{"id":38687,"date":"2019-10-31T22:25:19","date_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:25:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/mozhno-li-zaprogrammirovat-proizvolnost\/"},"modified":"2019-10-31T22:25:19","modified_gmt":"2019-10-31T19:25:19","slug":"mozhno-li-zaprogrammirovat-proizvolnost","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/news\/mozhno-li-zaprogrammirovat-proizvolnost","title":{"rendered":"Vai ir iesp\u0113jams ieprogramm\u0113t nejau\u0161\u012bbu?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

K\u0101das ir cilv\u0113ka un programmas at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas?<\/h3>\n

\nNeiron t\u012bklu, kas \u0161obr\u012bd veido gandr\u012bz visu m\u0101ksl\u012bg\u0101 intelekta jomu, sp\u0113j \u0146emt v\u0113r\u0101 daudz vair\u0101k faktoru l\u0113mumu pie\u0146em\u0161an\u0101 nek\u0101 cilv\u0113ks, to dara \u0101tr\u0101k un vairum\u0101 gad\u012bjumu prec\u012bz\u0101k. Tom\u0113r programmas darbojas tikai t\u0101, k\u0101 t\u0101s ir ieprogramm\u0113tas vai apm\u0101c\u012btas. T\u0101s var b\u016bt \u013coti sare\u017e\u0123\u012btas, \u0146emt v\u0113r\u0101 daudz faktoru un r\u012bkoties \u013coti main\u012bgi. Ta\u010du t\u0101s joproj\u0101m nesp\u0113j aizst\u0101t cilv\u0113ku l\u0113mumu pie\u0146em\u0161an\u0101. K\u0101 tad cilv\u0113ks at\u0161\u0137iras no \u0161\u0101das programmas? \u0160eit ir tr\u012bs galven\u0101s at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas, no kur\u0101m izriet visas p\u0101r\u0113j\u0101s:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Cilv\u0113kam ir pasaules skat\u012bjums, kas \u013cauj vi\u0146am papildin\u0101t inform\u0101ciju ar datiem, kas nav ieprogramm\u0113ti. Turkl\u0101t pasaules skat\u012bjums ir struktur\u0113ts t\u0101, lai mums b\u016btu jebk\u0101da priek\u0161stava par visu. Pat ja tas ir kaut kas apa\u013c\u0161 un mirdzo\u0161s debes\u012bs (NLO). Parasti \u0161im nol\u016bkam tiek veidotas ontolo\u0123ijas, ta\u010du ontolo\u0123ij\u0101m tr\u016bkst t\u0101das piln\u012bbas, t\u0101s slikti \u0146em v\u0113r\u0101 j\u0113dzienu daudznoz\u012bm\u012bbu un to savstarp\u0113jo ietekmi, un pa\u0161laik t\u0101s piem\u0113ro tikai stingri ierobe\u017eotos tematos.<\/li>\n
  2. Cilv\u0113kam ir lo\u0123ika, kas \u0146em v\u0113r\u0101 \u0161o pasaules skat\u012bjumu, ko m\u0113s saucam par vesel\u012bgu sapr\u0101tu jeb common sense. Jebkuram apgalvojumam ir j\u0113ga, un tas \u0146em v\u0113r\u0101 sl\u0113pt\u0101s nepazi\u0146ot\u0101s zin\u0101\u0161anas. Neskatoties uz to, ka lo\u0123ikas likumiem ir daudz gadsimtus, neviens joproj\u0101m nezina, k\u0101 darbojas parast\u0101, matem\u0101tisk\u0101 lo\u0123ika spriedumiem. M\u0113s b\u016bt\u012bb\u0101 nezin\u0101m, k\u0101 programm\u0113t pat parastus silogizmus. <\/li>\n
  3. Pa\u0161priek\u0161noteico\u0161\u012bba. Programmas nepieder pa\u0161priek\u0161noteico\u0161\u012bbai. Tas, iesp\u0113jams, ir visgr\u016bt\u0101kais no trim at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101m. Ko m\u0113s saucam par pa\u0161priek\u0161noteico\u0161\u012bbu? Iesp\u0113ju veidot jaunu uzved\u012bbu, kas at\u0161\u0137iras no t\u0101, ko m\u0113s dar\u012bj\u0101m iepriek\u0161\u0113j\u0101s l\u012bdz\u012bg\u0101s situ\u0101cij\u0101s, vai veidot uzved\u012bbu jaun\u0101s, iepriek\u0161 neredz\u0113t\u0101s situ\u0101cij\u0101s. T\u0101tad, b\u016bt\u012bb\u0101, tas ir jaunas uzved\u012bbas programmas izveide uz vietas bez izm\u0113\u0123in\u0101jumiem un k\u013c\u016bd\u0101m ar jauno, tostarp iek\u0161\u0113jo, apst\u0101k\u013cu \u0146em\u0161anu v\u0113r\u0101. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    <\/a><\/noindex>
    \nNeizp\u0113t\u012btais joproj\u0101m ir nejau\u0161\u012bbas lauks p\u0113tniekiem. \u0122en\u0113tiskie algoritmi, kas sp\u0113j rad\u012bt jaunu uzved\u012bbas programmu intelektu\u0101lajiem a\u0123entiem, nav risin\u0101jums, jo tie nenodro\u0161ina lo\u0123isku risin\u0101jumu, bet gan tiek rad\u012bti ar \u00abmut\u0101cij\u0101m\u00bb, un risin\u0101jums tiek atrasts \u00abnejau\u0161i\u00bb \u0161o mut\u0101ciju atlases proces\u0101, proti, eksperiment\u0113jot un k\u013c\u016bd\u012bties. Cilv\u0113ks atrod risin\u0101jumu uzreiz, lo\u0123iski to struktur\u0113jot. Cilv\u0113ks pat var izskaidrot, k\u0101p\u0113c izv\u0113l\u0113ts \u0161\u0101ds risin\u0101jums. \u0122en\u0113tiskais algoritms nav racion\u0101ls.<\/p>\n

    Ir zin\u0101ms, ka, jo augst\u0101k dz\u012bvnieks atrodas evol\u016bcijas k\u0101pn\u0113s, jo vair\u0101k var b\u016bt t\u0101 iztur\u0113\u0161an\u0101s neparedzama. Visliel\u0101ko neparedzam\u012bbu izpau\u017e tie\u0161i cilv\u0113ks, jo cilv\u0113kam ir sp\u0113ja \u0146emt v\u0113r\u0101 ne tikai \u0101r\u0113j\u0101s apk\u0101rt\u0113j\u0101s lietas un savas iem\u0101c\u012bt\u0101s prasmes, bet ar\u012b sl\u0113pt\u0101s lietas \u2013 person\u012bg\u0101s motiv\u0101cijas, iepriek\u0161 sniegt\u0101s zi\u0146as, darb\u012bbu rezult\u0101tus l\u012bdz\u012bg\u0101s situ\u0101cij\u0101s. Tas b\u016btiski palielina cilv\u0113ka uzved\u012bbas variabilit\u0101ti, un, manupr\u0101t, \u0161\u012bs ir apzi\u0146as d\u0113\u013c. Bet par to nedaudz v\u0113l\u0101k.<\/p>\n

    Apzi\u0146a un neparedzam\u012bba<\/h3>\n

    \nK\u0101da \u0161eit ir saist\u012bba ar apzi\u0146u? Uzved\u012bbas psiholo\u0123ij\u0101 ir zin\u0101ms, ka ierast\u0101s darb\u012bbas veicam autom\u0101tiski, meh\u0101nisk\u0101 veid\u0101, t\u0101tad bez apzi\u0146as l\u012bdzdal\u012bbas. Tas ir iev\u0113rojams fakts, nor\u0101dot, ka apzi\u0146a ir saist\u012bta ar jaunas uzved\u012bbas rad\u012b\u0161anu, un t\u0101 ir saist\u012bta ar orient\u0113jo\u0161o uzved\u012bbu. Tas ar\u012b noz\u012bm\u0113, ka apzi\u0146a iesl\u0113dzas tie\u0161i tad, kad nepiecie\u0161ams main\u012bt ierasto uzved\u012bbas rakstu, piem\u0113ram, rea\u0123\u0113t uz jauniem piepras\u012bjumiem, \u0146emot v\u0113r\u0101 jaunas iesp\u0113jas. T\u0101pat da\u017ei zin\u0101tnieki, piem\u0113ram, Dokins vai Metzinger, nor\u0101d\u012bju\u0161i, ka apzi\u0146a ir saist\u012bta ar cilv\u0113ku pa\u0161a t\u0113lu, ka pasaules modelis ietver ar\u012b pa\u0161a subjekta modeli. K\u0101 tad izskat\u012btos pati sist\u0113ma, kas sp\u0113tu izr\u0101d\u012bt t\u0101du neparedzam\u012bbu? K\u0101da strukt\u016bra b\u016btu nepiecie\u0161ama, lai t\u0101 var\u0113tu izveidot jaunu uzved\u012bbu, lai risin\u0101tu uzdevumu atbilsto\u0161i jauniem apst\u0101k\u013ciem.<\/p>\n

    Lai to izdar\u012btu, vispirms mums j\u0101atceras un j\u0101preciz\u0113 da\u017ei zin\u0101mi fakti. Vis\u0101m dz\u012bvniekiem, kuriem ir nervu sist\u0113ma, taj\u0101 vai cit\u0101di ir iek\u013cauta vides modeli, kas integr\u0113ta ar to r\u012bc\u012bbas iesp\u0113j\u0101m \u0161aj\u0101 vid\u0113. Tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka t\u0101 nav tikai vides modelis, k\u0101 apgalvo da\u017ei zin\u0101tnieki, bet ar\u012b iesp\u0113jamas uzved\u012bbas modelis noteikt\u0101 situ\u0101cij\u0101. Un vienlaikus t\u0101 ir ar\u012b mode\u013ca paredz\u0113\u0161ana izmai\u0146\u0101m vid\u0113, rea\u0123\u0113jot uz dz\u012bvnieka darb\u012bb\u0101m. To ne vienm\u0113r \u0146em v\u0113r\u0101 kognit\u012bvie zin\u0101tnieki, lai gan tam tie\u0161i nor\u0101da atv\u0113rtie atspogu\u013cot\u0101ji premotora garoz\u0101, k\u0101 ar\u012b p\u0113t\u012bjumi par makaku neironiem, kuru aktiviz\u0101cija notiek, uztverot ban\u0101nu, kur akt\u012bv\u0101 tiek ne tikai ban\u0101na apgabali redzes un temp\u013ca garoz\u0101, bet ar\u012b rokas somatosensoraj\u0101, jo ban\u0101na modelis tie\u0161i saist\u0101s ar roku, jo p\u0113rti\u0137is interes\u0113 tikai tas auglis, ko vi\u0146\u0161 var pa\u0146emt un ap\u0113st. M\u0113s vienk\u0101r\u0161i aizmirstam, ka nervu sist\u0113ma radusies nevis, lai atspogu\u013cotu pasauli dz\u012bvniekiem. Vi\u0146i nav sofisti, vi\u0146i vienk\u0101r\u0161i v\u0113las \u0113st, t\u0101p\u0113c vi\u0146u modelis ir vair\u0101k uzved\u012bbas modelis, nevis vides atspogu\u013cojums.<\/p>\n

    \u0160im modelim jau ir noteikta patva\u013c\u012bbas pak\u0101pe, kas izpau\u017eas uzved\u012bbas variabilit\u0101t\u0113 l\u012bdz\u012bg\u0101s situ\u0101cij\u0101s. Tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka dz\u012bvniekiem ir noteikts r\u012bc\u012bbu arsen\u0101ls, ko vi\u0146i var \u012bstenot atkar\u012bb\u0101 no situ\u0101cijas. Tas var b\u016bt sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u0101ku laika paraugu (nosac\u012bti-refleksu) var\u0113tu b\u016bt nek\u0101 tie\u0161a reakcija uz notikumiem. Bet tom\u0113r tas nav piln\u012bgi patva\u013c\u012bgas uzved\u012bba, kas \u013cauj mums apm\u0101c\u012bt dz\u012bvniekus, bet ne cilv\u0113kus. <\/p>\n

    Un \u0161eit ir svar\u012bgs apst\u0101klis, ko mums j\u0101\u0146em v\u0113r\u0101 \u2013 jo paz\u012bstam\u0101ki apst\u0101k\u013ci satiek, jo maz\u0101k variabils ir uzved\u012bba, jo smadzen\u0113m ir risin\u0101jums. Un tie\u0161i otr\u0101di, jo jaun\u0101ki ir apst\u0101k\u013ci, jo vair\u0101k ir iesp\u0113jamas uzved\u012bbas varianti. Un viss jaut\u0101jums ir to atlases un kombin\u0101cijas zi\u0146\u0101. Dz\u012bvnieki to dara, vienk\u0101r\u0161i izr\u0101dot visu savu r\u012bc\u012bbas arsen\u0101lu, k\u0101 to v\u0113l ran Skinner savos eksperimentos.<\/p>\n

    Nav var teikt, ka izlases uzved\u012bba ir piln\u012bgi jauna, t\u0101 sast\u0101v no iepriek\u0161 apg\u016bt\u0101m uzved\u012bbas sh\u0113m\u0101m. Tas ir to p\u0101rkombin\u0101cija, ko ietekm\u0113 jauni apst\u0101k\u013ci, kas nepiln\u012bgi sakr\u012bt ar tiem apst\u0101k\u013ciem, uz kuriem jau ir izstr\u0101d\u0101ta sh\u0113ma. Un tie\u0161i \u0161aj\u0101 punkt\u0101 at\u0161\u0137iras izlases un meh\u0101nisk\u0101 uzved\u012bba. <\/p>\n

    Izlases model\u0113\u0161ana<\/h3>\n

    \nIzveidojot izlases uzved\u012bbas programmu, kas sp\u0113j \u0146emt v\u0113r\u0101 jaunus apst\u0101k\u013cus, b\u016btu iesp\u0113jams izveidot univers\u0101lo \"visa programma\" (analog\u0101 \"visas teorijai\") vismaz k\u0101dai konkr\u0113tai dom\u0113ns<\/a> uzdevumu. <\/p>\n

    K\u0101 var\u0113tu padar\u012bt vi\u0146u uzved\u012bbu izlases br\u012bv\u0101ku? Mani veikti eksperimenti par\u0101d\u012bja, ka vien\u012bgais veids ir otr\u0101s mode\u013ca esam\u012bba, kas model\u0113 pirmo un var to main\u012bt, proti, r\u012bkoties nevis ar vidi, k\u0101 pirm\u0101, bet ar pirmo modeli, lai to main\u012btu.<\/p>\n

    Pirmais modelis rea\u0123\u0113 uz apst\u0101k\u013ciem vid\u0113. Un, ja aktiviz\u0113t\u0101 sh\u0113ma ir jauna, tiek aktiviz\u0113ts otrais modelis, kas m\u0101c\u012bts mekl\u0113t risin\u0101jumus pirmaj\u0101 model\u012b, atpaz\u012bstot visus iesp\u0113jamos uzved\u012bbas variantus jaunaj\u0101 vid\u0113. Atg\u0101din\u0101\u0161u, ka jaun\u0101 vid\u0113 tiek aktiviz\u0113ts vair\u0101k uzved\u012bbas variantu, t\u0101p\u0113c jaut\u0101jums ir tie\u0161i par to izv\u0113li vai kombin\u0101ciju. Tas notiek t\u0101d\u0113\u013c, ka, at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no paz\u012bstamas vides, atbildot uz jauniem apst\u0101k\u013ciem, tiek aktiviz\u0113ts nevis viens uzved\u012bbas modelis, bet uzreiz vair\u0101ki. <\/p>\n

    Katru reizi, kad smadzenes saskaras ar kaut ko jaunu, tiek veikti nevis viens, bet divi akti \u2013 situ\u0101cijas atpaz\u012b\u0161ana pirmaj\u0101 model\u012b un jau veiktu vai iesp\u0113jamu darb\u012bbu atpaz\u012b\u0161ana otraj\u0101 model\u012b. Un tie\u0161i \u0161aj\u0101 strukt\u016br\u0101 izpau\u017eas daudz iesp\u0113ju, kas ir l\u012bdz\u012bgas apzi\u0146ai.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \u0160\u012b divu akti strukt\u016bra \u013cauj \u0146emt v\u0113r\u0101 ne tikai \u0101r\u0113jos, bet ar\u012b iek\u0161\u0113jos faktorus \u2013 otraj\u0101 model\u012b var tikt ierakst\u012bti un atpaz\u012bti iepriek\u0161\u0113j\u0101s darb\u012bbas rezult\u0101ti, att\u0101lie subjekta mot\u012bvi u.tml. <\/li>\n
    2. \u0160\u0101da sist\u0113ma sp\u0113j veidot jaunu uzved\u012bbu uzreiz, bez ilgas apm\u0101c\u012bbas, ko ierosina vide saska\u0146\u0101 ar evol\u016bcijas teoriju. Piem\u0113ram, otrajam modelim ir iesp\u0113ja p\u0101rvietot risin\u0101jumus no viena pirm\u0101 mode\u013ca apak\u0161mode\u013ca uz cit\u0101m t\u0101 da\u013c\u0101m un daudzas citas metamodeles iesp\u0113jas.<\/li>\n
    3. At\u0161\u0137ir\u012bg\u0101 \u012bpa\u0161\u012bba apzi\u0146as ir sp\u0113ja zin\u0101t par savu r\u012bc\u012bbu vai autobiogr\u0101fisko atmi\u0146u, k\u0101 nor\u0101d\u012bts rakst\u0101 (1). Ieteikt\u0101 divu posmu strukt\u016bra tie\u0161i tam ir \u0161\u012b sp\u0113ja \u2013 otrais modelis var glab\u0101t datus par pirm\u0101 r\u012bc\u012bb\u0101m (neviens modelis nevar glab\u0101t datus par sav\u0101m r\u012bc\u012bb\u0101m, jo tam j\u0101b\u016bt saskan\u012bg\u0101m savu r\u012bc\u012bbu mode\u013ciem, nevis vides reakcij\u0101m). <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \nBet k\u0101 tie\u0161i notiek jauna uzved\u012bbas b\u016bv\u0113\u0161ana divu posmu apzi\u0146as strukt\u016br\u0101? Mums nav ne smadze\u0146u, ne pat ticamas t\u0101s mode\u013ca. M\u0113s s\u0101k\u0101m eksperiment\u0113t ar darb\u012bbas fr\u0101z\u0113m k\u0101 prototipiem mode\u013ciem, kuri atrodas m\u016bsu smadzen\u0113s. Fr\u0101ze ir opciju komplekts darb\u012bbas dal\u012bbniekiem situ\u0101cijas aprakst\u012b\u0161anai, un fr\u0101\u017eu kombin\u0101cija var kalpot, lai aprakst\u012btu sare\u017e\u0123\u012btu uzved\u012bbu. Situ\u0101ciju apraksto\u0161\u0101s fr\u0101zes \u2013 tas ir pirm\u0101 mode\u013ca fr\u0101zes, fr\u0101ze par savu r\u012bc\u012bbu taj\u0101 \u2013 ir otr\u0101 mode\u013ca fr\u0101ze ar personiskaj\u0101m darb\u012bb\u0101m. Mums bie\u017ei t\u0101s ir sajauktas, jo pat viena teikuma\u2014tas ir vair\u0101kas atpaz\u012b\u0161anas un darb\u012bbas (runas akta) aktus. Un pati garu runas izteikumu veido\u0161ana \u2013 ir lab\u0101kais piem\u0113rs patva\u013c\u012bgai uzved\u012bbai. <\/p>\n

      Kad pirm\u0101 mode\u013ca sist\u0113ma atpaz\u012bst jaunu paraugu, uz kuru tai nav ieprogramm\u0113ta atbilde, t\u0101 aicina otro modeli. Otr\u0101 modele sav\u0101c aktiviz\u0113t\u0101s pirm\u0101s fr\u0101zes un mekl\u0113 \u012bs\u0101ko ce\u013cu saist\u012bto fr\u0101\u017eu grafik\u0101, kas vislab\u0101k 'aizv\u0113rs' jaun\u0101s situ\u0101cijas paraugu ar fr\u0101\u017eu kombin\u0101ciju. T\u0101 ir pietiekami sare\u017e\u0123\u012bta oper\u0101cija, un m\u0113s v\u0113l neesam sasniegu\u0161i rezult\u0101tus, kas var\u0113tu pretend\u0113t uz 'visu programmas' titulu, bet pirmie pan\u0101kumi ir iepriecino\u0161i. <\/p>\n

      Eksperiment\u0101lie p\u0113t\u012bjumi par apzi\u0146u, model\u0113jot un sal\u012bdzinot programmat\u016bras risin\u0101jumus ar psiholo\u0123ijas datiem, sniedz interesantu materi\u0101lu turpm\u0101kiem p\u0113t\u012bjumiem un \u013cauj p\u0101rbaud\u012bt da\u017eas gr\u016bti p\u0101rbaud\u0101mas hipot\u0113zes cilv\u0113ku eksperimentu ietvaros. To var saukt par mode\u013cu eksperimetiem. Un tas ir tikai pirmais rezult\u0101ts \u0161aj\u0101 p\u0113t\u012bjumu virzien\u0101. <\/p>\n

      Bibliogr\u0101fija<\/b> <\/p>\n

      1. Divu posmu refleks\u012bv\u0101s apzi\u0146as strukt\u016bra, A. Homjakovs, Academia.edu, 2019<\/a><\/noindex>.
      \n
      Avots:       habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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