{"id":52898,"date":"2019-11-19T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2019-11-18T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/starlink-delo-krupnoe"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:00:43","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:00:43","slug":"starlink-delo-krupnoe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/news\/starlink-delo-krupnoe","title":{"rendered":"Starlink \u2014 liels darbs","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Starlink
\n\u0160is raksts ir s\u0113rij\u0101, kas velt\u012bta izgl\u012btojo\u0161iem rakstiem par kosmosa tehnolo\u0123ij\u0101m<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Starlink<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 SpaceX pl\u0101ns nodro\u0161in\u0101t internetu caur desmitiem t\u016bksto\u0161u satel\u012btu \u2014 ir galven\u0101 t\u0113ma kosmosam velt\u012btajos medijos. Katru ned\u0113\u013cu tiek public\u0113ti raksti par jaun\u0101kajiem sasniegumiem. Ja visp\u0101r pieeja ir skaidra, iepaz\u012bstoties ar P\u0101rtikas un komunik\u0101ciju komisijas zi\u0146ojumiem<\/a><\/noindex>, labi motiv\u0113ts cilv\u0113ks (piem\u0113ram, j\u016bsu kalpojo\u0161ais kalps) var atrast \u013coti daudz deta\u013cu. Tom\u0113r \u0161ai jaunajai tehnolo\u0123ijai joproj\u0101m ir daudz mald\u012bgo uzskatu, pat apgaismotu anal\u012bti\u0137u vid\u016b. Bie\u017ei vien par\u0101d\u0101s raksti, kuros Starlink sal\u012bdzina ar OneWeb un Kuiper (starptaut\u0113jo citu) t\u0101, it k\u0101 tie sacenstos uz vienl\u012bdz\u012bgiem pamatiem. Citi autori, ac\u012bmredzot satraukti par plan\u0113tas labkl\u0101j\u012bbu, kliedz par kosmosa atkritumiem, kosmosa likumiem, standartiem un astronomijas dro\u0161\u012bbu. Ceru, ka izlasot \u0161o \u2014 diezgan garo \u2014 rakstu, las\u012bt\u0101js lab\u0101k izprat\u012bs un saprat\u012bs Starlink ideju.<\/p>\n

<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

\"Starlink<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Iepriek\u0161\u0113jais raksts<\/a><\/noindex> negaid\u012bti sk\u0101ra jut\u012bgu st\u012bgu man\u0101 niec\u012bgaj\u0101 las\u012bt\u0101ju lok\u0101. Taj\u0101 skaidroju, k\u0101 Starship uz ilgu laiku padar\u012bs SpaceX par l\u012bderi un vienlaikus nodro\u0161in\u0101s meh\u0101nismu jauniem kosmosa p\u0113t\u012bjumiem. Zemteksts ir t\u0101ds, ka tradicion\u0101l\u0101 satel\u012btu industrija nesp\u0113j tur\u0113ties l\u012bdzi SpaceX, kas stabiliz\u0113ti palielina jaudas un samazina izmaksas Falcon ra\u0137e\u0161u \u0123imenei, saistot SpaceX gr\u016bt\u0101s situ\u0101cij\u0101s. No vienas puses, t\u0101 veidoja tirgu, kura v\u0113rt\u012bba lab\u0101kaj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 ir l\u012bdz da\u017eiem miljardiem gad\u0101. No otras puses, t\u0101 izsauca sev nevald\u0101mus tieksmes uz naudu - liela ra\u0137etes b\u016bv\u0113\u0161anai, uz kuras tom\u0113r gandr\u012bz nav uz ko s\u016bt\u012bt uz Marsa, un nekas nol\u016bks nav par t\u016bl\u012bt\u0113ju pe\u013c\u0146u.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0160\u012bs divk\u0101r\u0161\u0101s probl\u0113mas risin\u0101jums ir Starlink. Izveidojot un palaidot savus satel\u012btus, SpaceX sp\u0113tu izveidot un noteikt jaunu tirgu augstas efektivit\u0101tes un demokr\u0101tiz\u0113tai piek\u013cuvei sakariem caur kosmosu, nodro\u0161in\u0101t finan\u0161u pl\u016bsmu ra\u0137etes b\u016bvei, kam\u0113r t\u0101 v\u0113l nav iedzina uz\u0146\u0113mumu bankrot\u0101, un palielin\u0101t savu ekonomisko v\u0113rt\u012bbu l\u012bdz triljoniem. Nepiecie\u0161ams nov\u0113rt\u0113t Elona amb\u012bciju m\u0113rogu. Ir tikai da\u017eas nozar\u0113s, kur apgroz\u0101s triljoni dol\u0101ru: ener\u0123\u0113tika, \u0101trgaitas transports, sakari, IT, vesel\u012bbas apr\u016bpe, lauksaimniec\u012bba, vald\u012bba, aizsardz\u012bba. Neskatoties uz past\u0101v\u012bgajiem maldiem, kosmisko urb\u0161anu<\/a><\/noindex>, \u016bdens ieguvi uz M\u0113ness<\/a><\/noindex> un kosmiskaj\u0101m saules baterij\u0101m<\/a><\/noindex> \u2014 bizness nav dz\u012bvotsp\u0113j\u012bgs. Elons iek\u013cuva ener\u0123\u0113tikas jom\u0101 ar savu Tesla, bet uzticamu un apjom\u012bgu tirgu satel\u012btiem un ra\u0137e\u0161u palaid\u0113jiem nodro\u0161in\u0101s tikai telekomunik\u0101cijas.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Starlink<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Elons Maskas pirmo reizi skat\u012bj\u0101s uz kosmosu, kad grib\u0113ja nevienu nesamaks\u0101t 80 miljonus dol\u0101ru misijai par augu audz\u0113\u0161anu uz Marsa zondes. Marsa pils\u0113tas b\u016bvniec\u012bba, iesp\u0113jams, izmaks\u0101s 100 000 reizes vair\u0101k, t\u0101p\u0113c Starlink ir Maskas galven\u0101 likme, lai nodro\u0161in\u0101tu nepiecie\u0161amos finan\u0161u l\u012bdzek\u013cus autonomai pils\u0113tai uz Marsa<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

K\u0101p\u0113c?<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

Es jau sen pl\u0101noju \u0161o rakstu, ta\u010du tikai pag\u0101ju\u0161aj\u0101 ned\u0113\u013c\u0101 man izveidoj\u0101s piln\u012bga aina. Tad SpaceX prezidents Gwynn Shotwell sniedza Robam Beronam p\u0101rsteidzo\u0161u interviju, kuru p\u0113c tam izc\u0113la CNBC lielisk\u0101 Twitter pavedien\u0101<\/a><\/noindex> Maikls \u0160iccs, un tam velt\u012bja da\u017eas<\/a><\/noindex> rakstus<\/a><\/noindex>. \u0160\u012b intervija par\u0101d\u012bja milz\u012bgas at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbas pieej\u0101 satel\u012btu sakariem starp SpaceX un visiem p\u0101r\u0113jiem.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Koncepta Starlink<\/a><\/noindex> rad\u0101s 2012. gad\u0101, kad SpaceX saprata, ka to klientiem \u2014 galvenok\u0101rt satel\u012btu sakaru pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113jiem \u2014 ir milz\u012bgas naudas rezerves. Palaides platformas m\u0101ksl\u012bgi palielina cenas satel\u012btu izvieto\u0161anai un taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101 neizdodas \u0146emt v\u0113r\u0101 vienu darba posmu \u2014 k\u0101 nu t\u0101? Elons sap\u0146oja izveidot satel\u012btu grup\u0113jumu internetam un, nesp\u0113jot pretoties praktiski neizpild\u0101majai uzdevumam, uzs\u0101ka procesu. Starlink neiztika bez sare\u017e\u0123\u012bjumiem<\/a><\/noindex>, bet \u0161\u012b raksta beig\u0101s j\u016bs, mans las\u012bt\u0101j, noteikti p\u0101rsteigs, cik tie\u0161\u0101m \u0161ie izaicin\u0101jumi ir mazi \u2014 \u0146emot v\u0113r\u0101 idejas apm\u0113ru.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Vai internetam visp\u0101r ir nepiecie\u0161ama t\u0101 liela grup\u0113\u0161ana? Un k\u0101p\u0113c tie\u0161i tagad?<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Tikai man\u0101 atmi\u0146\u0101 internets no t\u012bri akad\u0113miskas rota\u013cas ir p\u0101rv\u0113rties par pirmo un vien\u012bgo revol\u016bciju infrastrukt\u016bru. Tas nav temats, kam b\u016btu j\u0101velt\u012b izv\u0113rsta raksts, bet es pie\u013cauju, ka glob\u0101li piepras\u012bjums p\u0113c interneta un ien\u0101kumi, ko tas nes, turpin\u0101s pieaugt aptuveni uz 25% gad\u0101.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0160odien gandr\u012bz visi m\u0113s sa\u0146emam internetu no neliela skaita \u0123eogr\u0101fiski izol\u0113t\u0101m monopolij\u0101m. ASV AT&T, Time Warner, Comcast un da\u017eas maz\u0101kas komp\u0101nijas ir sadal\u012bju\u0161as teritoriju, lai izvair\u012btos no konkurences, kr\u0101pj par pakalpojumiem tr\u012bs \u0101das un gu\u013c zem gandr\u012bz visp\u0101r\u0113jas naida gaismas.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

T\u0101dai nekonkur\u0113tsp\u0113j\u012bgai r\u012bc\u012bbai ir pamatots iemesls \u2013 papildus visaptvero\u0161ai alkat\u012bbai. Uzb\u016bv\u0113t infrastrukt\u016bru internetam \u2013 mikrovi\u013c\u0146u tor\u0146us un optisko \u0161\u0137iedru \u2013 ir \u013coti d\u0101rgi. Viegl\u0101k ir aizmirst par br\u012bni\u0161\u0137\u012bgo interneta dabu. Mana vecm\u0101mi\u0146a pirmo reizi aizg\u0101ja str\u0101d\u0101t Otraj\u0101 pasaules kar\u0101 par sakaru speci\u0101listi, un toreiz telegr\u0101fs konkur\u0113ja ar pasta balo\u017eiem par vado\u0161o strat\u0113\u0123isko lomu! Liel\u0101kajai da\u013cai no mums informat\u012bv\u0101 superautostr\u0101de ir kaut kas efem\u0113rs, nemateri\u0101ls, tom\u0113r dati ce\u013co fiziskaj\u0101 pasaul\u0113, kur ir robe\u017eas, upes, kalni, oke\u0101ni, v\u0113tras, dabas katastrofas un citas \u0161\u0137\u0113r\u0161\u013ci. Jau 1996. gad\u0101, kad tika nolikta pirm\u0101 optisk\u0101s \u0161\u0137iedras l\u012bnija oke\u0101na diben\u0101, Nils St\u012bvensons uzrakst\u012bja izsme\u013co\u0161u eseju par kibert\u016brisma t\u0113mu<\/a><\/noindex>. Ar savu izteikto asu stilu vi\u0146\u0161 dz\u012bv\u012bgi apraksta kailo izmaksu un sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u012bbu \u0161o l\u012bniju izvilk\u0161an\u0101, pa kur\u0101m tad galu gal\u0101 (apdullin\u0101ti) skrien nol\u0101d\u0113tie \u00abka\u0137i\u00bb. Liel\u0101ko 2000. gadu da\u013cu kabe\u013ci tika vilkti tik daudz, ka izv\u0113r\u0161anas izmaksas p\u0101rsteidza.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Sav\u0101 laik\u0101 es str\u0101d\u0101ju optiskaj\u0101 laboratorij\u0101 un (ja atmi\u0146a mani nemaldina) m\u0113s p\u0101rk\u0101p\u0101m tolaik eso\u0161o rekordu, sasniedzot 500 Gb\/s daudzl\u012bme\u0146u p\u0101rs\u016bt\u012b\u0161anas \u0101trumu. Elektronikas ierobe\u017eojumi \u013c\u0101va noslogot katru \u0161\u0137iedru par 0,1% no teor\u0113tisk\u0101s caurlaides jaudas. Piecpadsmit gadus v\u0113l\u0101k m\u0113s esam gatavi p\u0101rsniegt \u0161o slieksni: ja datu p\u0101rs\u016bt\u012b\u0161ana to p\u0101rsniegs, \u0161\u0137iedra izkus\u012bs, un m\u0113s esam \u013coti tuvu tam.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Bet j\u0101pace\u013c datu pl\u016bsma virs gr\u0113c\u012bg\u0101s zemes - kosmos\u0101, kur satellites piecus gadus bez \u0161\u0137\u0113r\u0161\u013ciem ap\u0146em \"bumbuli\" 30 000 reizes. Ac\u012bmredzams, \u0161\u0137iet, risin\u0101jums - k\u0101p\u0113c iepriek\u0161 neviens to neuzs\u0101ka?<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Satell\u012btu grupa Iridium, ko izstr\u0101d\u0101ja un izvietoja 1990. gadu s\u0101kum\u0101 komp\u0101nija Motorola (joproj\u0101m atceraties vi\u0146us?), k\u013cuva par pirmo glob\u0101lo zemo orb\u012btu komunik\u0101ciju t\u012bklu (k\u0101 vilino\u0161i st\u0101st\u012bts \u0161aj\u0101 gr\u0101mat\u0101<\/a><\/noindex>). Kad to izvietoja, ni\u0161as sp\u0113ja mar\u0161rut\u0113t mazus datu paketes no akt\u012bvu izseko\u0161anas ier\u012bc\u0113m izr\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s t\u0101s vien\u012bg\u0101 pielietojums: mobilie telefoni tik \u013coti l\u0113tie, ka satel\u012btu telefoni neiekaroja tirgu. Iridium bija 66 satel\u012bti (plus v\u0113l da\u017eas rezerves) uz 6 orb\u012bt\u0101m - minim\u0101lais komplekts, lai nosegtu visu plan\u0113tu.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Ja Iridium pietika ar 66 satel\u012btiem, k\u0101p\u0113c SpaceX vajag desmitiem t\u016bksto\u0161u? K\u0101da ir b\u016btisk\u0101 at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bba?<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

SpaceX ien\u0101ca \u0161aj\u0101 biznes\u0101 no pret\u0113j\u0101 gala - s\u0101kum\u0101 ar ra\u0137e\u0161u palai\u0161anu. T\u0101 k\u013cuva par pionieri ra\u0137e\u0161u nes\u0113jsaglab\u0101\u0161anas jom\u0101, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di ieg\u016bstot l\u0113tu palai\u0161anas platformu tirgu. Centieni pied\u0101v\u0101t zem\u0101ku cenu vi\u0146u pied\u0101v\u0101jumam nenes\u012bs daudz naudas, t\u0101p\u0113c vien\u012bgais veids, k\u0101 kaut k\u0101 nopeln\u012bt uz vi\u0146u p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bg\u0101s jaudas, ir k\u013c\u016bt par vi\u0146u klientu. SpaceX izdevumi par savu satel\u012btu palai\u0161an\u0101m - viena desmit\u0101 da\u013ca no izdevumiem<\/a><\/noindex> (uz 1 kg) Iridium, t\u0101p\u0113c vi\u0146i sp\u0113s ieiet b\u016btiski pla\u0161\u0101k\u0101 tirg\u016b.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Starlink pasaules aptvere nodro\u0161in\u0101s piek\u013cuvi augstas kvalit\u0101tes internetam jebkur\u0101 pasaules st\u016br\u012b. Pirmo reizi interneta pieejam\u012bba b\u016bs atkar\u012bga nevis no valsts vai pils\u0113tas tuvuma optiskajam \u0161\u0137iedram, bet no debess skaidr\u012bbas virs galvas. Lietot\u0101ji vis\u0101 pasaul\u0113 ieg\u016bs piek\u013cuvi glob\u0101lajam internetam, kas ir br\u012bvs no da\u017e\u0101du pak\u0101pes sliktu un\/vai negod\u012bgu vald\u012bbu monopoliem. Starlink sp\u0113jas izjaukt \u0161os monopolus veicin\u0101s neticami liela m\u0113roga pozit\u012bvas izmai\u0146as, kas beidzot apvienos miljardus cilv\u0113ku glob\u0101l\u0101 kibertelp\u0101 n\u0101kotn\u0113.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Mazs liriskas atk\u0101pe: ko tas visp\u0101r noz\u012bm\u0113?<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

M\u016bsdienu cilv\u0113kiem, kurus ietekm\u0113 visaptvero\u0161\u0101 savienojam\u012bba, internets ir k\u0101 gaiss, ko elpojam. Tas vienk\u0101r\u0161i ir. Ta\u010du, ja aizmirstam par t\u0101 neticamo sp\u0113ku, kas rada pozit\u012bvas p\u0101rmai\u0146as, m\u0113s jau esam to centr\u0101. Ar internetu cilv\u0113ki var saukt pie atbild\u012bbas savus l\u012bderus, sazin\u0101ties ar citiem cilv\u0113kiem no otras pasaules malas, dal\u012bties ar dom\u0101m, izgudrot kaut ko jaunu. Internets apvieno cilv\u0113ci. Moderniz\u0101cijas v\u0113sture ir datu apmai\u0146as iesp\u0113ju att\u012bst\u012bbas v\u0113sture. S\u0101kum\u0101 \u2014 caur run\u0101m un episko dzeju. P\u0113c tam \u2014 ar rakst\u012b\u0161anu, kas dod balsi miru\u0161ajiem, lai tie run\u0101tu ar dz\u012bvajiem; rakst\u012b\u0161ana \u013cauj glab\u0101t datus un padara iesp\u0113jamu asinkronu komunik\u0101ciju. Druk\u0101t\u0101 prese padar\u012bja zi\u0146u ra\u017eo\u0161anu par masu procesu. Elektronisk\u0101 komunik\u0101cija pa\u0101trin\u0101ja datu p\u0101rs\u016bt\u012b\u0161anu pa pasauli. Person\u012bgie ier\u012bces, lai glab\u0101tu piez\u012bmes, pak\u0101peniski k\u013cuva sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u0101kas, att\u012bstoties no piez\u012bmju gr\u0101mati\u0146\u0101m l\u012bdz mobilajiem telefoniem, katrs no kuriem ir savienots ar internetu dators, kas piepild\u012bts ar sensoriem un katru dienu arvien lab\u0101k prognoz\u0113 m\u016bsu vajadz\u012bbas.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Cilv\u0113ks, kur\u0161 izmanto rakst\u012b\u0161anu un datoru m\u0101c\u012b\u0161an\u0101s proces\u0101, ir vair\u0101k iesp\u0113ju p\u0101rvar\u0113t ierobe\u017eojumus neide\u0101li att\u012bst\u012btai smadzen\u0113m. V\u0113l vair\u0101k priec\u0113 tas, ka mobilie telefoni ir gan jaud\u012bgas datu glab\u0101\u0161anas ier\u012bces, gan ideju apmai\u0146as meh\u0101nismi. Ja agr\u0101k cilv\u0113ki, daloties dom\u0101s, pa\u013c\u0101v\u0101s uz runu, kas tika pierakst\u012bta piez\u012bmju gr\u0101mati\u0146\u0101s, tad \u0161odien norma ir t\u0101da, ka piez\u012bmju gr\u0101mati\u0146as pa\u0161as dal\u0101s ar idej\u0101m, ko rad\u012bju\u0161i cilv\u0113ki. Tradicion\u0101l\u0101 sh\u0113ma ir piedz\u012bvojusi inversiju. Lo\u0123isks procesa turpin\u0101jums ir noteikta kolekt\u012bv\u0101 metapaz\u012b\u0161ana, izmantojot person\u012bg\u0101s ier\u012bces, v\u0113l cie\u0161\u0101k integr\u0113tas m\u016bsu smadzen\u0113s<\/a><\/noindex> un savienotas sav\u0101 starp\u0101. Un, lai ar\u012b m\u0113s v\u0113l ilgojamies p\u0113c zaud\u0113t\u0101s saiknes ar dabu un vientul\u012bbu, svar\u012bgi atcer\u0113ties, ka tehnolo\u0123ija un tikai tehnolo\u0123ija ir atbild\u012bga par liel\u0101ko da\u013cu m\u016bsu atbr\u012bvo\u0161anas no \"dabiskajiem\" nezin\u0101\u0161anas cikliem, p\u0101ragras n\u0101ves (ko var nov\u0113rst), vardarb\u012bbas, bada un zobu boj\u0101jumiem.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

K\u0101?<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

Parun\u0101sim par Starlink biznesa modeli un projekta arhitekt\u016bru.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Lai Starlink k\u013c\u016btu rentabla uz\u0146\u0113m\u0113jdarb\u012bba, ien\u0101kumiem ir j\u0101 p\u0101rsniedz b\u016bvniec\u012bbas un ekspluat\u0101cijas izmaksas. Tradicion\u0101li kapit\u0101lieguld\u012bjums ietver paaugstin\u0101tus s\u0101kotn\u0113jos izdevumus, sare\u017e\u0123\u012btas specializ\u0113tas finans\u0113\u0161anas un apdro\u0161in\u0101\u0161anas meh\u0101nismus, lai uzs\u0101ktu satel\u012btu. Geostacion\u0101rs sakaru satel\u012bts var izmaks\u0101t 500 miljonus dol\u0101ru, un mont\u0101\u017ea un palai\u0161ana var aiz\u0146emt 5 gadus. T\u0101p\u0113c \u0161aj\u0101 nozar\u0113 uz\u0146\u0113mumi vienlaikus b\u016bv\u0113 reakt\u012bvos lidma\u0161\u012bnas vai konteinerku\u0123us. Milz\u012bgas izdevumi, ien\u0101kumi, kas tikai nedaudz sedz finans\u0113\u0161anas izmaksas, un sal\u012bdzino\u0161i neliels operat\u012bvais bud\u017eets. Turkl\u0101t s\u0101kotn\u0113j\u0101 Iridium sabrukums notika t\u0101p\u0113c, ka Motorola lika operatoram samaks\u0101t posto\u0161as licences maksas, bankrot\u0113jot uz\u0146\u0113mumu da\u017eu m\u0113ne\u0161u laik\u0101.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Lai vad\u012btu t\u0101du biznesu, tradicion\u0101lajiem satel\u012btu uz\u0146\u0113mumiem bija j\u0101apkalpo priv\u0101ti klienti un j\u0101samaks\u0101 augstas maksas par datu p\u0101rraidi. Aviokomp\u0101nijas, t\u0101l\u0101kie poste\u0146i, ku\u0123i, kara zonas un galven\u0101s infrastrukt\u016bras objekti maks\u0101 aptuveni 5 dol\u0101rus par 1 MB, kas ir 5000 reizes d\u0101rg\u0101k nek\u0101 tradicion\u0101l\u0101 ADSL sazi\u0146a, neskatoties uz datu p\u0101rs\u016bt\u012b\u0161anas aizkavi un sal\u012bdzino\u0161i zemu satel\u012bta savienojuma caurlaidsp\u0113ju.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Starlink pl\u0101no konkur\u0113t ar zemes pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113jiem, t\u0101p\u0113c tai j\u0101nodro\u0161ina dati l\u0113t\u0101k un, ide\u0101l\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101, j\u0101maks\u0101 daudz maz\u0101k par 1 dol\u0101ru par 1 MB. Vai tas ir iesp\u0113jams? Vai, ja tas ir iesp\u0113jams, j\u0101uzdod jaut\u0101jums: k\u0101 tas ir iesp\u0113jams?<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Pirmais jaun\u0101 \u0113diena sast\u0101vda\u013ca \u2014 l\u0113ta palai\u0161ana. \u0160odien Falcon p\u0101rdod palai\u0161anu uz 24 tonn\u0101m aptuveni par 60 miljoniem dol\u0101ru, un tas ir 2500 dol\u0101ri par 1 kg. Tom\u0113r izn\u0101k daudz liel\u0101ki iek\u0161\u0113jie izdevumi. Starlink satel\u012bti tiks palaisti uz atk\u0101rtoti izmantojam\u0101m ra\u0137et\u0113m, t\u0101p\u0113c katra palai\u0161anas margin\u0101lie izdevumi ir jaun\u0101s otr\u0101s pak\u0101pes izmaksas (aptuveni 4 miljoni dol\u0101ru), apvalki (1 miljons) un zemes apkalpo\u0161ana (~1 miljons). Kop\u0101: apm\u0113ram 100 t\u016bksto\u0161i dol\u0101ru par satel\u012btu, t.i., vair\u0101k nek\u0101 1000 reizes l\u0113t\u0101k nek\u0101 parast\u0101 sakaru satel\u012bta palai\u0161ana.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Tom\u0113r liel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca Starlink satel\u012btu tiks palaisti uz Starship. Un patie\u0161\u0101m, Starlink evol\u016bcija, k\u0101 liecina atjaunin\u0101tie FKC zi\u0146ojumi, sniedz zin\u0101mas izprat\u012b\u0161ana par to, k\u0101 idejas Starship \u012bsteno\u0161anas gait\u0101 att\u012bst\u012bj\u0101s<\/a><\/noindex> projekta iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 arhitekt\u016bra. Satel\u012btu skaits grup\u0113juma pieauga no 1 584 l\u012bdz 2 825, tad l\u012bdz 7 518 un, visbeidzot, l\u012bdz 30 000. Ja tic\u0113t bruto uzkr\u0101jumiem, skaitlis ir v\u0113l augst\u0101ks. Minim\u0101lais satel\u012btu skaits pirmaj\u0101 izstr\u0101des posm\u0101, lai projekts b\u016btu dz\u012bvotsp\u0113j\u012bgs, ir 60 gabali 6 orb\u012bt\u0101s (kop\u0101 360), savuk\u0101rt pilnv\u0113rt\u012bgai seg\u0161anai 53 gr\u0101du att\u0101lum\u0101 no ekvatora ir nepiecie\u0161amas 24 orb\u012btas ar 60 satel\u012btiem (kop\u0101 1 440). Tas ir 24 palai\u0161anas Falcon par aptuveni 150 milj., iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101m izmaks\u0101m. Savuk\u0101rt Starship ir paredz\u0113ts palaist l\u012bdz 400 satel\u012btiem vienlaic\u012bgi, apm\u0113ram par to pa\u0161u cenu. Starlink satel\u012bti j\u0101aizvieto reizi 5 gados, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di 6 000 satel\u012btu pras\u012bs 15 Starship palai\u0161anas gad\u0101. Tas izmaks\u0101s aptuveni 100 milj. gad\u0101, vai 15 t\u016bkst. par satel\u012btu. Katrs Falcon palaistais satel\u012bts sver 227 kg; satel\u012bti, ko pace\u013c Starship, var\u0113tu sv\u0113rt pat 320 kg un nest \u0101r\u0113j\u0101s ier\u012bces, b\u016bt nedaudz liel\u0101ki un tom\u0113r nep\u0101rsniegt pie\u013caujamo slodzi.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

No k\u0101 sast\u0101v satel\u012btu izmaksas? Starlink satel\u012bti starp saviem radiniekiem ir nedaudz neparasti. Tie tiek sav\u0101kti, uzglab\u0101ti un palaisti plakn\u0113, l\u012bdz ar to tie ir \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi vienk\u0101r\u0161i masveida ra\u017eo\u0161an\u0101. K\u0101 pier\u0101da pieredze, ra\u017eo\u0161anas izmaks\u0101m j\u0101b\u016bt aptuveni vien\u0101d\u0101m ar palai\u0161anas iek\u0101rtas izmaks\u0101m. Ja cenu at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bba ir liela, tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka resursi netiek sadal\u012bti pareizi, jo kompleksa marginalo izmaksu samazin\u0101\u0161ana, samazinot izdevumus, nav tik liela. Vai tie\u0161\u0101m 100 t\u016bksto\u0161i dol\u0101ru par satel\u012btu pirmaj\u0101 partij\u0101 da\u017eos simtos \u2014 tas ir re\u0101li? Citiem v\u0101rdiem sakot, vai Starlink satel\u012bts ier\u012bc\u0113 nav sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u0101ks par ma\u0161\u012bnu?<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Lai piln\u012bb\u0101 atbild\u0113tu uz \u0161o jaut\u0101jumu, ir j\u0101izprot, k\u0101p\u0113c orb\u012btisk\u0101 sakaru satel\u012bta izmaksas ir 1000 reizes augst\u0101kas, lai ar\u012b tas nav 1000 reizes sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u0101ks. Ja run\u0101jam pavisam vienk\u0101r\u0161i, k\u0101d\u0113\u013c kosmiskais \"dzelzs\" maks\u0101 tik d\u0101rgi? Tam ir daudz iemeslu, bet visp\u0101r\u012bg\u0101kais ir \u0161\u0101ds: ja satelita palai\u0161ana orb\u012bt\u0101 (pirms Falcon) maks\u0101 vair\u0101k nek\u0101 100 miljonus, tam ir j\u0101nodro\u0161ina ilgm\u016b\u017e\u012bba gadiem ilgi - lai var\u0113tu g\u016bt vismaz k\u0101du pe\u013c\u0146u. Nodro\u0161in\u0101t \u0161\u0101du uzticam\u012bbu pirmajam un vien\u012bgajam produktam ir s\u0101p\u012bgs process, kas var ilgt gadus un pras\u012bt simtiem cilv\u0113ku p\u016bles. Pievienojiet tam izmaksas, un ir viegli pamatot papildu procesus, ja jau palai\u0161ana t\u0101pat ir d\u0101rga.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Starlink p\u0101rk\u0101pj \u0161o paradigmu, radot simtiem satel\u012btu, \u0101tri nov\u0113r\u0161ot agr\u012bn\u0101s projekt\u0113\u0161anas k\u013c\u016bdas un piesaistot masveida ra\u017eo\u0161anas tehniku izmaksu p\u0101rvald\u012b\u0161anai. Man person\u012bgi ir viegli att\u0113lot Starlink konveijeru, kur tehni\u0137is integr\u0113 strukt\u016br\u0101 kaut ko jaunu un saliek visu ar plastmasas siksnu (protams, NASA l\u012bmen\u012b) stundas vai divu laik\u0101, uzturot nepiecie\u0161amo nomai\u0146as l\u012bmeni 16 satel\u012bti dien\u0101. Starlink satel\u012bts sast\u0101v no daudziem sare\u017e\u0123\u012btiem komponentiem, bet es neredzu iemeslus, k\u0101p\u0113c l\u012bdz t\u016bksto\u0161ajam vienam, kas n\u0101k no konveijera, t\u0101 cena nevar\u0113tu samazin\u0101ties l\u012bdz 20 t\u016bksto\u0161iem. Paties\u012bb\u0101 maij\u0101 Ilons rakst\u012bja Twitter, ka satel\u012bta ra\u017eo\u0161anas izmaksas jau ir zem palai\u0161anas izmaks\u0101m.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Piem\u0113rosim vid\u0113jo gad\u012bjumu un analiz\u0113sim atdeves laiku, noapa\u013cojot skait\u013cus. Viens Starlink satel\u012bts, kura sav\u0101k\u0161ana un palai\u0161ana maks\u0101 100 t\u016bksto\u0161us, darbojas 5 gadus. Vai tas atmaks\u0101sies, un, ja j\u0101, tad cik \u0101tri?<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Piec\u0101s gados Starlink satel\u012bts ap\u0146em Zemi 30 000 reizes. Katrai no \u0161\u012bm pusotraj\u0101m stund\u0101m tas liel\u0101ko da\u013cu laika pavad\u012bs virs oke\u0101na un, iesp\u0113jams, 100 sekundes virs p\u0101rpild\u012bta pils\u0113tas. \u0160aj\u0101 \u012bsaj\u0101 laik\u0101 tas p\u0101rraida datus, steidzoties nopeln\u012bt naudu. Ja pie\u0146emam, ka antena atbalsta 100 starus, un katrs stars p\u0101rs\u016bta 100 Mb\/s, izmantojot m\u016bsdienu kod\u0113\u0161anu, piem\u0113ram, 4096QAM<\/a><\/noindex>, t\u0101 satel\u012bts \u0123ener\u0113 1000 dol\u0101ru pe\u013c\u0146u par vienu apgriezienu \u2014 ar abon\u0113\u0161anas cenu 1 dol\u0101rs par 1 GB. T\u0101 pietiek, lai ned\u0113\u013cas laik\u0101 atg\u016btu 100 000 dol\u0101ru izvieto\u0161anas izmaksas un iev\u0113rojami vienk\u0101r\u0161o kapit\u0101la strukt\u016bru. Atliku\u0161ais 29 900 apgriezienu \u2014 tas ir pe\u013c\u0146a, atskaitot past\u0101v\u012bg\u0101s izmaksas.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Paredzamie skait\u013ci var iev\u0113rojami sv\u0101rst\u012bties, un abos virzienos. Bet jebkur\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101, ja j\u016bs sp\u0113jat izsist kvalitat\u012bvu satel\u012btu grup\u0113jumu zemas orb\u012btas tirdzniec\u012bb\u0101 par 100 000 \u2014 vai pat 1 miljons\/jun., tas ir nopietns sol\u012bjums. Pat \u0146emot v\u0113r\u0101 nenov\u0113rojami mazo izmanto\u0161anas laiku, satel\u012bts Starlink sp\u0113j t\u0101 ekspluat\u0101cijas period\u0101 pieg\u0101d\u0101t 30 PB datu \u2014 pie atmaks\u0101tas cenas 0,003 dol\u0101ri par 1 GB. Turkl\u0101t, p\u0101rraidot uz liel\u0101kiem att\u0101lumiem, robe\u017eas izmaksas praktiski nemain\u0101s.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Lai saprastu \u0161\u012bs mode\u013ca noz\u012bm\u012bgumu, \u0101tri sal\u012bdzin\u0101sim to ar div\u0101m cit\u0101m datu pieg\u0101des mode\u013ciem pat\u0113r\u0113t\u0101jiem: tradicion\u0101lo \u2014 optisko \u0161\u0137iedru kabeli, un satel\u012btu grup\u0113jumu, ko pied\u0101v\u0101 komp\u0101nija, kas nav specializ\u0113jusies satel\u012btu palai\u0161an\u0101.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

SEA-WE-ME \u2014 liels zem\u016bdens interneta kabelis<\/a><\/noindex>, kas savieno Franciju un Singap\u016bru, tika pie\u0146emts darb\u0101 2005. gad\u0101. Caurskat\u0101m\u012bba \u2014 1,28 Tb\/s, izvieto\u0161anas izmaksas \u2014 500 milj. dol\u0101ru. Ja tas darbosies 10 gadus 100% jaud\u0101 un sadz\u012bves izmaksas sast\u0101d\u012bs 100% kapit\u0101la izdevumu, tad datu p\u0101rs\u016bt\u012b\u0161anas cena b\u016bs 0,02 dol\u0101ri par 1 GB. Transatlantiskie kabe\u013ci ir \u012bs\u0101ki un nedaudz l\u0113t\u0101ki, tom\u0113r zem\u016bdens kabelis ir tikai viena vien\u012bba gar\u0101 cilv\u0113ku \u0137\u0113d\u0113, kas v\u0113las naudu par datu p\u0101rs\u016bt\u012b\u0161anu. Vid\u0113j\u0101 nov\u0113rt\u0113\u0161ana Starlink nost\u0101jas 8 reizes l\u0113t\u0101k un taj\u0101 ir<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

K\u0101 tas iesp\u0113jams? Satel\u012bts Starlink ietver visu sare\u017e\u0123\u012bto iek\u0101rtu elektronisk\u0101 sl\u0113g\u0161an\u0101, kas nepiecie\u0161ama optisko \u0161\u0137iedru kabe\u013cu sazi\u0146ai, tikai datu p\u0101rraidei tiek izmantots vakuums, nevis d\u0101rgs un trausls vads. P\u0101rraide caur kosmosu samazina \u0113rt\u012bbas un novecoju\u0161o monopolu loku, \u013caujot lietot\u0101jiem sazin\u0101ties ar v\u0113l maz\u0101ku \u201edzelzce\u013cu\u201c.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Sal\u012bdzin\u0101sim ar konkur\u0113jo\u0161o satel\u012btu izstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101ju OneWeb. OneWeb pl\u0101no izveidot satel\u012btu grupu ar 600 satel\u012btiem, kurus palaid\u012bs caur komerci\u0101liem pieg\u0101d\u0101t\u0101jiem par cenu aptuveni 20 000 dol\u0101ru par 1 kg. Viens satel\u012bts sver 150 kg, t.i., labv\u0113l\u012bgos apst\u0101k\u013cos, viena ier\u012bces palai\u0161ana izmaks\u0101s aptuveni 3 miljonus. Satel\u012btu \"dzelzs\" izmaksas tiek nov\u0113rt\u0113tas ap 1 miljonu par satel\u012btu, t.i., l\u012bdz 2027. gadam visas grupas izmaksas sasniegs 2,6 miljardus. Testi, ko veica OneWeb, par\u0101d\u012bja caurlaides sp\u0113ju 50 Mb\/s maksimum\u0101, ide\u0101l\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 katram no 16 stariem. Izmantojot to pa\u0161u apr\u0113\u0137inu metodi, ar kuru apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101j\u0101m Starlink izmaksas, ieg\u016bstam: katrs OneWeb satel\u012bts \u0123ener\u0113 80 dol\u0101ru par orb\u012btu, bet kop\u0101 5 gadu laik\u0101 ienes\u012bs 2,4 miljonus \u2014 gr\u016bti nosegt palaides izmaksas, ja \u0146em v\u0113r\u0101 ar\u012b datu p\u0101rraidi att\u0101l\u0101kajos re\u0123ionos. Gala rezult\u0101t\u0101 ieg\u016bstam 1,70 dol\u0101rus par 1 GB.<\/p>\n

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Nesen cit\u0113j\u0101m Gvinna \u0160otvela teikto par Starlink, kas it k\u0101 ir 17 reizes l\u0113t\u0101ks un \u0101tr\u0101ks nek\u0101 OneWeb<\/a><\/noindex>, un tas noz\u012bm\u0113 konkur\u0113tsp\u0113j\u012bgu cenu 0,10 dol\u0101ri par 1 GB. Un tas v\u0113l pie s\u0101kotn\u0113j\u0101s Starlink konfigur\u0101cijas: ar maz\u0101k optimiz\u0113tu ra\u017eo\u0161anu, palai\u0161anu uz Falcon un ierobe\u017eojumiem datu p\u0101rraid\u0113 \u2014 un tikai ar Zieme\u013camerikas p\u0101rkl\u0101jumu. Izr\u0101d\u0101s, SpaceX ir nenoliedzama priek\u0161roc\u012bba: jau \u0161odien vi\u0146i var palaist daudz lab\u0101ku satel\u012btu par cenu (par vien\u012bbu) 15 reizes zem\u0101ku nek\u0101 konkurenti. Starship palielin\u0101s atstarpi 100 reizes, ja ne vair\u0101k, t\u0101p\u0113c nav gr\u016bti iedom\u0101ties, k\u0101 l\u012bdz 2027. gadam SpaceX palaid\u012bs 30 000 satel\u012btu maz\u0101k nek\u0101 par 1 miljardu dol\u0101ru, liela da\u013ca no kura tiks nodro\u0161in\u0101ta no vi\u0146u pa\u0161u kabatas.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Es esmu p\u0101rliecin\u0101ts, ka ir ar\u012b optimistisk\u0101ki anal\u012bzes par OneWeb un citiem sol\u012bgiem satel\u012btu grup\u0113\u0161anas izstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101jiem, bet pagaid\u0101m neesmu p\u0101rliecin\u0101ts par vi\u0146u situ\u0101ciju.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Nesen Morgans Stenlijs apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101ja<\/a><\/noindex>, ka Starlink satel\u012btu mont\u0101\u017ea izmaks\u0101s 1 miljonu, bet palai\u0161ana \u2014 830 t\u016bksto\u0161us. Gvinna \u0160otvela atbild\u0113ja: vi\u0146\u0161, redz, \u00abir izdar\u012bjis t\u0101du gal\u0113j\u012bbu\u00bb<\/a><\/noindex>. Ir interesanti, ka cipari ir l\u012bdz\u012bgi m\u016bsu apr\u0113\u0137iniem par OneWeb izdevumiem, un, rupji sakot, 10 reizes augst\u0101ki nek\u0101 s\u0101kotn\u0113j\u0101 Starlink versij\u0101. Starship izmanto\u0161ana un r\u016bpniecisko satel\u012btu ra\u017eo\u0161ana var samazin\u0101t satel\u012btu izvietojuma izmaksas l\u012bdz aptuveni 35 t\u016bksto\u0161iem par vien\u012bbu. Tas ir p\u0101rsteidzo\u0161i zems skaitlis.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

P\u0113d\u0113jais punkts ir sal\u012bdzin\u0101t pe\u013c\u0146u uz 1 W saules ener\u0123ijas, kas tiek rad\u012bta Starlink. Saska\u0146\u0101 ar att\u0113liem vi\u0146u vietn\u0113 katra satel\u012bta saules panelis ir aptuveni 60 kvadr\u0101tmetru liels, t.i., vid\u0113ji tas \u0123ener\u0113 aptuveni 3 kW vai 4,5 kWh par orb\u012btu. P\u0113c aptuven\u0101m apl\u0113s\u0113m katra orb\u012bta dos 1000 dol\u0101ru, bet katrs satel\u012bts \u0123ener\u0113 aptuveni 220 dol\u0101ru uz kWh. Tas ir 10 000 reizes vair\u0101k par saules ener\u0123ijas vairumtirdzniec\u012bbas cenu, kas v\u0113lreiz apliecina: saules ener\u0123ijas ra\u017eo\u0161ana kosmos\u0101 ir bezcer\u012bgs uzdevums<\/a><\/noindex>. Un mikrovi\u013c\u0146u modul\u0101cija datu p\u0101rraidei ir nepamatoti augsta pievienot\u0101 v\u0113rt\u012bba.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Arhitekt\u016bra<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

Iepriek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 noda\u013c\u0101 es diezgan rupji ieskic\u0113ju netradicion\u0101li noz\u012bm\u012bgu Starlink arhitekt\u016bras da\u013cu \u2014 k\u0101 t\u0101 darbojas ar \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi nevienm\u0113r\u012bgu iedz\u012bvot\u0101ju bl\u012bvumu uz plan\u0113tas. Starlink satel\u012bts izstaro fokus\u0113tus starus, kas veido plankumus uz plan\u0113tas virsmas. Abonenti plankuma robe\u017e\u0101s dal\u0101s vien\u0101 joslas platum\u0101. Plankuma izm\u0113ri tiek noteikti ar fundament\u0101lo fiziku: s\u0101kum\u0101 t\u0101 platums ir (satel\u012bta augstums * mikrovi\u013c\u0146as garums \/ antenas diametrs), kas Starlink satel\u012btiem lab\u0101kaj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 ir p\u0101ris kilometru.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Liel\u0101kaj\u0101 da\u013c\u0101 pils\u0113tu iedz\u012bvot\u0101ju bl\u012bvums ir aptuveni 1000 cilv\u0113ku uz kvadr\u0101tkilometru, lai gan viet\u0101m tas ir augst\u0101ks. Da\u017eos Tokijas rajonos vai Manheten\u0101 uz plankumu var attiekties vair\u0101k nek\u0101 100 000 cilv\u0113ku. Par laimi, katr\u0101 \u0161\u0101d\u0101 bl\u012bvi apdz\u012bvot\u0101 pils\u0113t\u0101 ir konkur\u0113tsp\u0113j\u012bgs iek\u0161\u0113jais platjoslas interneta tirgus, nerun\u0101jot par \u013coti att\u012bst\u012btu mobil\u0101s telefona t\u012bklu. Bet, k\u0101 ar\u012b b\u016btu, ja jebkur\u0101 br\u012bd\u012b virs pils\u0113tas ir vair\u0101ki satel\u012bti no vienas konstel\u0101cijas, caurlaid\u012bbu var palielin\u0101t, izvietojot antenas telp\u0101 un sadalot frekvences. Citiem v\u0101rdiem sakot, desmitiem satel\u012btu var fokus\u0113t visjaud\u012bg\u0101ko staru vien\u0101 punkt\u0101, un lietot\u0101ji \u0161aj\u0101 re\u0123ion\u0101 izmantos zemes termin\u0101lus, kas sadal\u012bs piepras\u012bjumu starp satel\u012btiem.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Ja s\u0101kotn\u0113j\u0101s stadij\u0101s vispiem\u0113rot\u0101kais m\u0113r\u0137a tirgus pakalpojumiem ir att\u0101las, lauku vai piepils\u0113tas teritorijas, tad l\u012bdzek\u013ci turpm\u0101kajiem palai\u0161anas pas\u0101kumiem tiks sa\u0146emti no augst\u0101kas kvalit\u0101tes pakalpojumiem tie\u0161i apdz\u012bvot\u0101s pils\u0113t\u0101s. Scen\u0101rijs ir tie\u0161i pret\u0113js standarta tirgus papla\u0161in\u0101\u0161anas sh\u0113mai, kur\u0101 konkur\u0113jo\u0161ie pakalpojumi, kas orient\u0113ti uz pils\u0113t\u0101m, neizb\u0113gami cie\u0161 no pe\u013c\u0146as samazin\u0101juma, m\u0113\u0123inot papla\u0161in\u0101ties uz nabadz\u012bg\u0101k\u0101m un v\u0101j\u0101k apdz\u012bvot\u0101m teritorij\u0101m.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Pirms da\u017eiem gadiem, kad es veicu skait\u013co\u0161anas darbus, t\u0101 bija lab\u0101k\u0101 iedz\u012bvot\u0101ju bl\u012bvuma karte<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Starlink<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Es \u0146\u0113mu datus no \u0161\u012b att\u0113la un izveidoju 3 t\u0101l\u0101k min\u0113tos grafikus. Pirmais par\u0101da zemes plat\u012bbas frekvenci p\u0113c apdz\u012bvo\u0161anas bl\u012bvuma. Visinteresant\u0101kais ir tas, ka liela da\u013ca Zem\u0113 visp\u0101r nav apdz\u012bvota, kam\u0113r praktiski nevien\u0101 re\u0123ion\u0101 nav vair\u0101k par 100 cilv\u0113kiem \/ kv.km.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Starlink<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Otrais grafiks demonstr\u0113 cilv\u0113ku skaitu p\u0113c apdz\u012bvot\u012bbas bl\u012bvuma. Un, lai gan liela da\u013ca plan\u0113tas nav apdz\u012bvota, galven\u0101 da\u013ca cilv\u0113ku dz\u012bvo apgabalos, kur ir 100\u20131000 cilv\u0113ku uz kv.km. Izv\u0113rst\u0101 dabas \u0161\u012b p\u012bka (uz k\u0101rt\u0101m liel\u0101ka) atspogu\u013co bimodalit\u0101ti urbaniz\u0101cijas sh\u0113m\u0101s. 100 cilv\u0113ki \/ kv.km. \u2013 tas ir relat\u012bvi v\u0101ji apdz\u012bvots lauku re\u0123ions, kam\u0113r skaitlis 1000 cilv\u0113ku \/ kv.km. raksturo jau piepils\u0113tas teritoriju. Pils\u0113tu centri viegli par\u0101da 10 000 cilv\u0113ku \/ kv.km., bet, piem\u0113ram, Manheten\u0101 ir 25 000 cilv\u0113ku \/ kv.km.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Starlink<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Tre\u0161ais grafiks par\u0101da apdz\u012bvot\u012bbas bl\u012bvumu p\u0113c platuma. Ir redzams, ka gandr\u012bz visi cilv\u0113ki ir koncentr\u0113ti 20\u201340 gr\u0101du zieme\u013cu platuma gr\u0101dos. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di, liel\u0101 m\u0113r\u0101, tas ir \u0123eogr\u0101fiski un v\u0113sturiski veidojies, jo milz\u012bgu da\u013cu dienvidu puslodzes aiz\u0146em oke\u0101ns. Un tom\u0113r \u0161\u0101ds iedz\u012bvot\u0101ju bl\u012bvums ir bied\u0113jo\u0161s izaicin\u0101jums grup\u0113\u0161anas arhitektiem, jo ab\u0101s puslodz\u0113s satel\u012bti pavada vien\u0101du laiku. Vair\u0101k nek\u0101 tas, satel\u012bts, kas orb\u012bt\u0101 ap Zemi sl\u012bpum\u0101, piem\u0113ram, 50 gr\u0101du le\u0146\u0137\u012b, vair\u0101k laika pavad\u012bs tuv\u0101k min\u0113taj\u0101m platuma robe\u017e\u0101m. T\u0101p\u0113c Starlink Zieme\u013camerikas zieme\u013cu apkalpo\u0161anai nepiecie\u0161amas tikai 6 orb\u012btas, kam\u0113r ekvatora apseg\u0161anai \u2013 24.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Starlink<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Patiesi, ja sal\u012bdzina iedz\u012bvot\u0101ju bl\u012bvuma grafiku ar satel\u012btu grup\u0113juma bl\u012bvuma grafiku, orb\u012btu izv\u0113le k\u013c\u016bst ac\u012bmredzama. Katrs histogramma att\u0113lo vienu no \u010detriem SpaceX zi\u0146ojumiem FKS. Person\u012bgi man \u0161\u0137iet, ka katrs jauns zi\u0146ojums ir k\u0101 papildin\u0101jums iepriek\u0161\u0113jam, ta\u010du jebkur\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 nav gr\u016bti paman\u012bt, k\u0101 papildu satel\u012bti palielina caurlaid\u012bbu attiec\u012bgaj\u0101s zieme\u013cu puslodes apgabalos. Pretstat\u0101 tam, iev\u0113rojama neizmantot\u0101 caurlaid\u012bba saglab\u0101jas virs dienvidu puslodes \u2014 priec\u0101jies, m\u012b\u013c\u0101 Austr\u0101lija!<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Starlink<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Kas notiek ar lietot\u0101ju datiem, kad tie sasniedz satel\u012btu? S\u0101kotn\u0113j\u0101 Starlink satel\u012bta versija uzreiz nos\u016bt\u012bja tos atpaka\u013c uz \u012bpa\u0161i zemes staciju net\u0101lu no pakalpojuma zon\u0101m. \u0160\u0101da konfigur\u0101cija tiek d\u0113v\u0113ta par \"tie\u0161o retransl\u0101ciju\". N\u0101kotn\u0113 Starlink satel\u012bti ieg\u016bs iesp\u0113ju sazin\u0101ties sav\u0101 starp\u0101, izmantojot l\u0101zerus. Datu apmai\u0146as maksim\u0101lais l\u012bmenis tiks sasniegts virs bl\u012bvi apdz\u012bvot\u0101m pils\u0113t\u0101m, bet datus var\u0113s izplat\u012bt pa l\u0101zeru t\u012bklu div\u0101s dimensij\u0101s. Praks\u0113 tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka past\u0101v milz\u012bgas iesp\u0113jas sl\u0113gtai transporta sakaru t\u012bklai satel\u012btu t\u012bkl\u0101, tas ir, lietot\u0101ju datus var \"otrreiz nos\u016bt\u012bt uz Zemi\" jebkur\u0101 piem\u0113rot\u0101 viet\u0101. Praks\u0113, man \u0161\u0137iet, SpaceX zemes stacijas kombin\u0113sies ar trafika apmai\u0146as mezgliem<\/a><\/noindex> pils\u0113tu \u0101rpus\u0113.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Izr\u0101d\u0101s, ka sakari starp satel\u012btiem ir sare\u017e\u0123\u012bta uzdevums, ja satel\u012bti nep\u0101rvietojas kop\u0101. Visjaun\u0101kajos zi\u0146ojumos FKS zi\u0146o par 11 izteikt\u0101m orb\u012btu grup\u0101m satel\u012btiem. Konkr\u0113t\u0101s grupas ietvaros satel\u012bti p\u0101rvietojas vien\u0101 augstum\u0101, ar vienu sl\u012bpumu un vien\u0101du ekscentrit\u0101ti, kas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka l\u0101zeri var viegli atrast satel\u012btus tuvu viens otram. Bet tuvin\u0101\u0161anas \u0101trumi starp grup\u0101m tiek m\u0113r\u012bti km\/sek., t\u0101p\u0113c sazi\u0146a starp grup\u0101m, ja t\u0101da ir iesp\u0113jama, j\u0101veic, izmantojot \u012bsus, \u0101tri p\u0101rvald\u0101mus mikrovi\u013c\u0146u savienojumus.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Orbit\u0101lo grupu topolo\u0123ija atg\u0101dina korpuskul\u0101ri-vi\u013c\u0146u teoriju par gaismu un neattiecas \u012bpa\u0161i uz m\u016bsu piem\u0113ru, ta\u010du, manupr\u0101t, t\u0101 ir lieliska, t\u0101p\u0113c es to iek\u013c\u0101vu rakst\u0101. Ja \u0161\u012b sada\u013ca j\u016bs neinteres\u0113, p\u0101r\u0161\u0137iriet tie\u0161i uz \u00abFundament\u0101l\u0101s fizikas ierobe\u017eojumiem\u00bb.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Tors \u2014 vai ar\u012b donats \u2014 ir matem\u0101tisks objekts, kuru nosaka divi r\u0101diusi. Uzz\u012bm\u0113t ri\u0146\u0137us uz toru virsmas ir diezgan vienk\u0101r\u0161i: paral\u0113li vai perpendikul\u0101ri t\u0101 formai. Jums, iesp\u0113jams, var\u0113tu b\u016bt interesanti atkl\u0101t \u2014 ir v\u0113l divas citas ri\u0146\u0137u \u0123imenes, kuras var att\u0113lot uz toru virsmas, un abas iet cauri t\u0101s centram un ap kont\u016bru. Tas ir t\u0101 sauktais. \u00abVallarsas ri\u0146\u0137i\u00bb<\/a><\/noindex>, un es izmantoju \u0161o konstrukciju, kad 2015. gad\u0101 projekt\u0113ju toru Teslas spolei \u00abDejojo\u0161ais cilv\u0113ks\u00bb.<\/p>\n

\n

\r\n \"Atska\u0146ot\r\n
<\/div>\r\n <\/div><\/center><\/p>\n

Un, lai gan satel\u012btu orb\u012btas ir, stingri sakot, elipses, nevis ri\u0146\u0137i, t\u0101 pati konstrukcija ir piem\u0113rojama ar\u012b Starlink gad\u012bjum\u0101. 4500 satel\u012btu grup\u0113jums vair\u0101k\u0101s orb\u012btas plakn\u0113s, visi ar vienu le\u0146\u0137i, veido virs Zemes nep\u0101rtraukti kust\u012bgu pl\u0101tnu. Pl\u0101tnes, kas v\u0113rsta zieme\u013cu virzien\u0101, papla\u0161in\u0101s un p\u0101rvietojas atpaka\u013c uz dienvidiem virs noteikta platuma punkta. Lai izvair\u012btos no sadursm\u0113m, orb\u012btas b\u016bs viegli izstieptas, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di kust\u012bg\u0101 uz zieme\u013ciem pl\u0101tn\u0113 paliks da\u017eus kilometrus augst\u0101k (vai zem\u0101k) nek\u0101 t\u0101, kas p\u0101rvietojas uz dienvidiem. Kop\u0101 \u0161\u012bs divas pl\u0101tnes veido izpl\u016bdu\u0161\u0101 formas toru, k\u0101 par\u0101d\u012bts zem\u0101k \u013coti p\u0101rsp\u012bl\u0113t\u0101 sh\u0113m\u0101.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Starlink<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Atg\u0101din\u0101\u0161u, ka \u0161\u012b tora ietvaros sazi\u0146a notiek starp blakus eso\u0161ajiem satel\u012btiem. Aptuveni run\u0101jot, starp satel\u012btiem da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s pl\u0101tn\u0113s nav tie\u0161u un ilgsto\u0161u savienojumu, jo pieejo\u0161\u0101s \u0101truma uz laseru m\u0113r\u012bjumiem ir p\u0101r\u0101k augsti. Datu p\u0101rs\u016bt\u012b\u0161anas trajektorija starp pl\u0101tn\u0113m savuk\u0101rt notiek virs vai zem tora.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Kop\u0101 30 000 satel\u012bti b\u016bs novietoti 11 iestr\u0101d\u0101tajos toros, t\u0101lu no MKS orb\u012btas! \u0160aj\u0101 sh\u0113m\u0101 par\u0101d\u012bts, k\u0101 visi \u0161ie sl\u0101\u0146i ir savirkn\u0113ti, bez p\u0101rsp\u012bl\u0113tas ekscentriskuma.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Starlink<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\"Starlink<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Un visbeidzot ir j\u0101dom\u0101 par optim\u0101lo lidojuma augstumu. Past\u0101v dilemm\u0101: zems augstums, kas nodro\u0161ina liel\u0101ku caurlaid\u012bbu ar maz\u0101kiem staru izm\u0113riem, vai augsts \u2013 kas \u013cauj nosegt visu plan\u0113tu ar maz\u0101k satel\u012btiem? Ar laiku SpaceX FKS zi\u0146ojumos tika min\u0113ti arvien zem\u0101ki augstumi, jo pilnveidojoties, Starship padara iesp\u0113jamu \u0101tru liel\u0101ku konstel\u0101ciju izvieto\u0161anu.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Zemam augstumam ir ar\u012b citas priek\u0161roc\u012bbas, tostarp samazin\u0101ts risks saskarties ar kosmisko atkritumu vai negat\u012bv\u0101m sek\u0101m apr\u012bkojuma k\u013c\u016bmei. Sakar\u0101 ar palielin\u0101tu atmosf\u0113ras pretest\u012bbu, zem\u0101k izvietoti Starlink satel\u012bti (330 km) izn\u012bcin\u0101s da\u017eu ned\u0113\u013cu laik\u0101 p\u0113c orient\u0101cijas kontroles zuduma. Patiesi, 300 km ir augstums, kur\u0101 satel\u012bti praktiski nelido, un augstuma uztur\u0113\u0161anai b\u016bs nepiecie\u0161ams ieb\u016bv\u0113ts Kriptona elektrisk\u0101 dzin\u0113ja, k\u0101 ar\u012b aerodinamisks dizains. Teor\u0113tiski, satel\u012bts, kas ir pietiekami asu formu, var stabiliz\u0113ti uztur\u0113t augstumu 160 km uz elektrisk\u0101 dzin\u0113ja, ta\u010du ir maz ticams, ka SpaceX palai\u017e satel\u012btus tik zemu, jo ir v\u0113l vair\u0101ki triki, lai palielin\u0101tu caurlaid\u012bbu.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Fundament\u0101l\u0101s fizikas ierobe\u017eojumi<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

Ir maz ticams, ka cenas par satel\u012bta izvieto\u0161anu k\u0101dreiz b\u016btiski samazin\u0101sies zem 35 t\u016bksto\u0161iem, pat ja ra\u017eo\u0161ana b\u016bs att\u012bst\u012bta un piln\u012bgi automatiz\u0113ta, un Starship ku\u0123i b\u016bs piln\u012bb\u0101 atk\u0101rtoti izmantojami, turkl\u0101t v\u0113l nav piln\u012bgi skaidrs, k\u0101di ierobe\u017eojumi fizika noteiks satel\u012btam. Iepriek\u0161 min\u0113t\u0101 anal\u012bze pie\u0146em maksimumu caurlaid\u012bba 80 Gb\/s. (ja noapa\u013co l\u012bdz 100 staru, no kuriem katrs sp\u0113j p\u0101rs\u016bt\u012bt 100 Mb\/s).<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Caurlaid\u012bbas robe\u017ea ir noteikta Shannona-Hartlija teorem\u0101<\/a><\/noindex> un t\u0101 tiek dots statistikas platum\u0101 (1+SNR). Platums bie\u017ei vien ir ierobe\u017eots pieejamaj\u0101 spektr\u0101<\/a><\/noindex>, kam\u0113r SNR ir pieejam\u0101 ener\u0123ija no satel\u012bta, fona troksnis un trauc\u0113jumi kan\u0101l\u0101 d\u0113\u013c neide\u0101lu antenu<\/a><\/noindex>. V\u0113l viens iev\u0113rojams \u0161\u0137\u0113rslis ir apstr\u0101des \u0101trums. Jaun\u0101kie FPGA Xilinx Ultrascale+ ir GTM s\u0113rijas caurlaid\u012bba l\u012bdz 58 Gb\/s.<\/a><\/noindex>, kas ir labi eso\u0161o inform\u0101cijas kan\u0101la ierobe\u017eojumu apst\u0101k\u013cos bez piel\u0101gotu ASIC izstr\u0101des. Bet pat tad 58 Gb\/s pras\u012bs iespaid\u012bgu frekven\u010du sadal\u012bjumu, visdr\u012bz\u0101k Ka- vai V-diapazonos. V (40\u201375 GHz) ir pieejam\u0101ki cikli, ta\u010du ir pak\u013cauti augst\u0101kai atmosf\u0113ras absorbcijai, \u012bpa\u0161i mitr\u0101s teritorij\u0101s.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Vai 100 staru izmanto\u0161ana ir praktiska? \u0160ai probl\u0113mai ir divi aspekti: staru platums un f\u0101z\u0113tu antenu re\u017e\u0123a bl\u012bvums. Stara platumu nosaka vi\u013c\u0146a garums, dal\u012bts ar antenas diametru. Digit\u0101lais f\u0101z\u0113tais antenu re\u017e\u0123is joproj\u0101m ir specializ\u0113ta tehnolo\u0123ija, bet maksim\u0101l\u0101s noder\u012bg\u0101s dimensijas tiek noteiktas, pamatojoties uz platumu kaus\u0113\u0161anas kr\u0101snis<\/a><\/noindex> (- apm. 1m), un radiofrekvences komunik\u0101ciju izmanto\u0161ana b\u016btu d\u0101rga. Vi\u013c\u0146a platums Ka-diapazon\u0101 ir apm\u0113ram 1 cm, un staram j\u0101b\u016bt 0,01 radi\u0101na plat\u0101, ja spektra platums ir 50% amplitudes l\u012bmen\u012b. Pie\u0146emot, ka staru \u0137erme\u0146a le\u0146\u0137is ir 1 steradi\u0101ns (analogiski 50 mm kameras objekt\u012bvam), tad \u0161aj\u0101 jom\u0101 2500 atsevi\u0161\u0137i stari b\u016bs pietiekami. L\u012bniskums \u013cauj dom\u0101t, ka 2500 stari pras\u012bs vismaz 2500 antenu elementus re\u017e\u0123\u012b, kas princip\u0101 ir iesp\u0113jams, lai ar\u012b gr\u016bti \u012bstenojams. Un viss tas stipri sasil\u012bs!<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Kop\u0101 ir 2500 kan\u0101li, katrs atbalsta 58 Gb\/s, un tas ir milz\u012bgs inform\u0101cijas apjoms \u2013 aptuveni 145 Tb\/s. Sal\u012bdzin\u0101jumam, visa interneta satiksme 2020. gad\u0101 vid\u0113ji tiek prognoz\u0113ta 640 Tb\/s l\u012bmen\u012b<\/a><\/noindex>. Labas zi\u0146as tiem, kas uztraucas par b\u016btiski zemo plat\u012bbu satel\u012btu interneta. Ja 30 000 satel\u012btu grup\u0113jums darbosies l\u012bdz 2026. gadam, glob\u0101l\u0101 interneta satiksme potenci\u0101li sasniegs 800 Tb\/s. Ja puse no \u0161\u012b apjoma tiks nodro\u0161in\u0101ta ar ~500 satel\u012btiem virs bl\u012bvi apdz\u012bvot\u0101m teritorij\u0101m jebkur\u0101 konkr\u0113t\u0101 br\u012bd\u012b, tad katra satel\u012bta maksimums ir aptuveni 800 Gb\/s, kas ir 10 reizes augst\u0101ka nek\u0101 m\u016bsu s\u0101kotn\u0113jie pamatskait\u012bjumi, t.i., potenci\u0101lais finan\u0161u piepl\u016bdums var pieaugt 10 reizes.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Lai satel\u012bts atrastos 330 kilometru augstum\u0101 orb\u012bt\u0101, starojuma le\u0146\u0137is 0,01 radi\u0101ns aptver 10 kvadr\u0101tkilometru plat\u012bbu. \u012apa\u0161i apdz\u012bvot\u0101s viet\u0101s, piem\u0113ram, Manheten\u0101, \u0161aj\u0101 plat\u012bb\u0101 var dz\u012bvot l\u012bdz 300 000 cilv\u0113ku. Un ja visi vienlaikus noliksies skat\u012bties Netflix (7 Mb\/s HD kvalit\u0101t\u0113)? Kop\u0113jais datu piepras\u012bjums sasniegs 2000 GB\/s, kas ir apm\u0113ram 35 reizes vair\u0101k nek\u0101 pa\u0161reiz\u0113jais stingrais ierobe\u017eojums, ko nosaka FPGA sec\u012bg\u0101s izejas interfeiss. No \u0161\u012bs situ\u0101cijas ir divi izejas varianti, no kuriem fiziski iesp\u0113jams ir tikai viens.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Pirmais ir izsist orb\u012bt\u0101 vair\u0101k satel\u012btu, lai jebkur\u0101 konkr\u0113t\u0101 laik\u0101 virs augsta piepras\u012bjuma re\u0123ioniem b\u016btu vair\u0101k nek\u0101 35 no tiem. Ja atkal \u0146emsim 1 steradi\u0101nu pie\u0146emamai m\u0113r\u0137a debesu da\u013cai un vid\u0113jam orb\u012btas augstumam 400 km, tad ieg\u016bstam bl\u012bvumu 0,0002 kvadr\u0101tkilometr\u0101, jeb kopum\u0101 100 000 \u2014 ja tos vienm\u0113r\u012bgi sadal\u012bs virs visas zemes virsmas. Atg\u0101din\u0101m, ka SpaceX izv\u0113l\u0113t\u0101s orb\u012btas iev\u0113rojami palielina seguma bl\u012bvumu apdz\u012bvot\u0101s teritorij\u0101s, kas atrodas 20\u201340 gr\u0101du zieme\u013cu platum\u0101, un nu ir gr\u016bti ignor\u0113t 30 000 satel\u012btu skaitu, kas \u0161\u0137iet ma\u0123isks.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Otra ideja ir daudz iespaid\u012bg\u0101ka, ta\u010du, cik \u017e\u0113l, ne\u012bstenojama. Atg\u0101din\u0101m, ka starojuma platumu nosaka f\u0101z\u0113t\u0101 antenu rindas platums. Ko dar\u012bt, ja daudzas rindas vair\u0101kiem satel\u012btiem apvieno jaudas, radot \u0161aur\u0101ku starojumu \u2014 tie\u0161i t\u0101pat k\u0101 radio teleskopi, piem\u0113ram, VLA<\/a><\/noindex> (\u013coti liela antenu sist\u0113ma)? \u0160\u012b metode ir saist\u012bta ar vienu sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u012bbu: baseina attiec\u012bba starp satel\u012btiem j\u0101apr\u0113\u0137ina ar precizit\u0101ti l\u012bdz pat submilimetriem, lai stabiliz\u0113tu starojuma f\u0101zi. Un pat ja tas b\u016btu iesp\u0113jams, ieg\u016btais starojums, visticam\u0101k, b\u016bs ar pla\u0161iem s\u0101nu ziedlap\u0101m, \u0146emot v\u0113r\u0101 zemo satel\u012btu bl\u012bvumu debes\u012bs. Uz zemes starojuma platums samazin\u0101tos l\u012bdz da\u017eiem milimetriem (pietiek, lai izsekotu mobil\u0101 telefona antenu), bet to b\u016btu miljoni \u2014 v\u0101j\u0101 starp\u0161aub\u012b\u0161anu d\u0113\u013c. Paldies nelabajai f\u0101z\u0113tajai antenu rindai<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Izr\u0101d\u0101s, ka kan\u0101lu atdal\u012b\u0161ana ar le\u0146\u0137u izkliedi \u2014 jo satel\u012bti ir izklied\u0113ti pa debes\u012bm \u2014 nodro\u0161ina pietiekamu uzlabojumu caurlaidsp\u0113j\u0101 bez fizikas likumu p\u0101rk\u0101p\u0161anas.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Pielietojums<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

K\u0101ds ir Starlink klienta profils? Noklus\u0113juma iestat\u012bjum\u0101 tas ir simtiem miljonu lietot\u0101ju, kuriem uz jumtiem ir antenas, kuru izm\u0113rs ir k\u0101 picas kaste, ta\u010du ir ar\u012b citi augsta ien\u0101kumu avoti.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Att\u0101laj\u0101s un lauku teritorij\u0101s uz zemes stacij\u0101m nav nepiecie\u0161amas f\u0101z\u0113tu antenu re\u017e\u0123i, lai maksimiz\u0113tu staru platumu, t\u0101p\u0113c ir iesp\u0113jama maz\u0101ka abonenta ier\u012bces izmanto\u0161ana: no IoT akt\u012bvu izseko\u0161anas ier\u012bc\u0113m l\u012bdz kabatas satel\u012bttelefoniem, av\u0101rijas sign\u0101la raid\u012bt\u0101jiem vai zin\u0101tniskajiem instrumentiem dz\u012bvnieku izseko\u0161anai.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Bl\u012bvi apdz\u012bvot\u0101s pils\u0113t\u0101s Starlink nodro\u0161in\u0101s gan prim\u0101ro, gan rezerves transporta t\u012bklu mobilajai komunik\u0101cijai. Uz katras mobil\u0101s tor\u0146a var uzst\u0101d\u012bt augstas veiktsp\u0113jas zemes staciju, ta\u010du izmantot zemes baro\u0161anas avotus, lai pastiprin\u0101tu un p\u0101rs\u016bt\u012btu sign\u0101lu caur \"p\u0113d\u0113jo j\u016bd\u017eu\".<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Un beidzot, pat p\u0101rpild\u012bt\u0101s teritorij\u0101s pirmreiz\u0113j\u0101 izv\u0113r\u0161an\u0101 ir iesp\u0113ja izmantot zemo orb\u012btas satel\u012btus ar izteikti minim\u0101lu aizturi. Finan\u0161u uz\u0146\u0113mumi pa\u0161i gr\u016bst jums rok\u0101s vair\u0101kus naudas l\u012bdzek\u013cus \u2014 tikai lai j\u016bs var\u0113tu nedaudz \u0101tr\u0101k ieg\u016bt vit\u0101li svar\u012bgus datus no vis\u0101m pasaules mal\u0101m. Un, lai ar\u012b datiem caur Starlink ir j\u0101dodas gar\u0101ks ce\u013c\u0161 \u2014 caur kosmosu, \u2014 gaismas \u0101trums vakuum\u0101 ir par 50% liel\u0101ks nek\u0101 kvarca stikl\u0101, un tas piln\u012bb\u0101 kompens\u0113 at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bbu, p\u0101rs\u016btot uz liel\u0101k\u0101m distanc\u0113m.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Negat\u012bv\u0101s sekas<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

P\u0113d\u0113j\u0101 sada\u013ca ir velt\u012bta negat\u012bvaj\u0101m sek\u0101m. Raksta m\u0113r\u0137is ir atbr\u012bvot j\u016bs no maldiem attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz projektu, bet potenci\u0101l\u0101s negat\u012bv\u0101s sekas str\u012bdiem rada visliel\u0101ko satraukumu. Es snieg\u0161u da\u017eus datus, atturoties no p\u0101rm\u0113r\u012bg\u0101m interpret\u0101cij\u0101m. Es tom\u0113r neesmu skaidr\u012bt\u0101js, un man nav iek\u0161\u0113jo inform\u0101ciju no SpaceX.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Manupr\u0101t, vissmag\u0101k\u0101s sekas n\u0101k no palielin\u0101tas piek\u013cuves internetam. Pat man\u0101 dzimtaj\u0101 Pasaden\u0101, dz\u012bv\u012bgaj\u0101 un tehnolo\u0123iski att\u012bst\u012btaj\u0101 miljonu pils\u0113t\u0101, kur atrodas vair\u0101ki observatoriji, pasaules klases universit\u0101te un liel\u0101kais NASA centrs, izv\u0113le, run\u0101jot par interneta pakalpojumiem, ir diezgan ierobe\u017eota. Vis\u0101 ASV un citur pasaul\u0113 internets ir k\u013cuvis par nomas orient\u0113tu sabiedrisko pakalpojumu, un vien\u012bgais m\u0113r\u0137is pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113jiem ir izspiest savus 50 miljonus dol\u0101ru m\u0113nes\u012b komfortabl\u0101, nekonkur\u0113tsp\u0113j\u012bg\u0101 vid\u0113. Var teikt, ka jebkur\u0161 pakalpojums, kas pieg\u0101d\u0101ts dz\u012bvok\u013ciem un m\u0101j\u0101m, ir komun\u0101lie pakalpojumi, ta\u010du interneta pakalpojumu kvalit\u0101te ir maz\u0101k vienm\u0113r\u012bga nek\u0101 \u016bdens, elektr\u012bbas vai g\u0101zes.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Probl\u0113ma ar status quo ir t\u0101da, ka, at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no \u016bdens, elektr\u012bbas vai g\u0101zes, internets joproj\u0101m ir jauns un \u0101tri att\u012bst\u0101s. M\u0113s past\u0101v\u012bgi atrodam jaunas pielietojuma iesp\u0113jas. Visrevolucion\u0101r\u0101kais v\u0113l nav atkl\u0101ts, ta\u010du pakete pl\u0101ni nosl\u0101p\u0113 konkurences un inov\u0101ciju iesp\u0113jas. Miljardi cilv\u0113ku joproj\u0101m paliek mal\u0101 digit\u0101laj\u0101 revol\u016bcij\u0101<\/a><\/noindex> dzim\u0161anas apst\u0101k\u013cu d\u0113\u013c vai t\u0101p\u0113c, ka vi\u0146u valsts ir p\u0101r\u0101k t\u0101lu no zem\u016bdens kabe\u013ca ma\u0123istr\u0101l\u0113m. Liel\u0101kaj\u0101s plan\u0113tas re\u0123ionos internets joproj\u0101m tiek pieg\u0101d\u0101ts, izmantojot \u0123eostacion\u0101ros satel\u012btus, par izspiedo\u0161u cenu.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Savuk\u0101rt Starlink, nep\u0101rtraukti izpl\u016bstot internetu no debess, p\u0101rk\u0101pj \u0161o modeli. Man pagaid\u0101m nav zin\u0101ms cits lab\u0101ks veids, k\u0101 piesl\u0113gt miljardiem cilv\u0113ku internetu. SpaceX ir ce\u013c\u0101 k\u013c\u016bt par interneta pakalpojumu sniedz\u0113ju un, potenci\u0101li, interneta uz\u0146\u0113mumu, kas var sacensties ar Google un Facebook. Es der\u0113tu, ka j\u016bs par to pat neiedom\u0101j\u0101ties.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Tas, ka satel\u012btu internets ir lab\u0101kais variants, nav ac\u012bmredzams. SpaceX un tikai SpaceX ir t\u0101d\u0101 poz\u012bcij\u0101, lai \u0101tri izveidotu pla\u0161u satel\u012btu grup\u0113jumu, jo tikai t\u0101 ir izn\u012bcin\u0101jusi desmitgades vald\u012bbas un milit\u0101r\u0101s monopolu kosmosa ku\u0123u palai\u0161an\u0101. Pat ja Iridium tirg\u016b ar mobilajiem telefoniem apsteigtu desmit reizes, tas tom\u0113r neieg\u016btu pla\u0161u pielietojumu, izmantojot tradicion\u0101l\u0101s palai\u0161anas vietas. Bez SpaceX un t\u0101s unik\u0101l\u0101s biznesa mode\u013ca ir liela iesp\u0113ja, ka glob\u0101lais satel\u012btu internets vienk\u0101r\u0161i nekad nenotiks.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Otra liela trieciena skars astronomiju. P\u0113c pirmajiem 60 Starlink satel\u012btu palai\u0161anas s\u0101k\u0101s starptautisk\u0101s astronomisk\u0101s kopienas kritika par to, ka palielin\u0101tais satel\u012btu skaits aiz\u0161\u0137\u0113rsos vi\u0146iem ce\u013cu uz nakts debes\u012bm. Ir t\u0101da teiciens: starp astronomiem tas ir lab\u0101kais, kura teleskops ir liel\u0101ks. Bez p\u0101rsp\u012bl\u0113\u0161anas, nodarboties ar astronomiju m\u016bsdienu laikmet\u0101 ir \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi gr\u016bti, tas atg\u0101dina nep\u0101rtrauktu c\u012b\u0146u par anal\u012bzes kvalit\u0101tes uzlabo\u0161anu pieaugot gaismas pies\u0101r\u0146ojumam un citiem trok\u0161\u0146u avotiem.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Vismaz\u0101k astronomam ir vajadz\u012bgi t\u016bksto\u0161iem spilgtu satel\u012btu, kas mirgo teleskopa fokus\u0101. Un paties\u012bb\u0101, pirm\u0101 Iridium satel\u012btu grupa ieguva sliktu slavu, jo rad\u012bja \"gaismas zibes\" no lielajiem pane\u013ciem, kas atspogu\u013coja saules gaismu uz neliel\u0101m Zemes viet\u0101m. Bija gad\u012bjumi, kad tie sasniedza M\u0113ness ceturt\u0101s da\u013cas spo\u017eumu un da\u017ereiz pat nejau\u0161i boj\u0101ja jut\u012bgus astronomiskos sensorus. Nav pamata ba\u017e\u0101m, ka Starlink iek\u013c\u016bs radiovi\u013c\u0146os, ko izmanto radioastronomij\u0101.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Ja lejupiel\u0101d\u0113 satel\u012btu izseko\u0161anas lietotni, var redz\u0113t desmitiem satel\u012btu, kas lido debes\u012bs skaidr\u0101 vakar\u0101. Satel\u012bti ir redzami p\u0113c saulrieta un pirms ausmas, bet tikai tad, kad saules stari tos apgaismo. V\u0113l\u0101k, nakt\u012b, satel\u012bti ir neredzami Zemes \u0113n\u0101. Mazi, \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi t\u0101li, tie p\u0101rvietojas \u013coti \u0101tri. Past\u0101v iesp\u0113ja, ka tie maz\u0101k nek\u0101 milisekund\u0113 aizsedz t\u0101lu zvaigzni, bet, manupr\u0101t, pat to uztvert \u2014 ir liels izaicin\u0101jums.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Liela satraukuma c\u0113lonis par debesu izgaismo\u0161anu rad\u0101s no t\u0101, ka pirm\u0101s palai\u0161anas satel\u012btu sl\u0101nis tika izvietots tuvu Zemes terminatoram, t.i., nakt\u012b p\u0113c nakts Eiropa \u2014 un tas bija vasar\u0101 \u2014 v\u0113roja episku skatu, k\u0101 satel\u012bti izplet\u0101s debes\u012bs vakara tums\u0101. Turkl\u0101t simul\u0101cijas, kas balst\u012btas uz FKS zi\u0146ojumiem, par\u0101d\u012bja, ka satel\u012btus orb\u012bt\u0101 1150 km virs j\u016bras l\u012bme\u0146a b\u016bs iesp\u0113jams redz\u0113t pat p\u0113c astronomiskaj\u0101m kr\u0113sl\u0101m. Paties\u012bb\u0101 kr\u0113sliem ir tr\u012bs stadijas: civilo, j\u016bras un astronomisko, t.i., kad saule atrodas 6, 12 un 18 gr\u0101du att\u0101lum\u0101 zem redzes l\u012bnijas attiec\u012bgi. Astronomisko kr\u0113slu beig\u0101s saules stari atrodas aptuveni 650 km no virsmas zen\u012bt\u0101, t\u0101lu aiz atmosf\u0113ras un liel\u0101k\u0101s da\u013cas zemas Zemes orb\u012btas. Balstoties uz datiem no Starlink t\u012bmek\u013ca vietnes<\/a><\/noindex>, es uzskatu, ka visi satel\u012bti tiks izvietoti augstum\u0101 zem 600 km. \u0160aj\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 tos var\u0113s redz\u0113t kr\u0113sl\u0101, bet ne p\u0113c nakts iest\u0101\u0161an\u0101s, kas b\u016btiski samazin\u0101s potenci\u0101los sekas astronomijai.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Tre\u0161\u0101 probl\u0113ma ir atkritumi orb\u012bt\u0101. Iepriek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 ierakst\u0101<\/a><\/noindex> es nor\u0101d\u012bju, ka satel\u012bti un atkritumi zem 600 km s\u0101ks izkrist no orb\u012btas da\u017eu gadu laik\u0101 \u2014 atmosf\u0113ras pretest\u012bbas d\u0113\u013c, kas b\u016btiski samazina Kessler sindroma iesp\u0113ju. SpaceX izple\u0161as ar atkritumiem, it k\u0101 vi\u0146i nemaz nedom\u0101tu par kosmisko atkritumu probl\u0113mu. Tagad es p\u0101rskatu Starlink \u012bsteno\u0161anas deta\u013cas, un man ir gr\u016bti iedom\u0101ties lab\u0101ku veidu, k\u0101 samazin\u0101t atkritumu daudzumu orb\u012bt\u0101.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Satel\u012bti tiek pacelti l\u012bdz 350 km, p\u0113c tam ar ieb\u016bv\u0113tiem dzin\u0113jiem p\u0101rvietojas uz savu paredz\u0113to orb\u012btu. Jebkur\u0161 satel\u012bts, kas iet boj\u0101 palai\u0161anas laik\u0101, p\u0113c da\u017e\u0101m ned\u0113\u013c\u0101m izkrist no orb\u012btas, un to vairs nesv\u0101rst\u012bs augst\u0101kas viet\u0101s tuv\u0101kos t\u016bksto\u0161us gadu. \u0160\u0101da atra\u0161an\u0101s strat\u0113\u0123iski paredz br\u012bvas ieejas test\u0113\u0161anu. Turkl\u0101t Starlink satel\u012bti ir plakani \u0161\u0137\u0113rsgriezum\u0101, tas noz\u012bm\u0113, ka, zaud\u0113jot augstuma kontroli, tie iek\u013c\u016bst bl\u012bv\u0101kajos atmosf\u0113ras sl\u0101\u0146os.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Maz v\u0101rdus zina, ka SpaceX ir k\u013cuvusi par pionieri kosmonautik\u0101, s\u0101kot izmantot alternat\u012bvus savienojuma veidus, nevis pirotehniskos patronus. Praktiski visas starta platformas izmanto pirotehniskos patronus, veicot posmu, satel\u012btu, apvalku un citu priek\u0161metu izvieto\u0161anu, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di palielinot potenci\u0101lo atkritumu daudzumu. V\u0113l SpaceX m\u0113r\u0137tiec\u012bgi nov\u0113r\u0161 aug\u0161\u0113jo pak\u0101pju non\u0101k\u0161anu orb\u012bt\u0101, nepie\u013caujot t\u0101m kl\u012bst kosmos\u0101 m\u016b\u017e\u012bgi, lai t\u0101s neizn\u012bktu un nesatr\u016bktu skaraj\u0101 kosmosa vid\u0113.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Un visbeidzot, p\u0113d\u0113j\u0101 probl\u0113ma, par kuru grib\u0113ju run\u0101t, ir iesp\u0113ja, ka SpaceX izspied\u012bs eso\u0161o internetu monopolu, izveidojot savu. Sav\u0101 ni\u0161\u0101 SpaceX jau ir monopoliz\u0113jusi palai\u0161anas. Tikai konkur\u0113jo\u0161o vald\u012bbu v\u0113lme ieg\u016bt garant\u0113tu piek\u013cuvi kosmosam ne\u013cauj novecoju\u0161\u0101m, d\u0101rg\u0101m ra\u0137et\u0113m tikt izmest\u0101m no ekspluat\u0101cijas, kuras bie\u017ei vien ra\u017eo lieli monopoliski aizsardz\u012bbas l\u012bgumu izpild\u012bt\u0101ji.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Nav p\u0101r\u0101k gr\u016bti iedom\u0101ties, ka 2030. gad\u0101 SpaceX ik gadu palaid\u012bs 6000 savus satel\u012btus, pievienojot da\u017eus izl\u016bko\u0161anas satel\u012btus \u2014 p\u0113c senaj\u0101m atmi\u0146\u0101m. L\u0113ti un uzticami SpaceX satel\u012bti p\u0101rdos \u201cstabil\u0101s vietas\u201d zem citu ier\u012bc\u0113m. Ikviens universit\u0101te, kas izveidos der\u012bgu kosmos\u0101 izmantojamu kameru, var\u0113s to aizvest orb\u012bt\u0101, nerisk\u0113jot ar izmaks\u0101m, kas saist\u012btas ar pilnas kosmisk\u0101s platformas b\u016bv\u0113\u0161anu. Ar t\u0101du att\u012bst\u012btu un neierobe\u017eotu piek\u013cuvi kosmosam Starlink jau tiek asoci\u0113ts ar satel\u012btiem, kam\u0113r v\u0113sturiskie ra\u017eot\u0101ji aiziet pag\u0101tn\u0113.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

V\u0113stur\u0113 ir piem\u0113ri, kad t\u0101lredz\u012bgas komp\u0101nijas ir ie\u0146\u0113mu\u0161as tik lielu tirgus ni\u0161u, ka to nosaukumi ir k\u013cuvu\u0161i par visp\u0101r\u0113jiem terminiem: Hoover, Westinghouse, Kleenex, Google, Frisbee, Xerox, Kodak, Motorola, IBM.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Probl\u0113ma var rasties tad, kad pionieru uz\u0146\u0113mums \u0137eras pie antikonkurences praks\u0113m, lai saglab\u0101tu savu tirgus da\u013cu, lai gan kop\u0161 prezidenta Reigana laika tas bie\u017ei netiek aizliegts. SpaceX var\u0113tu saglab\u0101t Starlink monopolu, piespie\u017eot citus satel\u012bta grupu izstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101jus palaist satel\u012btus uz vecaj\u0101m padomju ra\u0137et\u0113m. L\u012bdz\u012bgas darb\u012bbas tiek veiktas United Aircraft and Transportation company<\/a><\/noindex>, kop\u0101 ar pasta p\u0101rvad\u0101jumu cenu fiks\u0101ciju, noveda to 1934. gad\u0101 l\u012bdz klup\u0161anai. Par laimi, SpaceX visticam\u0101k uz visiem laikiem nezaud\u0113s absol\u016bto monopolu uz atk\u0101rtoti lietojam\u0101m ra\u0137et\u0113m.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

V\u0113l vair\u0101k satraukumu rada tas, ka SpaceX desmitiem t\u016bksto\u0161u satel\u012btu izvietojums zemaj\u0101 orb\u012bt\u0101 var tikt projekt\u0113ts k\u0101 kop\u0113j\u0101 labuma sagr\u0101b\u0161ana. Priv\u0101ta komp\u0101nija, sekojot person\u012bgai pe\u013c\u0146ai, ieg\u016bst past\u0101v\u012bg\u0101 \u012bpa\u0161um\u0101 k\u0101dreiz publiski pieejamas un neviena neapg\u016btas orb\u012btas poz\u012bcijas. Un, lai gan SpaceX inov\u0101cijas patie\u0161\u0101m \u013c\u0101vu\u0161as peln\u012bt naudu vakuum\u0101, liel\u0101k\u0101 da\u013ca intelektu\u0101l\u0101 kapit\u0101la SpaceX tika veidota uz miljardiem dol\u0101ru, kas pie\u0161\u0137irti no p\u0113tniec\u012bbas bud\u017eeta.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

No vienas puses, ir nepiecie\u0161ami likumi, kas aizsarg\u0101 priv\u0101to invest\u012bciju, p\u0113t\u012bjumu un att\u012bst\u012bbas l\u012bdzek\u013cus. Bez \u0161\u012bs aizsardz\u012bbas izgudrot\u0101ji nevar\u0113s finans\u0113t ambiciozus projektus vai p\u0101rcels savas komp\u0101nijas uz viet\u0101m, kur \u0161\u0101du aizsardz\u012bbu vi\u0146iem nodro\u0161in\u0101s. Jebkur\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 sabiedr\u012bba cie\u0161, jo nenotiek pe\u013c\u0146as g\u016b\u0161ana. No otras puses, ir nepiecie\u0161ami likumi, kas aizsarg\u0101 cilv\u0113kus, nomin\u0101los \u012bpa\u0161niekus kop\u0113jiem labumiem, tostarp debes\u012bm \u2014 no \u012bres orient\u0113t\u0101m priv\u0101t\u0101m vien\u012bb\u0101m, kas aneks\u0113 sabiedriskos labumus. Pa\u0161am par sevi neviens no tiem nav pareizs un pat neiesp\u0113jams. SpaceX att\u012bst\u012bbas pied\u0101v\u0101 iesp\u0113ju atrast zelta vidusce\u013cu \u0161aj\u0101 jaunaj\u0101 tirg\u016b. M\u0113s saprat\u012bsim, ka tas ir atrasts, kad maksimiz\u0113sim inov\u0101ciju bie\u017eumu un sabiedrisk\u0101 labuma veido\u0161anu.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

P\u0113d\u0113j\u0101s domas<\/h3>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0160o rakstu es uzrakst\u012bju uzreiz p\u0113c tam, kad pabeidzu citu \u2014 par Starship<\/a><\/noindex>. Aizvad\u012bta ir interesanta ned\u0113\u013ca. Gan Starship, gan Starlink \u2014 revolucion\u0101ras tehnolo\u0123ijas, kas tiek rad\u012btas tie\u0161i m\u016bsu priek\u0161\u0101, m\u016bsu dz\u012bv\u0113. Ja es redz\u0113\u0161u, k\u0101 pieaug mani mazb\u0113rni, vi\u0146i vair\u0101k br\u012bn\u012bsies par to, ka esmu vec\u0101ks par Starlink, nevis par to, ka man\u0101 b\u0113rn\u012bb\u0101 nebija mobilo (muzeju ekspon\u0101tu) vai visp\u0101r pieejama interneta.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Bag\u0101tie un milit\u0101rie jau sen izmanto satel\u012btu internetu, ta\u010du visp\u0101r\u0113js, kop\u012bgs un l\u0113ts Starlink bez Starship ir praktiski neiesp\u0113jams.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Par palai\u0161anu run\u0101 jau ilgu laiku, tom\u0113r Starship, kas ir diezgan l\u0113ta un t\u0101p\u0113c interesanta platforma, nav iesp\u0113jama bez Starlink.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Par pilot\u0113jamo astronautiku run\u0101 jau ilgu laiku, un, ja j\u016bs esat \u2014 reakt\u012bv\u0101 izn\u012bcin\u0101t\u0101ja pilots, k\u0101 ar\u012b neiro\u0137irurgs<\/a><\/noindex>, tad jums ir za\u013cais sign\u0101ls. Ar Starship un Starlink cilv\u0113ka kosmosa izp\u0113te ir sasniedzams, tuv\u0101 n\u0101kotne, kur\u0101 rokas stiept no orb\u012bt\u0101s b\u0101zes uz r\u016bpnieciski att\u012bst\u012bt\u0101m pils\u0113t\u0101m t\u0101laj\u0101 kosmos\u0101.<\/p>\n

Avots: habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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