{"id":37033,"date":"2019-10-31T22:15:24","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:15:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/alan-kej-kak-by-ya-prepodaval-computer-science-101\/"},"modified":"2021-01-02T13:01:57","modified_gmt":"2021-01-02T11:01:57","slug":"alan-kej-kak-by-ya-prepodaval-computer-science-101","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/news\/alan-kej-kak-by-ya-prepodaval-computer-science-101","title":{"rendered":"Alans Kejs: k\u0101 es m\u0101c\u012btu Computer Science 101","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00abViena no re\u0101lajiem iemesliem, lai patiesi iest\u0101tos universit\u0101t\u0113, ir p\u0101rk\u0101pt vienk\u0101r\u0161as profesion\u0101l\u0101s apm\u0101c\u012bbas robe\u017eas un piev\u0113rsties dzi\u013c\u0101k\u0101m idej\u0101m.\u00bb<\/i><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\"Alans<\/p>\n

P\u0101rl\u016bkosim \u0161o jaut\u0101jumu nedaudz dzi\u013c\u0101k. Pirms da\u017eiem gadiem inform\u0101cijas tehnolo\u0123iju katedras aicin\u0101ja mani sniegt lekcijas vair\u0101k\u0101s universit\u0101t\u0113s. Gandr\u012bz nejau\u0161i es jaut\u0101ju savam pirmajam auditorijai, kas sast\u0101v\u0113ja no bakalauriem, ma\u0123istriem un profesoriem, k\u0101 vi\u0146i defin\u0113tu \u00abComputer Science\u00bb. Visi sniedza tikai in\u017eeniertehnisku defin\u012bciju. Es veicu \u0161o pa\u0161u eksperimentu katr\u0101 jaun\u0101 viet\u0101, un rezult\u0101ti visur bija l\u012bdz\u012bgi.<\/p>\n

Cits jaut\u0101jums bija: \u00abKas ir Doug Engelbart?\u00bb. Da\u017ei cilv\u0113ki teica: \u00abvai vi\u0146\u0161 nebija saist\u012bts ar datoru peli?\u00bb (un tas mani \u013coti vilin\u0101ja, jo mana zin\u0101tnisk\u0101 kopiena ir ieguld\u012bjusi daudz p\u016b\u013cu, lai b\u016btu iesp\u0113jams atbild\u0113t uz \u0161o jaut\u0101jumu p\u0113c diviem vai trim klik\u0161\u0137iem un p\u0101rliecin\u0101ties, ka Engelbart tie\u0161\u0101m ir saist\u012bts ar datoru peli).<\/p>\n

Da\u013c\u0113ji probl\u0113ma bija saist\u012bta ar zin\u0101tk\u0101res tr\u016bkumu, da\u013c\u0113ji \u2014 ar \u0161aur\u0101m personiskaj\u0101m m\u0113r\u0137iem, kas nebija saist\u012bti ar m\u0101c\u012bb\u0101m, da\u013c\u0113ji \u2014 ar izpratnes tr\u016bkumu par to, kas ir \u0161\u012b zin\u0101tne, un t\u0101 t\u0101l\u0101k.<\/p>\n

Es str\u0101d\u0101ju uz pusslodzi Kalifornijas universit\u0101tes datora zin\u0101tnes katedr\u0101 jau vair\u0101kus gadus (praks\u0113 esmu profesors, ta\u010du man nav j\u0101apmekl\u0113 katedras san\u0101ksmes). Laiku pa laikam es pasniedzu nodarb\u012bbas, da\u017ereiz pirmaj\u0101 kurs\u0101. \u0160o gadu laik\u0101 jau t\u0101 zems zin\u0101tk\u0101res l\u012bmenis par Computer Science iev\u0113rojami samazin\u0101jies (bet pieaudzis popularit\u0101tes l\u012bmenis, jo datorzin\u0101tne tiek uzskat\u012bta par ce\u013cu uz labi apmaks\u0101tu darbu, ja tu proti programm\u0113t un esi ieguvis sertifik\u0101tu k\u0101d\u0101 no lab\u0101kaj\u0101m 10 skol\u0101m). Attiec\u012bgi neviens students v\u0113l nav s\u016bdz\u0113jies, ka Kalifornijas universit\u0101t\u0113 pirmais valoda ir C++!
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nMan \u0161\u0137iet, ka m\u0113s esam sask\u0101ru\u0161ies ar situ\u0101ciju, kur\u0101 abi v\u0101rdi \u201eDators\u201d un \u201eZin\u0101tne\u201d ir izn\u012bcin\u0101ti v\u0101j\u0101m mas\u012bv\u0101m koncepcij\u0101m, lai izveidotu jaunu terminu \u2014 kaut ko l\u012bdz\u012bgu cenu z\u012bmei d\u017einsos \u2014 kas izklaus\u0101s labi, bet ir pietiekami tuk\u0161s. Saist\u012btais termins, kur\u0161 l\u012bdz\u012bgi ir izn\u012bcin\u0101ts, ir \u201eprogrammat\u016bras in\u017eenierija\u201d, kas, atkal, nelieto visgudr\u0101k\u0101s idejas par \u201eprogramm\u0113\u0161anu\u201d un \u201ein\u017eenieriju\u201d, bet vienk\u0101r\u0161i apvieno tos (tas tika apzin\u0101ti izdar\u012bts se\u0161desmitajos gados, kad tika izgudrots \u0161is termins).<\/p>\n

Viena no \u012bstaj\u0101m, lai tie\u0161\u0101m iest\u0101tos universit\u0101t\u0113, ir izk\u0101pt \u0101rpus vienk\u0101r\u0161as profesion\u0101l\u0101s apm\u0101c\u012bbas un t\u0101 viet\u0101 aiz\u0137erties pie dzi\u013c\u0101k\u0101m idej\u0101m. Man \u0161\u0137iet diezgan sapr\u0101t\u012bgi, ka, ievadot specialit\u0101t\u0113, cen\u0161as \u2014 ja iesp\u0113jams, izmantojot piem\u0113rus \u2014 pan\u0101kt, lai studenti nodarbotos ar re\u0101l\u0101m probl\u0113m\u0101m un s\u0101ktu saprast, kas paties\u012bb\u0101 ir interesants, svar\u012bgs un centr\u0101ls \u0161aj\u0101 jom\u0101.<\/p>\n

Pirmklasnieki ir saj\u016bsm\u0101, kad vi\u0146iem r\u0101da, k\u0101 line\u0101ls virs cita line\u0101la k\u013c\u016bst par aritmometru, ar kura pal\u012bdz\u012bbu vi\u0146i var p\u0101rsp\u0113t piekt\u0101s klases b\u0113rnus, pievienojot da\u013cas. Un tad vi\u0146i b\u016bs laim\u012bgi piedal\u012bties uzlabotu aritmometru izstr\u0101d\u0113. Vi\u0146i ir piesk\u0101ru\u0161ies \u012bstam datoram \u2014 fiziskam un gar\u012bgam r\u012bkam, kas pal\u012bdz mums dom\u0101t. Vi\u0146i ir apguvu\u0161i patiesi efekt\u012bvu veidu, k\u0101 att\u0113lot skait\u013cus \u2014 daudz efekt\u012bv\u0101ku nek\u0101 tas, ko m\u0101ca skol\u0101s!<\/p>\n

Vi\u0146i sp\u0113ja savienot vi\u0146u veselo ideju par \u201epievieno\u0161anu\u201d k\u0101 \u201euzkr\u0101\u0161anu\u201d ar kaut ko l\u012bdz\u012bgu jaun\u0101m jaud\u012bg\u0101m \u012bpa\u0161\u012bb\u0101m. Vi\u0146i to ir programm\u0113ju\u0161i t\u0101, lai tas b\u016btu sp\u0113j\u012bgs risin\u0101t da\u017e\u0101das probl\u0113mas.<\/p>\n

Vi\u0146i to ar\u012b papla\u0161in\u0101ja. Un t\u0101 t\u0101l\u0101k. Tas nav digit\u0101lais dators. Un tas nav dators ar atmi\u0146\u0101 saglab\u0101tu programmu. Bet tas ir datora b\u016bt\u012bba. Tie\u0161i t\u0101pat k\u0101 Antikiteras meh\u0101nisms<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 tas ir visp\u0101r datora un apr\u0113\u0137inu b\u016bt\u012bba.<\/p>\n

\"Alans<\/p>\n

Antikiteras meh\u0101nisms<\/i><\/p>\n

Cik t\u0101lu m\u0113s varam aiziet un cik daudz izdar\u012bt, pirms viss izsl\u012bd no kontroles, un m\u0113s apmald\u0101mies abstrakcij\u0101s? Es vienm\u0113r esmu bijis ieinteres\u0113ts raksturojum\u0101 Alans Perlijs<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 pirmais Tj\u016bringa balvas ieguv\u0113js, kur\u0161, iesp\u0113jams, izgudroja terminu \u00abDatorzin\u0101tne\u00bb \u2014 kur\u0161 60. gados teica: \u00abDatorzin\u0101tne ir procesus p\u0113to\u0161a zin\u0101tne\u00bb. Par visiem procesiem.<\/p>\n

D\u0113\u013c uz\u0146\u0113muma Quora nevajadz\u0113tu censties to t\u0101l\u0101k virz\u012bt vai p\u0101rv\u0113rst par reli\u0123isku dogmu. Vienk\u0101r\u0161i laim\u012bgi izmantosim \u0161o ideju. Alans Perlis<\/a><\/noindex>, lai lab\u0101k dom\u0101tu par m\u016bsu jomu. Un \u012bpa\u0161i par to, k\u0101 to m\u0101c\u012bt. Tagad mums j\u0101apskata m\u016bsdienu \u00abzin\u0101tnes\u00bb noz\u012bme, un Perlis bija diezgan p\u0101rliecin\u0101ts, ka tai nevajadz\u0113tu \u0161\u0137idrin\u0101ties ar vec\u0101m noz\u012bm\u0113m (piem\u0113ram, \u00abzin\u0101\u0161anu kr\u0101\u0161ana\u00bb) un izmantot to (piem\u0113ram, \u00abbibliot\u0113ku zin\u0101tne\u00bb vai pat \u00absoci\u0101l\u0101s zin\u0101tnes\u00bb). Ar \u00abzin\u0101tni\u00bb vi\u0146\u0161 cent\u0101s izprast fenomenu, veidojot mode\u013cus\/kartes, kas m\u0113\u0123ina par\u0101d\u012bt, \u00abizsekot\u00bb un prognoz\u0113t par\u0101d\u012bbas.<\/p>\n

\"Alans<\/p>\n

Es sniedzu da\u017eas intervijas par to, k\u0101 lab\u0101k\u0101s kartes un mode\u013ci bie\u017ei var b\u016bt piem\u0113roti uz T-kreklu, t\u0101pat k\u0101 Maksvela vien\u0101dojumi un citi. Analogie ir tas, ka past\u0101v \u00abzin\u0101tne par tiltiem\u00bb, lai gan liel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca tiltu ir cilv\u0113ka veidoti. Bet, tikl\u012bdz tilts ir uzb\u016bv\u0113ts, tas atspogu\u013co par\u0101d\u012bbas, ko zin\u0101tnieki var p\u0113t\u012bt, no tiltiem iesp\u0113jams izveidot da\u017e\u0101du veidu mode\u013cus un izstr\u0101d\u0101t pla\u0161as un noder\u012bgas \u00abtiltu teorijas\u00bb. Prieks ir taj\u0101, ka p\u0113c tam iesp\u0113jams izstr\u0101d\u0101t un uzb\u016bv\u0113t jaunus tiltus (es jau piemin\u0113ju, ka, iesp\u0113jams, nav nekas aizraujo\u0161\u0101ks par zin\u0101tnieku un in\u017eenieru kop\u012bgu darbu, lai risin\u0101tu lielas un noz\u012bm\u012bgas probl\u0113mas!).<\/p>\n

\"Alans<\/p>\n

Herberts Saimons \u2014 Tj\u016bringa balvas un Nobela pr\u0113mijas ieguv\u0113js \u2014 visu \u0161o nosauca par \u00abm\u0101ksl\u012bg\u0101s zin\u0101tnes\u00bb (un uzrakst\u012bjis lielisku gr\u0101matu ar \u0161o pa\u0161u nosaukumu).<\/p>\n

\"Alans<\/p>\n

\u013baujiet sniegt piem\u0113ru. 50. gados uz\u0146\u0113mumi un universit\u0101tes s\u0101ka b\u016bv\u0113t datorus ar programm\u0101m, kas bija atmi\u0146\u0101, un s\u0101kum\u0101 tos programm\u0113t \u2014 un 1956. gad\u0101 rad\u0101s \u012bpa\u0161s br\u012bdis, kad par\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s Fortran \u2014 kas nebija pirmais augst\u0101k\u0101s l\u012bme\u0146a valoda, bet, iesp\u0113jams, pirmais, kas tika izveidots tik labi, ka to izmantoja daudz\u0101s da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s jom\u0101s, tostarp daudz\u0101s, kas agr\u0101k tika dar\u012btas tikai ma\u0161\u012bnu valod\u0101.<\/p>\n

Viss tas rad\u012bja \u00abfenomenus\u00bb.<\/p>\n

\"Alans<\/p>\n

D\u017eons Makartijs<\/i><\/p>\n

Lisp v\u0113sture ir sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u0101ka, ta\u010du D\u017eons Makkartijs interes\u0113j\u0101s par matem\u0101tisk\u0101s apr\u0113\u0137inu teorijas atra\u0161anas m\u0113\u0123in\u0101jumu un bija ap\u0146\u0113m\u012bbas pilns pan\u0101kt, lai viss darbotos lieliski. Eval funkcija, kas interpret\u0113 Lisp, bez gr\u016bt\u012bb\u0101m var tikt uzdruk\u0101ta uz T-krekl\u0101! Sal\u012bdzin\u0101jum\u0101 ar \"program\u0113\u0161anas sist\u0113mu\" tas ir niec\u012bgi. Kas ir v\u0113l svar\u012bg\u0101k, \u0161ai \"apr\u0113\u0137inu teorijai\" bija sp\u0113c\u012bg\u0101ka koncepcija nek\u0101 Fortran! T\u0101 bija lab\u0101k\u0101 tilta ideja!<\/p>\n

Lisp s\u012bkums \u013cauj visai programm\u0113\u0161anas idejai tikt uztvertai ar p\u0101ris klik\u0161\u0137iem dzi\u013c\u0101k\u0101 l\u012bmen\u012b un tikt p\u0101rdom\u0101tai t\u0101d\u0101 l\u012bmen\u012b, kas \u0161\u0137iet vienk\u0101r\u0161i neiesp\u0113jams, kad tu skaties uz milz\u012bgajiem artefaktiem (tas ir viens no iemesliem, k\u0101p\u0113c zin\u0101tnieki v\u0113las, lai matem\u0101tika b\u016btu kompakta un jaud\u012bga). \u0160eit izmantot\u0101 matem\u0101tika ir jauna, jo pie\u013cauj t\u0101das j\u0113dzienus k\u0101 \"pirms\" un \"p\u0113c\", un tas noved pie \"main\u012bgas lieluma lo\u0123ikas\", kas \u013cauj saglab\u0101t gan funkcion\u0101lo atkar\u012bbu, gan lo\u0123isko dom\u0101\u0161anu, k\u0101 ar\u012b pie\u013caujot laika st\u0101vokli un gaitu. (Tas joproj\u0101m nav saprasts m\u016bsu laik\u0101 ne\u017e\u0113l\u012bgaj\u0101 situat\u012bv\u0101s programm\u0113\u0161anas pasaul\u0113).<\/p>\n

Lisp, darbojoties k\u0101 sp\u0113c\u012bga programm\u0113\u0161anas valoda un meta valoda, kas sp\u0113j prezent\u0113t savu teoriju, ir \u012bsta datorzin\u0101tnes piem\u0113rs. Ja tu to iem\u0101c\u012bsies un citas l\u012bdz\u012bgas lietas, tu var\u0113si dom\u0101t dzi\u013c\u0101k un liel\u0101k\u0101 atbild\u012bb\u0101 b\u016bt par savu likteni, nek\u0101 ja tu vienk\u0101r\u0161i iem\u0101c\u012bsies programm\u0113t Fortran\u0101 vai t\u0101 m\u016bsdienu ekvivalentos (t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di tu var\u0113si pietuvoties programm\u0113t\u0101jiem!).<\/p>\n

Tu uzzin\u0101si daudz vair\u0101k par speci\u0101liem dizaina veidiem, kas nepiecie\u0161ami apr\u0113\u0137inos (piem\u0113ram, parasti netiek nov\u0113rt\u0113ts, kad apr\u0113\u0137ini bie\u017ei prasa iziet \u0101rpus apr\u0113\u0137inu vides: viena no speci\u0101l\u0101m iez\u012bm\u0113m uzkr\u0101taj\u0101m programm\u0101m ir t\u0101, ka t\u0101s nav tikai materi\u0101ls programmai, bet materi\u0101ls pavisam jaunam datoram).<\/p>\n

V\u0113l viens iemesls, k\u0101p\u0113c izv\u0113l\u0113ties Perlisa defin\u012bciju, ir tas, ka kopum\u0101 apr\u0113\u0137ini ir daudz saist\u012bt\u0101ki ar daudzu veidu sist\u0113mu izveidi nek\u0101 ar algoritmiem, \"datu strukt\u016br\u0101m\" vai pat programmat\u016bru k\u0101 t\u0101du. Piem\u0113ram, dators ir sist\u0113ma, apr\u0113\u0137ini ir sist\u0113mas, lok\u0101la t\u012bkla un interneta ir sist\u0113mas, un liel\u0101kajai da\u013cai programmu ir j\u0101b\u016bt lab\u0101k\u0101m sist\u0113m\u0101m nek\u0101 t\u0101s ir (vecais programmat\u016bras izstr\u0101des stils, kas past\u0101v kop\u0161 50. gadiem, ir past\u0101v\u0113jis l\u012bdz br\u012bdim, kad \u0161\u0137iet, ka programm\u0113\u0161anai t\u0101 j\u0101b\u016bt \u2014 nav nekas t\u0101l\u0101k no paties\u012bbas).<\/p>\n

Internets ir labs piem\u0113rs \u2014 at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no liel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca programmu m\u016bsdien\u0101s, internetu nav nepiecie\u0161ams apst\u0101t, lai salabotu vai uzlabotu kaut ko \u2014 tas vair\u0101k atg\u0101dina biolo\u0123isku sist\u0113mu \u2014 k\u0101 m\u0113s to redzam, nevis to, ko liel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca cilv\u0113ku uzskata par apr\u0113\u0137inu sist\u0113mu. Un tas ir daudz m\u0113rogojams un uzticam\u0101ks nek\u0101 gandr\u012bz visas eso\u0161\u0101s programmat\u016bras sist\u0113mas. Par to patie\u0161\u0101m ir v\u0113rts padom\u0101t, pirms m\u0113s m\u0101cam ies\u0101c\u0113jiem programm\u0113\u0161anu ne tik jaud\u012bg\u0101m koncepcij\u0101m!<\/p>\n

T\u0101tad, kas mums j\u0101dara pirmaj\u0101 kurs\u0101 datorsist\u0113m\u0101s, ir \u0146emt v\u0113r\u0101, ko tie\u0161i studenti var dar\u012bt s\u0101kum\u0101, un p\u0113c tam m\u0113\u0123in\u0101t palikt vi\u0146u \u201epaz\u012b\u0161anas slodzes\u201d robe\u017e\u0101s, lai pal\u012bdz\u0113tu vi\u0146iem non\u0101kt pie t\u0101, kas patie\u0161\u0101m ir svar\u012bgi. Ir \u013coti svar\u012bgi \u201epalikt \u012bstiem\u201d un atrast ce\u013cus, kas b\u016btu intelektu\u0101li god\u012bgi un atbilstu tiem, kuri tikai s\u0101k m\u0101c\u012bties. (L\u016bdzu, neapm\u0101ciet sliktiem uzskatiem tikai t\u0101p\u0113c, ka tie \u0161\u0137iet nedaudz vienk\u0101r\u0161\u0101ki \u2014 daudz slikti uzskati paties\u012bb\u0101 ir vienk\u0101r\u0161\u0101ki!).<\/p>\n

Studentiem j\u0101s\u0101k ar kaut ko, kam b\u016btu daudz svar\u012bgu \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbu, par kur\u0101m es \u0161eit run\u0101ju. Tam j\u0101b\u016bt sist\u0113mai no vair\u0101kiem dinamiski mijiedarbojo\u0161iem komponentiem utt. Labs veids, k\u0101 izdom\u0101t, kuru programm\u0113\u0161anas valodu izmantot, ir vienk\u0101r\u0161i izveidot kaut ko, kam ir t\u016bksto\u0161iem mijiedarbojo\u0161u da\u013cu! Ja t\u0101da nav, jums vajadz\u0113tu to atrast. Visvair\u0101k slikt\u0101kais, ko var izdar\u012bt, ir novietot studentus uz p\u0101r\u0101k v\u0101ju ce\u013cu, kas stipri ierobe\u017eotu lielas idejas. Tas vienk\u0101r\u0161i vi\u0146us nogalina - bet m\u0113s v\u0113lamies vi\u0146us audzin\u0101t, nevis nogalin\u0101t.<\/p>\n

GoTo skola<\/h3>\n

\"Alans<\/p>\n