{"id":42178,"date":"2019-03-18T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-03-17T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/oshibka-vyzhivshego"},"modified":"2020-02-18T13:45:00","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T10:45:00","slug":"oshibka-vyzhivshego","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/news\/oshibka-vyzhivshego","title":{"rendered":"Izdz\u012bvo\u0161anas k\u013c\u016bda","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00abAizsardz\u012bba\u00bb \u2014 laba birka slikt\u0101m liet\u0101m.
\nMiltons Fridmans \u00abBr\u012bv\u012bba izv\u0113l\u0113ties\u00bb<\/i><\/p>\n

\u0160is teksts ir izveidots, analiz\u0113jot da\u017eu koment\u0101ru pie rakstiem. \u00abLike k\u013c\u016bdas\u00bb<\/a><\/noindex> un \u00abEkonomika un cilv\u0113kties\u012bbas\u00bb<\/a><\/noindex>. <\/p>\n

Interpret\u0113jot datus un izdarot secin\u0101jumus, da\u017ei koment\u0113t\u0101ji pie\u013c\u0101va tipisku \u00abizdz\u012bvot\u0101ja k\u013c\u016bdu\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Kas ir \u00absist\u0113miska izdz\u012bvot\u0101ja k\u013c\u016bda\u00bb? Tas ir zin\u0101mo \u0146em\u0161ana v\u0113r\u0101 un nezin\u0101m\u0101, bet eso\u0161\u0101, ignor\u0113\u0161ana<\/b>.<\/p>\n

Piem\u0113rs \u00abizmaks\u0101m\u00bb par izdz\u012bvot\u0101ja k\u013c\u016bdu un veiksm\u012bgas \u0161\u012bs k\u013c\u016bdas p\u0101rvar\u0113\u0161anas piem\u0113rs ir Ung\u0101rijas matem\u0101ti\u0137a Abrahama Valda darbs, kur\u0161 str\u0101d\u0101ja amerik\u0101\u0146u armijai Otr\u0101 pasaules kara laik\u0101.<\/p>\n

Augst\u0101k\u0101 vad\u012bba uzdeva Valdam uzdevumu analiz\u0113t caurumus, ko izdar\u012bja lodes un \u0161rapneles amerik\u0101\u0146u lidma\u0161\u012bn\u0101s, un ieteikt veidu, k\u0101 aizsarg\u0101t lidot\u0101jus un lidma\u0161\u012bnas, lai tie neciestu. <\/p>\n

Piln\u012bgu bru\u0146ojumu izmantot nebija iesp\u0113jams \u2014 lidma\u0161\u012bna k\u013cuva p\u0101r\u0101k smaga. T\u0101 viet\u0101 vajadz\u0113ja vai nu aizsarg\u0101t t\u0101s vietas, kur bija boj\u0101jumi, kur nok\u013cuva lodes, vai nu t\u0101s vietas, kur boj\u0101jumu nebija. Valda pretinieki pied\u0101v\u0101ja aizsarg\u0101t boj\u0101t\u0101s vietas (att\u0113l\u0101 t\u0101s iez\u012bm\u0113tas ar sarkan\u0101m punktiem).<\/p>\n

\"Izdz\u012bvo\u0161anas
\n<\/a><\/noindex>
\nValds iebilda. Vi\u0146\u0161 teica, ka lidma\u0161\u012bnas ar \u0161\u0101diem boj\u0101jumiem sp\u0113ja atgriezties, kam\u0113r lidma\u0161\u012bnas ar boj\u0101jumiem cit\u0101s viet\u0101s atgriezties nevar\u0113ja. Valda viedoklis uzvar\u0113ja. Lidma\u0161\u012bnas tika aizsarg\u0101tas tur, kur atgriezu\u0161\u0101s lidma\u0161\u012bn\u0101s boj\u0101jumu nebija. Rezult\u0101t\u0101 izdz\u012bvoju\u0161o lidma\u0161\u012bnu skaits iev\u0113rojami palielin\u0101j\u0101s. Saska\u0146\u0101 ar da\u017eiem datiem, Valds \u0161\u0101d\u0101 veid\u0101 izgl\u0101ba aptuveni 30% amerik\u0101\u0146u pilotu dz\u012bv\u012bbas. (Es varu k\u013c\u016bd\u012bties skait\u0101, bet efekts bija \u013coti noz\u012bm\u012bgs. Valds izgl\u0101ba simtiem dz\u012bv\u012bbu).<\/p>\n

V\u0113l viens \u00abizdz\u012bvot\u0101ja k\u013c\u016bdas\u00bb piem\u0113rs ir Cicerona st\u0101sts par Diagoru Melosie\u0161u v\u0101rdiem, kur\u0161, rea\u0123\u0113jot uz argumentu par zv\u0113restu dieviem, jo ir daudz \u00abatt\u0113lu par cilv\u0113ku izgl\u0101b\u0161anu, kuri non\u0101ku\u0161i v\u0113tr\u0101 un devu\u0161i zv\u0113restus dieviem veikt k\u0101du sol\u012bjumu\u00bb, atbild\u0113ja, ka \u00abtom\u0113r tr\u016bkst jebk\u0101du att\u0113lu par tiem, kuri g\u0101ju\u0161i boj\u0101 j\u016bras katastrofu d\u0113\u013c\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Un pirm\u0101 \u00abizdz\u012bvot\u0101ja k\u013c\u016bda\u00bb koment\u0101ros pie raksta \u00abLike k\u013c\u016bdas\u00bb<\/a><\/noindex> sast\u0101v no t\u0101, ka m\u0113s nezin\u0101m, cik daudz labu, noder\u012bgu, \u0123eni\u0101lu ideju, darbu, izgudrojumu, zin\u0101tnisku darbu ir apglab\u0101ti da\u017e\u0101do \u00abnepatiku\u00bb, \u00abignor\u0113\u0161anu\u00bb un \u00abaizliegumiem\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Cit\u0113\u0161u Kunga formul\u0113jumu @S-e-n<\/a><\/noindex>: \u00abNeviens nezina, cik daudz labu ideju ir izsists, nepublic\u0113ts, neizstr\u0101d\u0101ts bail\u0113s no aizlieguma. Cik daudz bija m\u0113\u0123in\u0101jumu, klusi beigu\u0161os ar autora aizliegumu \u2014 ar\u012b. Tas, kas \u0161obr\u012bd redzams \u2014 cik daudz veiksm\u012bgu ideju ir atz\u012btas uzreiz vai ar kav\u0113\u0161anos, cik daudz neveiksm\u012bgu nav atz\u012btas. Ja balst\u0101mies tikai uz to, kas redzams \u2014 tad j\u0101, viss ir k\u0101rt\u012bb\u0101.\u00bb<\/b><\/p>\n

Tas attiecas uz jebkuru reitingu sist\u0113mu, kas balst\u012bta uz vair\u0101kuma v\u0113lm\u0113m. Neatkar\u012bgi no t\u0101, vai t\u0101 ir zin\u0101tne, soci\u0101lie t\u012bkli, mekl\u0113t\u0101jprogrammas, prim\u012bvas ciltis, reli\u0123iskas grupas vai citas cilv\u0113ku kopienas.<\/p>\n

Ne vienm\u0113r \u00abaizliegums\u00bb un \u00abnepatika\u00bb rodas no \u00ab\u013cauna nodoma\u00bb. Reakcija uz kaut ko jaunu un neparastu ir rut\u012bna fiziolo\u0123iska un psiholo\u0123iska reakcija, ko sauc par mod\u012bgu terminu \u00abkognit\u012bvais disonanss\u00bb \u2014 tas ir vienk\u0101r\u0161i Homo Sapiens sugas \u012bpatn\u012bba, nevis k\u0101das konkr\u0113tas grupas \u012bpa\u0161\u012bba. Bet stimuli katrai grupai var b\u016bt savi. Un jo \u00abjaun\u0101ks\u00bb un \u00abneparast\u0101ks\u00bb, jo sp\u0113c\u012bg\u0101ka ir sa\u0161utums, stipr\u0101ka ir disonanse. Un ir \u013coti labi j\u0101p\u0101rvalda sava psihika, lai neuzbruktu \u00abmieru trauc\u0113t\u0101jam\u00bb. Kas, tom\u0113r, nek\u0101du m\u0113r\u0137i neattaisno agresoram. \u00abMiera trauc\u0113t\u0101js\u00bb tikai \u00absa\u0161utina\u00bb, kam\u0113r agresora r\u012bc\u012bba ir v\u0113rsta uz izn\u012bcin\u0101\u0161anu.<\/p>\n

Izdz\u012bvo\u0161anas k\u013c\u016bda sastopama ar\u012b koment\u0101ros pie raksta \u00abEkonomika un cilv\u0113kties\u012bbas\u00bb<\/a><\/noindex>. Un t\u0101 attiecas uz z\u0101\u013cu sertifik\u0101ciju.<\/p>\n

Nedaudz zem\u0101k es iek\u013cau\u0161u lielu cit\u0101tu no gr\u0101matas \"Br\u012bv\u012bba izv\u0113l\u0113ties\" Nobela pr\u0113mijas ieguv\u0113ja ekonomik\u0101 Miltona Fridmena, bet pagaid\u0101m tikai atz\u012bm\u0113\u0161u, ka milz\u012bgs skaits kl\u012bnisko p\u0113t\u012bjumu, sertifik\u0101tu un citu t\u0101du materi\u0101lu neuzrun\u0101 visus cilv\u0113kus, lai veiktu vakcin\u0101ciju, lietotu noteikt\u0101s antibiotikas un hormonus. Proti, licenc\u0113\u0161ana un sertific\u0113\u0161ana \u0161aj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 \"nefunkcion\u0113\". Taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101 ir diezgan daudz cilv\u0113ku, kuri lieto uztura bag\u0101tin\u0101t\u0101jus vai homeop\u0101tiju, kuras nav pak\u013cautas (maigi sakot) tik nopietnam kontrol\u0113, k\u0101 z\u0101les. Ir daudz cilv\u0113ku, kuri dod priek\u0161roku v\u0113rsties pie z\u0101l\u012b\u0161u speci\u0101listiem un tradicion\u0101lajiem dziedniekiem, nevis doties pie \u0101rsta un lietot \"\u0137\u012bmiju\", kurai ir licences, sertifik\u0101ti un kura ir izg\u0101jusi neskait\u0101mus kontroli un p\u0113t\u012bjumus.<\/p>\n

\u0160\u0101da risin\u0101juma cena var b\u016bt neticami augsta \u2014 no invalidit\u0101tes l\u012bdz n\u0101vei. \u0100trai n\u0101vei. Laiks, ko pacients pavada, \u0101rst\u0113joties ar uztura bag\u0101tin\u0101t\u0101jiem, ignor\u0113jot \u0137\u012bmiju un \u0101rsta apmekl\u0113jumu, ir iz\u0161\u0137\u0113rd\u0113ta iesp\u0113ja \u0101tri iz\u0101rst\u0113t slim\u012bbu agr\u012bnaj\u0101 stadij\u0101, t.s. \"gai\u0161aj\u0101 interv\u0101l\u0101\". <\/p>\n

Svar\u012bgi saprast, ka pirms z\u0101\u013cu nos\u016bt\u012b\u0161anas uz \"sertifik\u0101ciju\" farm\u0101cijas uz\u0146\u0113mums veic daudzas savas p\u0101rbaudes un kontroli, tostarp cilv\u0113ku izm\u0113\u0123in\u0101jumos. <\/p>\n

Sertific\u0113\u0161ana tikai dubl\u0113 \u0161o proced\u016bru. Un katr\u0101 valst\u012b viss atk\u0101rtojas, kas gal gal\u0101 palielina z\u0101\u013cu izmaksas pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101jam. <\/p>\n

\"Izdz\u012bvo\u0161anas
\n
\nTas bija neliels atk\u0101pe no t\u0113mas. Tagad, stipri sa\u012bsinot, cit\u0113ju Miltonu Fridmenu. <\/p>\n

\u00abLai organiz\u0113tu kop\u012bgu savstarp\u0113ji izdev\u012bgu darb\u012bbu cilv\u0113ku starp\u0101, nav vajadz\u012bga \u0101r\u0113ju sp\u0113ku iejauk\u0161an\u0101s, piespie\u0161ana vai br\u012bv\u012bbas ierobe\u017eo\u0161ana\u2026<\/b> Pa\u0161laik ir uzkr\u0101ti b\u016btiski pier\u0101d\u012bjumi tam, ka Regulat\u012bv\u0101s darb\u012bbas p\u0101rvalde (FDA) ir kait\u012bga, ka t\u0101 ir nodar\u012bjusi vair\u0101k \u013cauna, kav\u0113jot progresu noder\u012bgu z\u0101\u013cu ra\u017eo\u0161an\u0101 un izplat\u012b\u0161an\u0101, nek\u0101 laba, aizsarg\u0101jot tirgu no kait\u012bg\u0101m un neefekt\u012bv\u0101m z\u0101l\u0113m.
\nASV kvalit\u0101tes nodro\u0161in\u0101\u0161anas p\u0101rvaldes (FDA) ietekme uz jaunu z\u0101\u013cu ievie\u0161anas tempu ir \u013coti noz\u012bm\u012bga... pa\u0161laik ir vajadz\u012bgs iev\u0113rojami vair\u0101k laika, lai ieg\u016btu jaunu z\u0101\u013cu apstiprin\u0101jumu, un da\u013c\u0113ji t\u0101p\u0113c jaunu prepar\u0101tu izstr\u0101des izmaksas ir k\u013cuvu\u0161as iev\u0113rojami augst\u0101kas... jauna produkta ievie\u0161anai tirg\u016b ir nepiecie\u0161ams se\u0161desmit \u010detri miljoni dol\u0101ru un apm\u0113ram asto\u0146i gadi, tas ir, ir notikusi desmitk\u0101rt\u012bga izmaksu pieaugums un \u010detras reizes ilg\u0101ks laika pat\u0113ri\u0146\u0161 sal\u012bdzin\u0101jum\u0101 ar visp\u0101r\u0113jo divk\u0101r\u0161o cenu pieaugumu. Rezult\u0101t\u0101 ASV farm\u0101cijas komp\u0101nijas vairs nesp\u0113j izstr\u0101d\u0101t jaunus prepar\u0101tus retu slim\u012bbu \u0101rst\u0113\u0161anai. Turkl\u0101t m\u0113s pat nevaram piln\u012bb\u0101 izmantot \u0101rvalstu sasniegumus, jo P\u0101rvalde nepie\u0146em \u0101rvalstu pier\u0101d\u012bjumus k\u0101 z\u0101\u013cu efektivit\u0101tes pier\u0101d\u012bjumus.<\/p>\n

Ja izp\u0113t\u012bsiet terapeitisko noz\u012bmi z\u0101l\u0113m, kas nav pieejamas ASV, bet ir pieejamas, piem\u0113ram, Anglij\u0101, j\u016bs sastapsieties ar daudz\u0101m situ\u0101cij\u0101m, kad pacienti cietu\u0161i d\u0113\u013c z\u0101\u013cu tr\u016bkuma. Piem\u0113ram, ir z\u0101les, ko d\u0113v\u0113 par beta blokatoriem, un t\u0101s var nov\u0113rst n\u0101vi no sirdsl\u0113kmes - sekund\u0101ru n\u0101ves nov\u0113r\u0161anu no miokarda infarkta - ja \u0161\u012bs z\u0101les b\u016btu pieejamas ASV, t\u0101s var\u0113tu gl\u0101bt aptuveni desmit t\u016bksto\u0161us dz\u012bv\u012bbu gad\u0101.<\/b>\u2026<\/p>\n

Netie\u0161\u0101 ietekme uz pacientu ir t\u0101da, ka terapeitiskie l\u0113mumi, kas agr\u0101k bija \u0101rsta un pacienta zi\u0146\u0101, aizvien vair\u0101k tiek pie\u0146emti valsts l\u012bmen\u012b ekspertu komitej\u0101s. FDA galven\u0101 priorit\u0101te ir riska nov\u0113r\u0161ana, k\u0101 rezult\u0101t\u0101 mums ir dro\u0161\u0101kas z\u0101les, bet nav efekt\u012bv\u0101kas.<\/b>. <\/p>\n

Nav nejau\u0161\u012bba, ka FDA, neskatoties uz lab\u0101kaj\u0101m nodom\u0101m, ar sav\u0101m darb\u012bb\u0101m pavairo z\u0101\u013cu izstr\u0101des un tirgo\u0161anas nev\u0113l\u0113\u0161anos jaunu un potenci\u0101li noder\u012bgu z\u0101\u013cu izstr\u0101d\u0113 un ievie\u0161an\u0101.<\/p>\n

Iedom\u0101jieties sevi FDA amatpersonas viet\u0101, kas atbild par jauna prepar\u0101ta apstiprin\u0101\u0161anu vai noraid\u012b\u0161anu. J\u016bs varat pie\u013caut divas k\u013c\u016bdas:<\/p>\n

1. Apstiprin\u0101t z\u0101les<\/b>, radot negaid\u012btu blakuspar\u0101d\u012bbu, kas noved pie n\u0101ves vai nopietna vesel\u012bbas st\u0101vok\u013ca pasliktin\u0101\u0161an\u0101s lielam cilv\u0113ku skaitam. <\/p>\n

2. Atdot z\u0101\u013cu apstiprin\u0101\u0161anu<\/b>, kas var\u0113tu izgl\u0101bt daudzu cilv\u0113ku dz\u012bv\u012bbas vai atvieglot milz\u012bgas cie\u0161anas un tam nav nelabv\u0113l\u012bgu blakuspar\u0101d\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

Ja j\u016bs pie\u013causiet pirmo k\u013c\u016bdu un apstiprin\u0101siet, j\u016bsu v\u0101rds par\u0101d\u012bsies pirmaj\u0101s visu av\u012b\u017eu lap\u0101s. J\u016bs non\u0101ksiet smag\u0101 nepatik\u0161an\u0101s. Ja j\u016bs pie\u013causiet otro k\u013c\u016bdu, kas par to uzzin\u0101s? Farm\u0101cijas uz\u0146\u0113mums, kas virza jaunu medikamentu, ko var norakst\u012bt k\u0101 alkat\u012bgu uz\u0146\u0113m\u0113ju paraugu ar akmens sirdi? Da\u017ei dusmojo\u0161i \u0137\u012bmi\u0137i un \u0101rsti, kas nodarbojas ar jaun\u0101 prepar\u0101ta izstr\u0101di un test\u0113\u0161anu?<\/p>\n

Pacienti, kuru dz\u012bv\u012bbas var\u0113tu izgl\u0101bt, vairs nesp\u0113s izteikt savu protestu. Vi\u0146u \u0123imenes pat neuzzin\u0101s, ka d\u0101rgi vi\u0146iem cilv\u0113ki zaud\u0113ju\u0161i dz\u012bv\u012bbu 'piesardz\u012bbas' d\u0113\u013c nezin\u0101ma birokr\u0101ta no P\u0101rtikas un z\u0101\u013cu p\u0101rvaldes.<\/p>\n

Pat ar vislab\u0101kajiem nodomiem j\u016bs negribot aizliegt daudzas labas z\u0101les vai atlikt to apstiprin\u0101\u0161anu, lai izvair\u012btos no pat att\u0101las iesp\u0113jas laist tirg\u016b medikamentu, kam var\u0113tu b\u016bt blakuspar\u0101d\u012bba av\u012b\u017eu jucekl\u012b...
\nKait\u0113jums, ko rada P\u0101rtikas un z\u0101\u013cu p\u0101rvaldes darb\u012bba, nav atkar\u012bgs no cilv\u0113ku tr\u016bkuma, kas ie\u0146em atbild\u012bgas poz\u012bcijas. Daudzi no vi\u0146iem ir sp\u0113j\u012bgi un uzticami valsts ier\u0113d\u0146i. Tom\u0113r soci\u0101lais, politiskais un ekonomiskais spiediens nosaka cilv\u0113ku r\u012bc\u012bbu, kas atbild par vald\u012bbas a\u0123ent\u016bras darb\u012bbu, daudz vair\u0101k nek\u0101 vi\u0146i pa\u0161i nosaka t\u0101s r\u012bc\u012bbu. Bez \u0161aub\u0101m, ir iz\u0146\u0113mumi, bet tie ir gandr\u012bz tikpat reti k\u0101 su\u0146i, kas rejas. Cit\u0101ta beigas.<\/p>\n

T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di 'izdz\u012bvoju\u0161\u0101 k\u013c\u016bda' regul\u0113jo\u0161\u0101 iest\u0101des darba efektivit\u0101tes nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161an\u0101 'izmaks\u0101' cilv\u0113cei 10000 dz\u012bv\u012bbu gad\u0101 tikai par vienu medikamentu vien\u0101 valst\u012b. Visu neredzamo da\u013cu no \u0161\u012b 'ledus kalna' nov\u0113rt\u0113t ir gr\u016bti. Un varb\u016bt ar\u012b baisi.<\/p>\n

\u201ePacienti, kuru dz\u012bv\u012bbas var\u0113ja gl\u0101bt, vairs nevar\u0113s izteikt savu protestu. Vi\u0146u \u0123imenes pat neuzzin\u0101s, ka d\u0101rgie vi\u0146iem cilv\u0113ki zaud\u0113ju\u0161i dz\u012bv\u012bbu nezin\u0101ma ier\u0113d\u0146a \u201enopietn\u012bbas\u201d d\u0113\u013c.\u201d<\/b>Neviens neuzman\u012bgs ra\u017eot\u0101js nav rad\u012bjis tik lielu kait\u0113jumu saviem pilso\u0146iem.<\/p>\n

\"Izdz\u012bvo\u0161anas
\n
\nTurkl\u0101t sertifik\u0101cijas pakalpojums ir diezgan d\u0101rgs nodok\u013cu maks\u0101t\u0101jiem. T.i., visiem iedz\u012bvot\u0101jiem. Saska\u0146\u0101 ar Miltona Fr\u012bdmena apr\u0113\u0137iniem, da\u013ca no \u201eizsistaj\u0101m\u201d summ\u0101m, ko t\u0113r\u0113 ier\u0113d\u0146i, kas regul\u0113 da\u017e\u0101das soci\u0101l\u0101s programmas ASV, ir apm\u0113ram puse no vis\u0101m summ\u0101m, kas novirz\u012btas da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m soci\u0101laj\u0101m maks\u0101m. \u0160\u012b puse tiek t\u0113r\u0113ta uz algu un citiem izdevumiem, ko sa\u0146em soci\u0101l\u0101s sadales-regul\u0113jo\u0161\u0101s sist\u0113mas ier\u0113d\u0146i. Jebkura uz\u0146\u0113muma jau sen b\u016btu bankrot\u0113jusi ar \u0161\u0101d\u0101m neefekt\u012bv\u0101m uzskaites izmaks\u0101m.<\/p>\n

Tas ir t\u0101pat k\u0101 maks\u0101t oficiantam par sliktu apkalpo\u0161anu restor\u0101n\u0101 dzeramnaudu, kas ir l\u012bdzv\u0113rt\u012bga vakari\u0146u cena. Vai maks\u0101t par produktu iepako\u0161anu lielveikal\u0101 piln\u0101 apm\u0113r\u0101 tikai par to, ka jums tos iepakos maisi\u0146os.<\/p>\n

Ier\u0113d\u0146a kl\u0101tb\u016btne ra\u017eot\u0101ju-pre\u010du-pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101ju vai pakalpojumu-pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101ju \u0137\u0113d\u0113 dubulto jebkura produkta un pakalpojuma izmaksas. T.i., par viena cilv\u0113ka algu var\u0113tu ieg\u0101d\u0101ties divas reizes vair\u0101k pre\u010du un pakalpojumu, ja \u0161os produktus un pakalpojumus nekontrol\u0113tu ier\u0113dnis.
\nK\u0101 saka tiesnesis Luiss Brandeiss: \u201ePieredze m\u0101ca, ka br\u012bv\u012bba jo \u012bpa\u0161i nepiecie\u0161ama aizsardz\u012bba, kad vald\u012bba tiecas uz labdar\u012bbas m\u0113r\u0137iem.\u201d<\/p>\n

Licenc\u0113\u0161ana, t\u0101pat k\u0101 citi ierobe\u017eojo\u0161i regul\u0113\u0161anas veidi (ekonomikas depresija), nav nekas jauns un zin\u0101mi kop\u0161 viduslaikiem. Visas \u0161\u0137irnes \u0123ildes, k\u0101sti, sl\u0101\u0146i \u2014 tas nav nekas cits k\u0101 licenc\u0113\u0161ana un sertifik\u0101cija, m\u016bsdienu valod\u0101. Un to m\u0113r\u0137is vienm\u0113r ir bijis viens \u2014 ierobe\u017eot konkurenci, paaugstin\u0101t cenas, palielin\u0101t \u201esavu\u201d ien\u0101kumus un nepie\u013caut \u201esve\u0161us\u201d. T.i., t\u0101 pati diskrimin\u0101cija un vienk\u0101r\u0161s kartelis, kas pasliktina kvalit\u0101ti un paaugstina cenas pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101jiem. <\/p>\n

Varb\u016bt ir nepiecie\u0161ams k\u0101d\u0101 veid\u0101 izk\u013c\u016bt no viduslaiku laikmeta? Tagad ir 21. gadsimts.<\/p>\n

Negad\u012bjumi uz ce\u013ciem notiek, ja to veic ties\u012bbu un licenc\u0113tu vad\u012bt\u0101ju rok\u0101s. Medic\u012bnas k\u013c\u016bdas pie\u013cauj diplom\u0113ti un licenc\u0113ti \u0101rsti. Licenc\u0113ti un diplom\u0113ti skolot\u0101ji slikti m\u0101ca un nodara psiholo\u0123iskus traumas saviem skol\u0113niem. Taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101, dziednieki, homeop\u0101ti, \u0161ama\u0146i un kr\u0101pnieki lieliski iztiek bez licenc\u0113m un eks\u0101meniem, un vi\u0146i izcili uzplaukst, veicot savu darbu un apmierinot iedz\u012bvot\u0101ju piepras\u012bjumu. <\/p>\n

Taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101 milzu skaits ier\u0113d\u0146u, kas dz\u012bvo no vis\u0101m \u0161\u012bm licenc\u0113m un at\u013cauj\u0101m, nenodro\u0161ina nek\u0101dus noder\u012bgus produktus vai pakalpojumus iedz\u012bvot\u0101jiem, bet gan ir k\u0101d\u0101 veid\u0101 ieguvu\u0161i ties\u012bbas izlemt par pilso\u0146u \u0101rst\u0113\u0161anu un m\u0101c\u012bb\u0101m ar vi\u0146u pa\u0161u nodok\u013ciem.<\/b>.<\/p>\n

Paliek tikai br\u012bn\u012bties, ka, neskatoties uz ier\u0113d\u0146u ierobe\u017eojo\u0161o darb\u012bbu, farm\u0101cijas uz\u0146\u0113mumiem tom\u0113r izdev\u0101s 20. gadsimt\u0101 re\u0123istr\u0113t neskait\u0101mus medikamentus, kas izgl\u0101ba miljonus dz\u012bv\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

Un paliek tikai \u0161ausmin\u0101ties par to, cik daudz z\u0101\u013cu netika izstr\u0101d\u0101tas, netika re\u0123istr\u0113tas un tika atz\u012btas par ekonomiski neperspekt\u012bv\u0101m to augsto izmaksu un gar\u0101 at\u013cauju procesa d\u0113\u013c. \u0160ausmin\u0101ties par to, cik daudzi cilv\u0113ki maks\u0101ja ar sav\u0101m dz\u012bv\u012bb\u0101m un vesel\u012bbu par ier\u0113d\u0146u ierobe\u017eojo\u0161o darb\u012bbu rezult\u0101tiem.<\/p>\n

Taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101 milz\u012bgais skaits licenc\u0113jo\u0161o, kontrol\u0113jo\u0161o, uzraugo\u0161o un sodino\u0161o ier\u0113d\u0146u un iest\u0101\u017eu nemaz nesamazina kr\u0101pnieku, tautas l\u012bdzek\u013cu, visda\u017e\u0101d\u0101ko panaceju un br\u012bnumtable\u0161u skaitu. Da\u013ca no t\u0101m tiek laistas tirg\u016b k\u0101 biolo\u0123iski akt\u012bvas piedevas, da\u013ca tiek izplat\u012bta apejot jebk\u0101das aptiekas, veikalus un iest\u0101des. <\/p>\n

Vai ir j\u0101turpina uzst\u0101t uz k\u013c\u016bdain\u0101 licenc\u0113\u0161anas un regul\u0113\u0161anas ce\u013ca?<\/b> Es dom\u0101ju, ka n\u0113.<\/p>\n

Ja god\u0101jam\u0101 las\u012bt\u0101ja pr\u0101ts, kur\u0161 ir izlas\u012bjis rakstu l\u012bdz galam, v\u0113l nav izsists no l\u012bdzsvara, tad es gribu ieteikt \u010detru gr\u0101matu las\u012b\u0161anu, kas rakst\u012btas \u013coti vienk\u0101r\u0161\u0101 valod\u0101 un apg\u0101\u017e daudzas m\u012btus par kapit\u0101lismu, izdz\u012bvo\u0161anas k\u013c\u016bd\u0101m, ekonomiku un valsts kontroli. \u0160\u012bs ir \u0161\u012bs gr\u0101matas: Milton Friedman<\/b> \u201eBr\u012bv\u012bba izv\u0113l\u0113ties,\u201d Ayn Rand<\/b> \u201eKapit\u0101lisms. Nepaz\u012bstams ide\u0101ls,\u201d Steven Levitt<\/b> \u201eFreakonomics,\u201d Malcolm Gladwell<\/b> \u201eG\u0113ni un izn\u0101kumi,\u201d Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Bastiat<\/b> \u201eKo redz un ko neredz.\u201d
\nUn te ir<\/a><\/noindex> Ieg\u016bta v\u0113l viena raksts par 'izdz\u012bvoju\u0161\u0101 k\u013c\u016bdu'.<\/p>\n

Ilustr\u0101cijas<\/b>: McGeddon<\/a><\/noindex>, Sergejs Elkins<\/a><\/noindex>, Akrolesta<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

P.S.<\/b> Cien\u012bjamie las\u012bt\u0101ji, l\u016bdzu, atcerieties, ka 'diskusijas stils ir svar\u012bg\u0101ks par diskusijas priek\u0161metu. Priek\u0161meti main\u0101s, bet stils veido civiliz\u0101ciju.' (Grigorijs Pomeran\u010ds). Ja es neesmu atbild\u0113jis uz j\u016bsu koment\u0101ru, tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka ar j\u016bsu diskusijas stilu kaut kas nav k\u0101rt\u012bb\u0101.<\/p>\n

Pielikums.<\/b>
\nAtvainojos visiem, kas ir rakst\u012bju\u0161i j\u0113gpilnus koment\u0101rus, bet es neesmu atbild\u0113jis. Probl\u0113ma ir t\u0101da, ka da\u017ei lietot\u0101ji ir s\u0101ku\u0161i minus\u0113t manus koment\u0101rus. Katru. Tikl\u012bdz tie par\u0101d\u0101s. Tas trauc\u0113 man sav\u0101kt 'uzl\u0101di' un pie\u0161\u0137irt plusu karm\u0101 un par atbild\u0113m tiem, kas raksta j\u0113gpilnus koment\u0101rus.
\nBet, ja tom\u0113r v\u0113laties sa\u0146emt atbildi un diskut\u0113t par rakstu, varat man rakst\u012bt person\u012bgu zi\u0146u. Es uz t\u0101m atbildu.<\/p>\n

Pielikums 2.<\/b>
\n'Izdz\u012bvoju\u0161\u0101 k\u013c\u016bda' \u0161\u012b raksta piem\u0113r\u0101.
\nRaksta rakst\u012b\u0161anas br\u012bd\u012b tai ir 33,9 t\u016bksto\u0161i skat\u012bjumu un 141 koment\u0101rs.
\nPie\u0146emsim, ka liel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca no tiem ir negat\u012bvi attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz rakstu.
\nT.i., rakstu ir izlas\u012bju\u0161i 33900 cilv\u0113ki. 100 no tiem ir to nosod\u012bju\u0161i. 339 reizes maz\u0101k.
\nT.i., ja \u013coti rupji un ar pie\u0146\u0113mumiem noapa\u013cojot, tad autoram nav datu par 33800 las\u012bt\u0101ju viedok\u013ciem, bet ir dati tikai par 100 las\u012bt\u0101ju viedok\u013ciem (paties\u012bb\u0101 v\u0113l maz\u0101k, jo da\u013ca las\u012bt\u0101ju atst\u0101j vair\u0101kus koment\u0101rus).
\nUn ko dara autors, t.i., es, lasot koment\u0101rus? Veicu tipisku 'izdz\u012bvoju\u0161\u0101 k\u013c\u016bdu'. Es analiz\u0113ju tikai simts 'm\u012bnusus', piln\u012bb\u0101 (psiholo\u0123iski) ignor\u0113jot faktu, ka tas ir tikai 0,3% viedok\u013cu. Un, pamatojoties uz \u0161iem 0,3%, kas ir statistisk\u0101s k\u013c\u016bdas robe\u017e\u0101s, secinu, ka raksts nepatika. Es saskaros ar vil\u0161anos, neskatoties uz to, ka lo\u0123iski, nevis emocion\u0101li, tam nav nek\u0101du iemeslu.
\nT\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di 'izdz\u012bvoju\u0161\u0101 k\u013c\u016bda' atrodas ne tikai matem\u0101tik\u0101, bet, iesp\u0113jams, ar\u012b psiholo\u0123ij\u0101 un neirofiziolo\u0123ij\u0101, kas padara t\u0101s atkl\u0101\u0161anu un kori\u0123\u0113\u0161anu par diezgan 's\u0101p\u012bgu uzdevumu' cilv\u0113ka smadzen\u0113m.<\/p>\n

Pielikums 3.<\/b>
\nLai gan tas izn\u0101k \u0101rpus \u0161\u012b raksta, ta\u010du, \u0146emot v\u0113r\u0101, ka koment\u0101ros akt\u012bvi tiek apspriests jaut\u0101jums par z\u0101\u013cu kvalit\u0101tes kontroli, t\u0101p\u0113c atbildu uzreiz visiem.
\nAlternat\u012bva valsts kontrolei var\u0113tu b\u016bt priv\u0101tu ekspertu laboratoriju izveide, kas p\u0101rbaud\u012bs z\u0101\u013cu kvalit\u0101ti, sacen\u0161oties sav\u0101 starp\u0101. (Un t\u0101das laboratorijas, sabiedr\u012bbas, asoci\u0101cijas un instit\u016bti pasaul\u0113 jau past\u0101v).
\nKo tas dos? Pirmk\u0101rt, tiks nov\u0113rsta korupcija, jo vienm\u0113r b\u016bs iesp\u0113ja p\u0101rbaud\u012bt un apg\u0101zt korump\u0113tas ekspert\u012bzes datus. Otrk\u0101rt, tas b\u016bs \u0101tr\u0101k un l\u0113t\u0101k. Vienk\u0101r\u0161i t\u0101p\u0113c, ka priv\u0101tais bizness vienm\u0113r ir efekt\u012bv\u0101ks nek\u0101 valsts. Tre\u0161k\u0101rt, ekspertu laboratorija p\u0101rdos savus pakalpojumus, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di atbildot par kvalit\u0101ti, termi\u0146iem un cen\u0101m. Viss \u0161is kop\u0101 samazin\u0101s z\u0101\u013cu izmaksas aptiek\u0101. Ceturtk\u0101rt, ja uz iepakojuma nav atz\u012bmes par p\u0101rbaudi neatkar\u012bg\u0101 priv\u0101t\u0101 ekspertu laboratorij\u0101, un pat vair\u0101k\u0101s, pirc\u0113js saprat\u012bs, ka z\u0101les nav p\u0101rbaud\u012btas. Vai ar\u012b t\u0101s ir p\u0101rbaud\u012btas vair\u0101kk\u0101rt. Un tas ietekm\u0113s pirc\u0113ju izv\u0113li par labu attiec\u012bgajam farm\u0101cijas ra\u017eot\u0101jam.<\/p>\n

Papildin\u0101jums 4.<\/b>
\nMan \u0161\u0137iet svar\u012bgi \u0146emt v\u0113r\u0101 \"izdz\u012bvoju\u0161\u0101 k\u013c\u016bdu\" izstr\u0101d\u0101jot AI, ma\u0161\u012bnm\u0101c\u012bbu algoritmus utt.
\nT.i., j\u0101iek\u013cauj m\u0101c\u012bbu programm\u0101 ne tikai zin\u0101mie piem\u0113ri, bet ar\u012b k\u0101da deva, iesp\u0113jams pat teor\u0113tiskie mode\u013ci \"iesp\u0113jam\u0101 nezin\u0101m\u0101\".
\nPiem\u0113ram, \"z\u012bm\u0113jo\u0161o\" AI gad\u012bjum\u0101 tas var\u0113tu b\u016bt nosac\u012bti \"van Gogs + deva\", tad ar lielu devu ma\u0161\u012bna izveidos filtru uz van Goga b\u0101zes, bet varb\u016bt piln\u012bgi at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bgu.
\n\u0160\u0101da m\u0101c\u012bba var b\u016bt noder\u012bga tur, kur ir datu tr\u016bkums: medic\u012bn\u0101, \u0123en\u0113tik\u0101, kvantum fizik\u0101, astronomij\u0101 utt.
\n(Atvainojos, ja paskaidroju \"kropl\u012bgi\").<\/p>\n

Piez\u012bme (ceru, p\u0113d\u0113j\u0101)<\/b>
\nViem, kas izlas\u012bja l\u012bdz galam \u2014 \"Paldies\". Man \u013coti pat\u012bk redz\u0113t j\u016bsu \"gr\u0101matz\u012bmes\" un \"apskates\".<\/p>\n

\"Izdz\u012bvo\u0161anas<\/p>\n

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