0101rt gpt ir jaunais form\u0101ts, kas sp\u0113j adres\u0113t l\u012bdz 1 zettabaitam 512 baitos. M\u016bsu gad\u012bjum\u0101 ir msdos tipa nodal\u012bjums, k\u0101 redzams att\u0113l\u0101, un tas s\u0101kas ar bloku \u21161, bet nulle tiek izmantota MBR.<\/p>\n<p>Pirmaj\u0101 nodal\u012bjum\u0101 es izveidoju ext2 failu sist\u0113mu, p\u0113c noklus\u0113juma t\u0101s bloka izm\u0113rs ir 4096 baiti, kas ar\u012b att\u0113l\u0101 atspogu\u013cots. Failu sist\u0113mas bloka izm\u0113ru var apskat\u012bt \u0161\u0101di:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\/home\/serp# tune2fs -l \/dev\/sdb1\ntune2fs 1.42.9 (4-Feb-2014)\nFailesist\u0113mas apjoma nosaukums:   \nP\u0113d\u0113joreiz pievienots:          \nFailesist\u0113mas UUID:          a600bf40-f660-41f6-a3e6-96c303995479\nFailesist\u0113mas ma\u0123iskais skaitlis:  0xEF53\nFailesist\u0113mas versija #:    1 (dinamiska)\nFailesist\u0113mas iez\u012bmes:      ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype sparse_super large_file\nFailesist\u0113mas karogi:         signed_directory_hash\nNoklus\u0113juma mont\u0113\u0161anas opcijas:    user_xattr acl\nFailesist\u0113mas st\u0101voklis:         clean\nK\u013c\u016bdu uzved\u012bba:          Continue\nFailesist\u0113mas oper\u0113t\u0101jsist\u0113mas veids:       Linux\nInod\u017eu skaits:              65536\nBloku skaits:              261888\nRezerv\u0113to bloku skaits:     13094\nBr\u012bvie bloki:              257445\nBr\u012bvie inodi:              65525\nPirmais bloks:              0\nBloku izm\u0113rs:               4096\nFragmenta izm\u0113rs:            4096\nRezerv\u0113tie GDT bloki:      63\nBloki grup\u0101:         32768\nFragmenti grup\u0101:      32768\nInod\u017ei grup\u0101:         8192\nInod\u017eu bloki grup\u0101:   512\nFailesist\u0113ma izveidota:       Fri Aug  2 15:02:13 2019\nP\u0113d\u0113j\u0101 mont\u0113\u0161anas laiks:          n\/a\nP\u0113d\u0113jais rakst\u012b\u0161anas laiks:          Fri Aug  2 15:02:14 2019\nMont\u0113\u0161anas skaits:              0\nMaksim\u0101lais mont\u0113\u0161anas skaits:      -1\nP\u0113d\u0113j\u0101 p\u0101rbaude:             Fri Aug  2 15:02:13 2019\nP\u0101rbaudes interv\u0101ls:           0 ()\nRezerv\u0113to bloku uid:      0 (lietot\u0101js root)\nRezerv\u0113to bloku gid:      0 (grupa root)\nPirmais inods:              11\nInod\u017eu izm\u0113rs:               256\nNepiecie\u0161am\u0101 papildu izm\u0113rs:     28\nV\u0113lam\u0101 papildu izm\u0113rs:      28\nNoklus\u0113juma direktorijas ha\u0161s:   half_md4\nDirektorijas ha\u0161a s\u0113kla:      c0155456-ad7d-421f-afd1-c898746ccd76<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nMums nepiecie\u0161amais parametrs ir \"Bloku izm\u0113rs\".<\/p>\n<p>Tagad interesant\u0101 da\u013ca: k\u0101 izlas\u012bt failu \/home\/serp\/testfile? Fails sast\u0101v no viena vai vair\u0101kiem failesist\u0113mas blokiem, kuros tiek glab\u0101ti t\u0101 dati. Zinot faila nosaukumu, k\u0101 to atrast? K\u0101di bloki j\u0101lasa?<\/p>\n<p>\u0160eit mums pal\u012bdz inodi. Failesist\u0113m\u0101 ext2fs ir \"tabula\", kur\u0101 ir inform\u0101cija par visiem inodiem. Inodu skaits ext2fs gad\u012bjum\u0101 tiek noteikts, izveidojot failesist\u0113mu. Nepiecie\u0161am\u0101s skait\u013cus skat\u0101m parametr\u0101 \"Inode count\" tune2fs izvad\u0113, t.i., mums ir 65536 vien\u012bbas. Inod\u0101 ir nepiecie\u0161am\u0101 inform\u0101cija: failesist\u0113mas bloku saraksts mekl\u0113tajam failam. K\u0101 atrast inoda numuru noteiktam failam?<\/p>\n<p>Atbilst\u012bba starp nosaukumu un inoda numuru ir direktorij\u0101, bet direktorija ext2fs ir \u012bpa\u0161a faila tips, t.i., tai ir ar\u012b savs inoda numurs. Lai p\u0101rtrauktu \u0161o sl\u0113gto loku, saknes direktorijai tika pie\u0161\u0137irts \"fiks\u0113ts\" inoda numurs \"2\". Skat\u0101m inoda 2 saturu:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu:\/# debugfs \/dev\/sdb1\ndebugfs 1.42.9 (4-Feb-2014)\ndebugfs:  stat \n\nInode: 2   Tips: direktorija    Re\u017e\u012bms:  0755   Karogi: 0x0\nPaaudze: 0    Versija: 0x00000000:00000002\nLietot\u0101js:     0   Grupa:     0   Izm\u0113rs: 4096\nFaila ACL: 0    Direktorijas ACL: 0\nSaist\u012bbas: 3   Bloku skaits: 8\nFragments:  Adrese: 0    Numurs: 0    Izm\u0113rs: 0\n ctime: 0x5d43cb51:16b61bcc -- Fri Aug  2 16:34:09 2019\n atime: 0x5d43c247:b704301c -- Fri Aug  2 15:55:35 2019\n mtime: 0x5d43cb51:16b61bcc -- Fri Aug  2 16:34:09 2019\ncrtime: 0x5d43b5c6:00000000 -- Fri Aug  2 15:02:14 2019\nPapildu inoda lauku izm\u0113rs: 28\nBLOKI:\n(0):579\nKOP\u0100: 1<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nK\u0101 redzams, nepiecie\u0161am\u0101 direktorija ir 579. numura blok\u0101. Taj\u0101 m\u0113s atrad\u012bsim mapi home un turpin\u0101sim \u0137\u0113d\u0113, l\u012bdz direktorij\u0101 serp redz\u0113sim piepras\u012bt\u0101 faila numuru. Ja k\u0101ds v\u0113las p\u0101rbaud\u012bt, vai numurs ir pareizs un vai tur ir nepiecie\u0161am\u0101 inform\u0101cija, tas nav gr\u016bti. Veicam:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu: \/# dd if=\/dev\/sdb1 of=\/home\/serp\/dd_image bs=4096 count=1 skip=579\n1+0 ieraksti ien\u0101k\n1+0 ieraksti izej\n4096 baitus (4,1 kB) kop\u0113ti, 0,000184088 s, 22,3 MB\/s\nroot@ubuntu: \/# hexdump -c \/home\/serp\/dd_image<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nIzvad\u0113 var izlas\u012bt failu nosaukumus direktorij\u0101.<\/p>\n<p>L\u016bk, esmu non\u0101cis pie galven\u0101 jaut\u0101juma: \u00abk\u0101di iemesli var rad\u012bt rakst\u012b\u0161anas k\u013c\u016bdu\u00bb?<\/p>\n<p>Protams, tas var notikt, ja failu sist\u0113m\u0101 nav br\u012bvu bloku. Ko \u0161aj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 var dar\u012bt? Papildus ac\u012bmredzamajam \u00abizdz\u0113st kaut ko nevajadz\u012bgu\u00bb, j\u0101atceras, ka failu sist\u0113m\u0101s ext2,3 un 4 ir t\u0101da lieta k\u0101 \u00abrezerv\u0113to bloku skaits\u00bb. Ja paskat\u0101mies iepriek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 izsniegum\u0101, mums ir \u0161\u0101di bloki \u00ab13094\u00bb. Tie ir bloki, kas pieejami rakst\u012b\u0161anai tikai lietot\u0101jam root. Bet, ja j\u0101risina probl\u0113ma steidzami, k\u0101 pagaidu risin\u0101jumu var padar\u012bt tos pieejamus visiem, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di radot nedaudz br\u012bvas vietas:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">root@ubuntu: \/mnt# tune2fs -m 0 \/dev\/sdb1\ntune2fs 1.42.9 (4-Feb-2014)\nIestat\u012b\u0161ana rezerv\u0113to bloku procentu\u0101l\u0101 da\u013ca 0% (0 bloki)<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nT.i., p\u0113c noklus\u0113juma jums nav pieejami rakst\u012b\u0161anai 5% diska vietas, un \u0146emot v\u0113r\u0101 m\u016bsdienu disku apjomus, tas var b\u016bt simtiem gigabaitu.<\/p>\n<p>Kas v\u0113l var\u0113tu b\u016bt? V\u0113l var rasties situ\u0101cija, kad br\u012bvie bloki ir, bet noder\u012bgi noderi ir beigu\u0161ies. Tas parasti notiek, ja j\u016bsu failu sist\u0113m\u0101 ir daudz failu, kuru izm\u0113rs ir maz\u0101ks par failu sist\u0113mas bloka izm\u0113ru. \u0145emot v\u0113r\u0101, ka 1 failam vai direktorijai tiek t\u0113r\u0113ts 1 inode, un to kop\u0101 ir (\u0161ai failu sist\u0113mai) 65536 \u2014 situ\u0101cija ir vair\u0101k nek\u0101 re\u0101la. To vizu\u0101li var redz\u0113t no komandas df izvad\u0113m:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">serp@ubuntu:~$ df -hi\nFilesystem     Inodes IUsed IFree IUse% Mounted on\nudev             493K   480  492K    1% \\\/dev\ntmpfs            493K   425  493K    1% \\\/run\n\\\/dev\\\/xvda1       512K  240K  273K   47% \\\nnone             493K     2  493K    1% \\\/sys\\\/fs\\\/cgroup\nnone             493K     2  493K    1% \\\/run\\\/lock\nnone             493K     1  493K    1% \\\/run\\\/shm\nnone             493K     2  493K    1% \\\/run\\\/user\n\\\/dev\\\/xvdc1       320K  4,1K  316K    2% \\\/var\n\\\/dev\\\/xvdb1        64K   195   64K    1% \\\/home\n\\\/dev\\\/xvdh1       4,0M  3,1M  940K   78% \\\/var\\\/www\nserp@ubuntu:~$ df -h\nFilesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on\nudev            2,0G  4,0K  2,0G   1% \\\/dev\ntmpfs           395M  620K  394M   1% \\\/run\n\\\/dev\\\/xvda1      7,8G  2,9G  4,6G  39% \\\nnone            4,0K     0  4,0K   0% \\\/sys\\\/fs\\\/cgroup\nnone            5,0M     0  5,0M   0% \\\/run\\\/lock\nnone            2,0G     0  2,0G   0% \\\/run\\\/shm\nnone            100M     0  100M   0% \\\/run\\\/user\n\\\/dev\\\/xvdc1      4,8G  2,6G  2,0G  57% \\\/var\n\\\/dev\\\/xvdb1      990M  4,0M  919M   1% \\\/home\n\\\/dev\\\/xvdh1       63G   35G   25G  59% \\\/var\\\/www<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nCik labi ir redzams sada\u013c\u0101 \\\/var\\\/www, br\u012bvo failu sist\u0113mas bloku un br\u012bvo inode skaits b\u016btiski at\u0161\u0137iras.<\/p>\n<p>Ja gad\u012bjum\u0101 beidzas inode, nevaru ieteikt burv\u012bbu, jo to nav (ja k\u013c\u016bdos, l\u016bdzu dodiet zi\u0146u). T\u0101p\u0113c sada\u013c\u0101m, kur\u0101s vairojas mazi faili, vajadz\u0113tu gudri izv\u0113l\u0113ties failu sist\u0113mu. Piem\u0113ram, btrfs inode nevar izbeigties, jo tos dinamiski izveido jauni p\u0113c vajadz\u012bbas.<br \/>\n<br \/>Avots: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/462849\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438, \u0441 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0430 \u0432 \u0426\u0420\u0421 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0434\u0443\u044e\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u041f\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u041c\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0432\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c DevOps. \u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043b \u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 (\u0432\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0432 \u044f\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435) \u0437\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0430 \u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0430: \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0435 inode; \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a (\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440: 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