{"id":55121,"date":"2020-01-13T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2020-01-12T21:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/blog_prohoster\/a-vot-nakonets-i-rele"},"modified":"2020-02-18T14:03:12","modified_gmt":"2020-02-18T11:03:12","slug":"a-vot-nakonets-i-rele","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/administrirovanie\/a-vot-nakonets-i-rele","title":{"rendered":"Un visbeidzot, ar\u012b relejs","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Un visbeidzot, ar\u012b relejs\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/3e16a1196fca3c5ff8f1c33cbeaa07b0.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<b class=\"spoiler_title\">Citi cikla raksti:<\/b><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reles v\u0113sture\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404373\/\">\u0100tr\u0101s inform\u0101cijas p\u0101rraides metode, vai releja pirms\u0101kumi<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404475\/\">T\u0101lrunis<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/370545\/\">Galvanisms<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404657\/\">Uz\u0146\u0113m\u0113ji<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404723\/\">Un visbeidzot, ar\u012b relejs<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404889\/\">Run\u0101jo\u0161s telegraf<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/405025\/\">Vienk\u0101r\u0161i piesl\u0113gt<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/mailru\/blog\/370471\/\">Aizmirst\u0101 releju datoru paaudze<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/405207\/\">Elektronisk\u0101 \u0113ra<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Elektronisko datoru v\u0113sture\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/408611\/\">Prologs<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/374043\/\">Koloss<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/408597\/\">ENIAC <\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/447916\/\">Elektronisk\u0101 revol\u016bcija<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Transistora v\u0113sture\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/448238\/\">Taustoties tums\u0101<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/448576\/\">No kara izn\u012bcin\u0101\u0161anas<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/448576\/\"><\/a><\/noindex><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/449760\/\">Daudzk\u0101rt\u0113ja izgudro\u0161ana<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Interneta v\u0113sture\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450168\/\">Atbalsta t\u012bkls<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/450522\/\">Sabrukums, 1. da\u013ca<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/451606\/\">Sabrukums, 2. da\u013ca<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/452030\/\">Atverot interaktivit\u0101ti<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/453154\/\">Papla\u0161inot interaktivit\u0101ti<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/456200\/\">ARPANET \u2014 dzim\u0161ana<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/457256\/\">ARPANET \u2014 pakets<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/461177\/\">ARPANET \u2014 apak\u0161t\u012bkls<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/472582\/\">Dators k\u0101 sakaru ier\u012bce<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/483366\/\">Interneta v\u0113sture: starp t\u012bklu mijiedarb\u012bba<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\nNo <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/geektimes.ru\/post\/290165\/\">iepriek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 da\u013c\u0101<\/a><\/noindex> m\u0113s uzzin\u0101j\u0101m, k\u0101 amerik\u0101\u0146u zin\u0101tnieks un pasniedz\u0113js <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84\">D\u017eozefs Henrijs<\/a><\/noindex> pirmo reizi ce\u013coja pa Eiropu. Apmekl\u0113jot Londonu, vi\u0146\u0161 speci\u0101li dev\u0101s pie cilv\u0113ka, kuru \u013coti ciena, matem\u0101ti\u0137a <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7\">\u010c\u0101rlza Bebid\u017ea<\/a><\/noindex>. Kop\u0101 ar Henriju bija vi\u0146a draugs Aleksandrs Bahs un vi\u0146a jaunais pazi\u0146a, ar\u012b telegr\u0101fa eksperiments, <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7\">\u010c\u0101rlzs Vitsons<\/a><\/noindex>. Bebid\u017es past\u0101st\u012bja viesiem, ka dr\u012bz pl\u0101no par\u0101d\u012bt parlamenta loceklim savu skait\u013cu ma\u0161\u012bnu, bet ar v\u0113l liel\u0101ku prieku vi\u0146\u0161 dal\u012bj\u0101s ar vi\u0146iem savas jaun\u0101s ma\u0161\u012bnas idej\u0101, \"kas iev\u0113rojami p\u0101rsniegs pirm\u0101s iesp\u0113jas.\" Henrijs ierakst\u012bja \u0161\u012b pl\u0101na visp\u0101r\u0113jo aprakstu sav\u0101 dienasgr\u0101mat\u0101:<\/p>\n<p>\u0160\u012b ma\u0161\u012bna ir sadal\u012bta div\u0101s da\u013c\u0101s, no kur\u0101m vienu kungs B. sauc par kr\u0101tuv\u012bti, bet otru \u2013 par mill, kur kr\u0101tuv\u012bte ir piepild\u012bta ar riten\u012b\u0161iem, uz kuriem ir z\u012bm\u0113ti skait\u013ci. Periodiski sviras tos izvelk un p\u0101rvieto mill\u0101, kur notiek nepiecie\u0161am\u0101s manipul\u0101cijas. P\u0113c tam \u0161\u012b ma\u0161\u012bna sp\u0113s apkopot jebkuras algebriskas dabas formulu tabul\u0101.<br \/>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><br \/>\nV\u0113sturnieks nevar nepaman\u012bt auksti, kas skrien pa muguru \u0161\u0101d\u0101s nejau\u0161\u0101s cilv\u0113ku dz\u012bves \u0161\u0137\u0113rsgriezumos. \u0160eit savij\u0101s divas datortehnolo\u0123iju v\u0113stures pavedieni, no kuriem viens tuvoj\u0101s nosl\u0113gumam, bet otrs tikai s\u0101k\u0101s.<\/p>\n<p>Galu gal\u0101, lai gan Bebid\u017ea ma\u0161\u012bnu bie\u017ei uzskata par m\u016bsdienu univers\u0101lo datoru st\u0101sta s\u0101kumu, saikne starp tiem ir diezgan v\u0101j\u0161. Vi\u0146a ma\u0161\u012bna (kuru vi\u0146\u0161 t\u0101 ar\u012b nemet\u012bja) bija meh\u0101nisku apr\u0113\u0137inu sap\u0146u kulmin\u0101cija. \u0160o sapni, ko pirmo reizi izteica Leibnizs, iedvesmoja arvien sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u0101kie pulkste\u0146u meh\u0101nismi, ko izgatavoja amatnieki no viduslaikiem. Ta\u010du neviens visp\u0101r\u0113j\u0101s lieto\u0161anas dators netika izgatavots uz t\u012bri meh\u0101niskiem pamatiem \u2013 \u0161is uzdevums ir p\u0101r\u0101k sare\u017e\u0123\u012bts.<\/p>\n<p>Elektromagn\u0113tisko releju, ko izstr\u0101d\u0101ja Henrijs un citi, ir sal\u012bdzino\u0161i viegli ieviest apr\u0113\u0137inu sh\u0113m\u0101s, kuru sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u012bba bez t\u0101 \u0161\u0137iet neiedom\u0101jama. Tom\u0113r l\u012bdz tam v\u0113l bija desmitgad\u0113m, un Henrijs un vi\u0146a laikabiedri nevar\u0113ja prognoz\u0113t \u0161\u0101du att\u012bst\u012bbu. Tas k\u013cuva par priek\u0161teci neskait\u0101miem tranzistoriem, kas padar\u012bja iesp\u0113jamu m\u016bsdienu digit\u0101lo pasauli, kas ir tik sp\u0113c\u012bgi saist\u012bta ar m\u016bsu m\u016bsdienu dz\u012bvi. Releji piepild\u012bja agr\u012bno programm\u0113jamo skait\u013co\u0161anas ma\u0161\u012bnu iek\u0161pusi, kas k\u0101du laiku vald\u012bja, l\u012bdz t\u0101s tika nomain\u012btas ar t\u012bri elektroniskajiem radiniekiem.<\/p>\n<p>Releju neatkar\u012bgi viens no otra izgudroja vair\u0101kas reizes 1830. gados. T\u0101 m\u0113r\u0137i bija da\u017e\u0101di (pieci t\u0101 izgudrot\u0101ji n\u0101ca klaj\u0101 vismaz ar trim pielietojuma variantiem) \u2013 t\u0101pat k\u0101 lietojuma piem\u0113ri. Bet par to ir \u0113rti dom\u0101t k\u0101 par ier\u012bci ar divk\u0101r\u0161u pielietojumu. To var izmantot k\u0101 sl\u0113dzi, kas kontrol\u0113 citu elektrisko ier\u012bci (ieskaitot, kas ir svar\u012bgi, citu releju), vai k\u0101 pastiprin\u0101t\u0101ju, kas v\u0101jo sign\u0101lu p\u0101rv\u0113r\u0161 sp\u0113c\u012bg\u0101.<\/p>\n<h2>Sl\u0113dzis<\/h2>\n<p>\nD\u017eozefs Henrijs apvienoja vien\u0101 cilv\u0113k\u0101 dzi\u013cas zin\u0101\u0161anas nat\u016brfilozofij\u0101, meh\u0101nik\u0101 un interesi par meh\u0101nisk\u0101 telegr\u0101fa probl\u0113mu. 1830. gados \u0161\u0101da kvalitat\u012bva kombin\u0101cija, iesp\u0113jams, bija tikai Uitsonei. L\u012bdz 1831. gadam vi\u0146\u0161 uzb\u016bv\u0113ja 2,5 km garu sh\u0113mu, kas sp\u0113ja darbin\u0101t zvanu, izmantojot taj\u0101 br\u012bd\u012b jaud\u012bg\u0101ko magn\u0113tu. Iesp\u0113jams, ja vi\u0146\u0161 turpin\u0101tu tik akt\u012bvi str\u0101d\u0101t pie telegr\u0101fa un izr\u0101d\u012btu t\u0101du pa\u0161u ap\u0146\u0113m\u012bbu k\u0101 Morgs, tad tie\u0161i vi\u0146a v\u0101rds b\u016btu ierakst\u012bts m\u0101c\u012bbu gr\u0101mat\u0101s.<\/p>\n<p>Ta\u010du Henrijs, skolot\u0101js no Oalbani akad\u0113mijas, v\u0113l\u0101k \u0145\u016bd\u017eersijas koled\u017e\u0101 (tagad Prinstonas universit\u0101te), b\u016bv\u0113ja un pilnveidoja elektrisk\u0101s ier\u012bces, lai veiktu p\u0113t\u012bjumus, apm\u0101c\u012bbu un zin\u0101tniskas demonstr\u0101cijas. Vi\u0146\u0161 nebija ieinteres\u0113ts p\u0101rv\u0113rst pedago\u0123isko instrumentu zi\u0146ojumu p\u0101rraides sist\u0113m\u0101.<\/p>\n<p>Aptuveni 1835. gad\u0101 vi\u0146\u0161 izstr\u0101d\u0101ja \u012bpa\u0161u, vilt\u012bgu demonstr\u0101ciju, izmantojot divus ap\u013cus. Atcerieties, ka Henrijs atkl\u0101ja elektr\u012bbas divus izm\u0113rus \u2013 intensit\u0101ti un daudzumu (m\u0113s tos saucam par spriegumu un str\u0101vu). Vi\u0146\u0161 izveidoja ap\u013cus ar intens\u012bv\u0101m baterij\u0101m un magn\u0113tiem elektromagn\u0113tisma p\u0101rs\u016bt\u012b\u0161anai lielos att\u0101lumos, k\u0101 ar\u012b ap\u013cus ar daudzuma baterij\u0101m un magn\u0113tiem, lai rad\u012btu lielas jaudas elektromagn\u0113tiskos sp\u0113kus.<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u0146a jaunais agreg\u0101ts apvienoja abus \u012bpa\u0161\u012bbas. Sp\u0113c\u012bgais kvantitat\u012bvais elektromagn\u0113ts var\u0113ja pacelt simtiem kilogramu smagu kravu. Intens\u012bvais magnets gar\u0101 kont\u016br\u0101 tika izmantots, lai paceltu nelielu met\u0101la vadu: sl\u0113dzi. Intens\u012bv\u0101 ap\u013cveida sl\u0113g\u0161ana lika magnetam pacelt vadu, kas atsl\u0113g\u0101ja sl\u0113dzi un kvantitat\u012bvo apli. P\u0113c tam kvantitat\u012bvais elektromagn\u0113ts p\u0113k\u0161\u0146i nometa savu kravu ar kaitino\u0161u troksni.<\/p>\n<p>\u0160o releju \u2013 un tie\u0161i t\u0101du lomu sp\u0113l\u0113ja intens\u012bvais magnets un t\u0101 vads \u2013 bija nepiecie\u0161ams, lai demonstr\u0113tu elektrisk\u0101s ener\u0123ijas p\u0101rveido\u0161anu meh\u0101niskaj\u0101 ener\u0123ij\u0101, k\u0101 ar\u012b to, k\u0101 maza jauda var kontrol\u0113t lielu jaudu. Viegl\u0101 vada iegremd\u0113\u0161ana sk\u0101b\u0113, lai nosl\u0113gtu apli, rad\u012bja nelielu kust\u012bbu mazaj\u0101 sl\u0113dz\u012b, kas galu gal\u0101 izrais\u012bja katastrofu met\u0101la kri\u0161an\u0101 tik liel\u0101 daudzum\u0101, kas b\u016btu pietiekami, lai saplacin\u0101tu ikvienu, kur\u0161 b\u016btu pietiekami mu\u013c\u0137\u012bgs, lai st\u0101v\u0113tu zem t\u0101. Henrijam relejs bija zin\u0101tnisko principu demonstr\u0113\u0161anas instruments. Tas bija elektrisks sviras sist\u0113ma.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Un visbeidzot, ar\u012b relejs\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/93bd7103b03032ddb16cc69b8e28cf29.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nHenrijs, visticam\u0101k, bija pirmais, kur\u0161 \u0161\u0101d\u0101 veid\u0101 savienoja divus ap\u013cus \u2013 lai, izmantojot viena apli elektro magn\u0113tismu, kontrol\u0113tu otru. Otr\u0101 vieta, cik mums zin\u0101ms, pieder Vilj\u0101mam Kukam un \u010c\u0101rlzam Vitsonam, lai gan vi\u0146i izvirz\u012bja pavisam citus m\u0113r\u0137us.<\/p>\n<p>1836. gada mart\u0101, dr\u012bz p\u0113c tam, kad apmekl\u0113ja telegr\u0101fa demonstr\u0101ciju Heid\u0113lberg\u0101, kur\u0101 tika izmantota galvanisk\u0101 adata sign\u0101lu p\u0101rs\u016bt\u012b\u0161anai, Kuks iedvesmoj\u0101s no muzik\u0101l\u0101s l\u0101d\u012btes. Kuks uzskat\u012bja, ka re\u0101laj\u0101 telegr\u0101f\u0101 \u0101das, kas apz\u012bm\u0113 burtus, pras\u012bs vair\u0101kas adatas, un t\u0101m b\u016bs nepiecie\u0161ami vair\u0101ki kont\u016bri. Kuks v\u0113l\u0113j\u0101s, lai elektromagn\u0113ts aktiviz\u0113tu meh\u0101nismu, kas var\u0113tu b\u016bt tik sare\u017e\u0123\u012bts, cik nepiecie\u0161ams, lai par\u0101d\u012btu vajadz\u012bgo burtu.<\/p>\n<p>Vi\u0146\u0161 izstr\u0101d\u0101ja ma\u0161\u012bnu, kas atg\u0101din\u0101ja muzik\u0101lo l\u0101d\u012bti, ar cilindru, ko aplieca daudzi pinumi. No vienas puses cilindram vajadz\u0113ja atrasties ap\u013ca skala ar burtiem. Katras telegr\u0101fa l\u012bnijas gal\u0101 bija j\u0101b\u016bt t\u0101dai kast\u012btei. Pavad\u012btais atsperes meh\u0101nisms vajadz\u0113ja likt cilindram griezties, ta\u010du liel\u0101ko da\u013cu laika tas b\u016btu fiks\u0113ts ar apst\u0101\u0161anos. Nospie\u017eot telegr\u0101fa tausti\u0146u, kont\u016bra sl\u0113dzas, aktiviz\u0113jot elektromagn\u0113tus, kas atbr\u012bvo abus blo\u0137\u0113jo\u0161os meh\u0101nismus, un abi meh\u0101nismi s\u0101k griezties. Kad uz sl\u0113g\u0101 par\u0101d\u0101s vajadz\u012bgais burts, tausti\u0146u atlaida, blo\u0137\u0113\u0161anas meh\u0101nismi atgrie\u017eas viet\u0101, apturot cilindru grie\u0161anos. Kuks, pats nezinot, atjaunoja Ronalda telegr\u0101fa chronometrisko modeli, ko izstr\u0101d\u0101ja pirms divdesmit gadiem, un agr\u012bnos \u0160appa br\u0101\u013cu eksperimentus ar telegr\u0101fu (tikai vi\u0146i izmantoja ska\u0146u, nevis elektr\u012bbu, lai sinhroniz\u0113tu skalas).<\/p>\n<p>Kuks saprata, ka l\u012bdz\u012bgas meh\u0101nisms var\u0113tu pal\u012bdz\u0113t atrisin\u0101t sen radu\u0161os telegr\u0101fa probl\u0113mu \u2013 pazi\u0146ot sa\u0146\u0113m\u0113jam par jaunu zi\u0146ojumu. Tam var\u0113tu izmantot otro kont\u016bru ar citu elektromagn\u0113tu, kas aktiviz\u0113tu meh\u0101nisko zvanu. Kont\u016bra sl\u0113g\u0161ana ies\u016bktu blo\u0137\u0113jo\u0161o meh\u0101nismu, un zvan\u012btu zvans.<\/p>\n<p>1837. gada mart\u0101 Kuks uzs\u0101ka kop\u012bgu darbu ar Vitsonu pie telegr\u0101fa, un ap \u0161o laiku vi\u0146i s\u0101ka dom\u0101t par nepiecie\u0161am\u012bbu p\u0113c otra kont\u016bra. T\u0101 viet\u0101, lai izveidotu neatkar\u012bgu kont\u016bru sign\u0101la pazi\u0146o\u0161anai (un vilktu vair\u0101kus kilometrus lieko vadu), vai neb\u016btu viegl\u0101k izmantot galveno kont\u016bru sign\u0101la kontrol\u0113\u0161anai?<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Un visbeidzot, ar\u012b relejs\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/b68f58167a89c00819655299ee5178d7.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nL\u012bdz tam br\u012bdim K\u016bks un Vitsons bija atgriezu\u0161ies pie adatu dizaina, un bija piln\u012bgi skaidrs, ka nelielu vadu var\u0113ja pievienot adatai, lai, kad t\u0101s gals tika pievilkts ar elektromagnetu, t\u0101s aste nosl\u0113gtu otro loku. \u0160is loks rad\u012btu sign\u0101lu. P\u0113c noteikta laika interv\u0101la, kad zi\u0146ojumu sa\u0146\u0113m\u0113js var\u0113tu pag\u016bt pamosties, izsl\u0113gt sign\u0101lu un sagatavot z\u012bmuli un pap\u012bru, adatu jau var\u0113ja izmantot zi\u0146ojuma nos\u016bt\u012b\u0161anai parastaj\u0101 re\u017e\u012bm\u0101.<\/p>\n<p>Divus gadus divos kontinentos divreiz, ar div\u0101m da\u017e\u0101d\u0101m m\u0113r\u0137auditorij\u0101m, cilv\u0113ki saprata, ka elektromagnetu var\u0113ja izmantot k\u0101 sl\u0113dzi, kas kontrol\u0113 citu loku. Bet var\u0113ja iedom\u0101ties ar\u012b pavisam citu veidu, k\u0101 abi loki mijiedarboj\u0101s.<\/p>\n<h2>Pastiprin\u0101t\u0101js<\/h2>\n<p>\n1837. gada ruden\u012b Semjuels Mors bija p\u0101rliecin\u0101ts, ka vi\u0146a ideja par elektrisko telegr\u0101fu var darboties. Izmantojot intens\u012bvu bateriju un Henrija magnetu, vi\u0146\u0161 s\u016bt\u012bja zi\u0146ojumus att\u0101lum\u0101 l\u012bdz pus kilometram. Bet, lai pier\u0101d\u012btu Kongresam iesp\u0113ju nos\u016bt\u012bt zi\u0146ojumus pa savu telegr\u0101fu vis\u0101 kontinent\u0101, vi\u0146am vajadz\u0113ja daudz vair\u0101k. Bija skaidrs, ka neatkar\u012bgi no bateriju jaudas noteikt\u0101 mirkl\u012b loks k\u013c\u016bs p\u0101r\u0101k gar\u0161, lai nos\u016bt\u012btu saprotamu sign\u0101lu uz otra gala. Bet Mors saprata, ka, neskatoties uz sp\u0113c\u012bgu jaudas kritumu ar att\u0101lumu, elektromagn\u0113ts var\u0113ja atv\u0113rt un aizv\u0113rt citu loku, kas darboj\u0101s no sava akumulatora, kas savuk\u0101rt var\u0113tu nos\u016bt\u012bt sign\u0101lu t\u0101l\u0101k. Procesu var\u0113ja atk\u0101rtojum\u0113 bezgal\u012bgi un p\u0101rkl\u0101t att\u0101lumus jebkur\u0101 garum\u0101. T\u0101p\u0113c \u0161os starp magn\u0113tus sauca par \u00abrelay\u00bb \u2013 k\u0101 pasts stacijas zirgu mai\u0146ai. Tie pie\u0146\u0113ma elektrisko zi\u0146ojumu no v\u0101j\u0101 partnera un nesa to t\u0101l\u0101k ar jaunu sp\u0113ku.<\/p>\n<p>Nav iesp\u0113jams noteikt, vai \u0161\u012b ideja tika iedvesmota no Henrija darbiem, bet Mors noteikti bija pirmais, kur\u0161 izmantoja releju \u0161\u0101da m\u0113r\u0137a sasnieg\u0161anai. Vi\u0146am relejs nebija sl\u0113dzis, bet pastiprin\u0101t\u0101js, kas sp\u0113tu p\u0101rv\u0113rst v\u0101ju sign\u0101lu stipr\u0101.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Un visbeidzot, ar\u012b relejs\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/8a632be6166e4b337ba9fa6515c15031.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<br \/>\nOtr\u0101 Atlantijas pus\u0113 aptuveni \u0161aj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edward_Davy\">Edvards Deivijs<\/a><\/noindex>, londona farmaceits izdom\u0101ja l\u012bdz\u012bgu ideju. Vi\u0146\u0161, iesp\u0113jams, ieinteres\u0113j\u0101s par telegr\u0101fu ap 1835. gadu. 1837. gada s\u0101kum\u0101 vi\u0146\u0161 regul\u0101ri veica eksperimentus ar pusotru kilometru garu kont\u016bru Ri\u010dmondu park\u0101 Londona zieme\u013crietumos.<\/p>\n<p>Dr\u012bz p\u0113c Kuka un Vitstona tik\u0161an\u0101s 1837. gada mart\u0101 Deivijs sajuta konkurenci un nopietn\u0101k s\u0101ka dom\u0101t par praktiskas sist\u0113mas izveidi. Vi\u0146\u0161 paman\u012bja, ka galvanisk\u0101s adatas novirzes sp\u0113ks iev\u0113rojami samazin\u0101j\u0101s, palielinoties vada garumam. K\u0101 vi\u0146\u0161 rakst\u012bja daudzu gadu v\u0113l\u0101k:<\/p>\n<p>Tad es dom\u0101ju, ka pat vismaz\u0101k\u0101 adatas kust\u012bba uz matu bieza b\u016bs pietiekama, lai savienotu divas met\u0101liskas virsmas, kas aizver jauno kont\u016bru, atkar\u012bgu no viet\u0113j\u0101s baterijas; un t\u0101 var\u0113tu turpin\u0101ties bezgal\u012bgi.<\/p>\n<p>Deivijs nosauca \u0161o ideju par v\u0101ju elektrisko sign\u0101lu p\u0101rv\u0113r\u0161anu sp\u0113c\u012bg\u0101 par \"elektrisko atjaunot\u0101ju\". Bet vi\u0146am neizdev\u0101s \u012bstenot \u0161o vai k\u0101du citu ideju par telegr\u0101fu. Patents telegr\u0101fam vi\u0146\u0161 sa\u0146\u0113ma 1838. gad\u0101, neatkar\u012bgi no Kuka un Vitstona. Bet 1839. gad\u0101 vi\u0146\u0161 dev\u0101s uz Austr\u0101liju, izgl\u0101bjoties no nelaim\u012bg\u0101 laul\u012bba, un atst\u0101ja lauku aktivit\u0101tes konkurentiem. Vi\u0146u telegr\u0101fa uz\u0146\u0113mums ieg\u0101d\u0101j\u0101s \u0161o patentu p\u0113c da\u017eiem gadiem.<\/p>\n<h2>Rel\u0113 pasaul\u0113<\/h2>\n<p>\nTehnolo\u0123iju v\u0113stur\u0113 m\u0113s piev\u0113r\u0161am lielu uzman\u012bbu sist\u0113m\u0101m, bet bie\u017ei ignor\u0113jam to sast\u0101vda\u013cas. M\u0113s izsekojam telegr\u0101fa, telefona un elektrisk\u0101 gaismas v\u0113sturi, peldinot to rad\u012bt\u0101jus siltos apstiprin\u0101juma stari\u0146os. Bet \u0161\u012bs sist\u0113mas var\u0113ja par\u0101d\u012bties tikai pateicoties eso\u0161o elementu kombin\u0101cijai, rekombin\u0101cijai un p\u0101rveido\u0161anai, klusi augot \u0113n\u0101.<\/p>\n<p>Rel\u0113 ir viens no \u0161\u0101diem elementiem. Tas \u0101tri att\u012bst\u012bj\u0101s un ieguva daudzveid\u012bbu, kad telegr\u0101fa t\u012bkli s\u0101ka akt\u012bvi augt 1840. un 1850. gados. N\u0101kamaj\u0101 gadsimt\u0101 tas par\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s da\u017e\u0101da veida elektriskaj\u0101s sist\u0113m\u0101s. Agr\u0101k\u0101 modifik\u0101cija bija ciet\u0101 met\u0101la enkura izmanto\u0161ana, k\u0101 telegr\u0101fa sign\u0101lam, lai aizv\u0113rtu kont\u016bru. P\u0113c elektromagn\u0113ta izsl\u0113g\u0161anas enkurs atdal\u012bj\u0101s no kont\u016bra, izmantojot atsperi. \u0160\u0101da meh\u0101nisma bija uzticam\u0101ka un iztur\u012bg\u0101ka nek\u0101 vadi vai adatas. Tika izstr\u0101d\u0101tas ar\u012b sl\u0113gtas p\u0113c noklus\u0113juma versijas, papildus s\u0101kotn\u0113jam dizainam, kas bija atv\u0113rts p\u0113c noklus\u0113juma.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Un visbeidzot, ar\u012b relejs\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/0aeebcad0701208c571f3909df9034c1.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Tipisks 19. gadsimta beigu relejs. Atsperes T tur pamatni B prom no kontaktu C. Kad elektromagn\u0113ts M tiek aktiviz\u0113ts, tas p\u0101rvar atsperi un aizver loku starp vadu W un kontaktu C.<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Agr\u012bnos telegr\u0101fa gados releji reti tika izmantoti k\u0101 pastiprin\u0101t\u0101ji vai \"atjaunot\u0101ji\", jo vienu loku var\u0113ja izstiept l\u012bdz 150 km. Bet tie bija \u013coti noder\u012bgi, lai apvienotu zemsprieguma gar\u0101s l\u012bnijas ar viet\u0113j\u0101m augstsprieguma l\u012bnij\u0101m, kuras var\u0113ja izmantot, lai darbin\u0101tu citas ma\u0161\u012bnas, piem\u0113ram, Morzes re\u0123istratoru.<\/p>\n<p>Desmitiem patentu ASV 19. gadsimta otraj\u0101 pus\u0113 apraksta jaunus releju veidus un to jauno pielietojumu. Diferenci\u0101lais relejs, kas dal\u012bja spol\u0113, t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di elektromagn\u0113tiskais efekts vien\u0101 virzien\u0101 tika kompens\u0113ts un otr\u0101 \u2013 pastiprin\u0101ts, \u013c\u0101va izmantot duplex telegr\u0101fa sazi\u0146u: divi sign\u0101li, kas virz\u0101s pret\u0113jos virzienos pa vienu vadu. Tomass Edisons izmantoja polariz\u0113to (vai polariz\u0113jo\u0161o) releju, lai izveidotu kvadrupol\u0101ru, kas sp\u0113ja nos\u016bt\u012bt 4 sign\u0101lus vienlaic\u012bgi pa vienu vadu: divus katr\u0101 virzien\u0101. Polariz\u0113taj\u0101 relej\u0101 pati pamatne bija past\u0101v\u012bgs magnets, kas rea\u0123\u0113ja uz str\u0101vas virzienu, nevis uz sp\u0113ku. Pateicoties past\u0101v\u012bgiem magn\u0113tiem, var\u0113ja izgatavot relejus ar p\u0101rsl\u0113dzamiem kontaktiem, kas p\u0113c p\u0101rsl\u0113g\u0161anas palika atv\u0113rti vai sl\u0113gti.<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Un visbeidzot, ar\u012b relejs\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/607d82895b9f1a3786719824ffc81a02.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><br \/>\n<i>Polariz\u0113tais relejs<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Releji, iz\u0146emot telegr\u0101fu, s\u0101ka tikt izmantoti ar\u012b dzelzce\u013cu sign\u0101lu sist\u0113m\u0101s. Pien\u0101kot elektroener\u0123ijas t\u012bkliem, releji s\u0101ka tikt izmantoti ar\u012b \u0161aj\u0101s sist\u0113m\u0101s, \u012bpa\u0161i k\u0101 aizsardz\u012bbas ier\u012bces.<\/p>\n<p>Tom\u0113r pat \u0161ie izplat\u012btie un sare\u017e\u0123\u012btie t\u012bkli nepras\u012bja no relejiem vair\u0101k, nek\u0101 tie sp\u0113ja sniegt. Telegr\u0101fs un dzelzce\u013c\u0161 iek\u013cuva katr\u0101 pils\u0113t\u0101, bet ne katr\u0101 \u0113k\u0101. Tajiem bija desmitiem t\u016bksto\u0161u galapunktu, bet ne miljoni. Elektroener\u0123ijas sist\u0113m\u0101m bija vienalga, kur t\u0101s beidzas \u2013 t\u0101s vienk\u0101r\u0161i sniedza str\u0101vu viet\u0113j\u0101 lok\u0101, un katrs m\u0101jsaimniec\u012bba un uz\u0146\u0113mums var\u0113ja \u0146emt to tik daudz, cik nepiecie\u0161ams.<\/p>\n<p>Telefons bija piln\u012bgi cita lieta. Telefoniem bija j\u0101izveido savienojums no punktu uz punktu, no jebkura m\u0101jas vai biroja uz citu, t\u0101p\u0113c tiem bija nepiecie\u0161ami vad\u012bbas kont\u016bri nebiju\u0161\u0101 apm\u0113r\u0101. Cilv\u0113ka balss, ce\u013cojot k\u0101 sv\u0101rst\u012bbas pa vadiem, bija sign\u0101ls, kas bija bag\u0101ts, bet v\u0101j\u0161. T\u0101d\u0113\u013c t\u0101lrunim bija nepiecie\u0161ami augst\u0101kas kvalit\u0101tes pastiprin\u0101t\u0101ji. Izr\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s, ka sl\u0113dz\u0113ji var darboties ar\u012b k\u0101 \u0161\u0101di pastiprin\u0101t\u0101ji. Tagad t\u0101lru\u0146u t\u012bkli vair\u0101k nek\u0101 jebkuras citas sist\u0113mas vad\u012bja sl\u0113dz\u0113ju evol\u016bciju.<\/p>\n<h2>Ko las\u012bt<\/h2>\n<p>\n\u2022 D\u017eeims B. Kalverts, \u201cElektromagn\u0113tiskais telegrafists\u201c<br \/>\n\u2022 Franklins Leonards Pops, \u00abM\u016bsdienu elektrisk\u0101 telegrafa prakse\u00bb (1891)<br \/>\n<br \/>Avots: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/post\/404723\/\">habr.com<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434 \u00ab\u0431\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u0447\u0438 \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439\u00bb, \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0417\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0414\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0435\u0446 \u0413\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0410 \u0432\u043e\u0442, \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446, \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0435 \u0413\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0417\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u042d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u044d\u0440\u0430 \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433 \u041a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0441 ENIAC \u042d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044e\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0437\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0449\u0443\u043f\u044c \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0418\u0437 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0439\u043d\u044b \u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442\u0430 \u041e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u0420\u0430\u0441\u043f\u0430\u0434, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-55121","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.5 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0414\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u0430: \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Yuri Gagarin\"\/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/administrirovanie\/a-vot-nakonets-i-rele\" \/>\n\t\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 5.0.5\" \/>\n\t\t<meta 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