{"id":76903,"date":"2020-04-06T01:42:17","date_gmt":"2020-04-05T23:42:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/samye-zamechatelnye-programmy-unix"},"modified":"2020-04-06T01:42:17","modified_gmt":"2020-04-05T23:42:17","slug":"samye-zamechatelnye-programmy-unix","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/administrirovanie\/samye-zamechatelnye-programmy-unix","title":{"rendered":"Br\u012bni\u0161\u0137\u012bg\u0101k\u0101s Unix programmas","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

Raksts autors Duglass Makilrojs ir amerik\u0101\u0146u matem\u0101ti\u0137is, in\u017eenieris un programm\u0113t\u0101js. Vi\u0146\u0161 vislab\u0101k paz\u012bstams ar konveijera izstr\u0101di Unix oper\u0113t\u0101jsist\u0113m\u0101, komponentu orient\u0113t\u0101s programm\u0113\u0161anas principiem un vair\u0101kiem ori\u0123in\u0101liem r\u012bkiem: spell, diff, sort, join, speak, tr.<\/i> <\/p>\n

Da\u017ereiz j\u016bs sastopaties ar patie\u0161\u0101m br\u012bni\u0161\u0137\u012bg\u0101m programm\u0101m. P\u0101rcil\u0101jot atmi\u0146u, es izveidoju sarakstu ar paties\u0101m Unix p\u0113rl\u0113m no visiem gadiem. Galvenok\u0101rt tas ir diezgan retas un ne tik nepiecie\u0161amas programmas. Bet tas, kas vi\u0146as izce\u013c, ir originalit\u0101te. Pat iedom\u0101ties nevaru, ka man pa\u0161am var\u0113tu ien\u0101kt pr\u0101t\u0101 k\u0101da no t\u0101m idej\u0101m.<\/p>\n

L\u016bdzu, dalieties, k\u0101das programmas j\u016bs ar\u012b tik \u013coti p\u0101rsteigu\u0161as?<\/p>\n

(janv\u0101ris 1970), ne<\/h1>\n

\nVispirms, pati PDP-7 Unix sist\u0113ma. T\u0101s vienk\u0101r\u0161\u012bba un jauda lik\u0101s man p\u0101riet no sp\u0113c\u012bga galddatora uz s\u012bku ma\u0161\u012bnu. \u0160eit ir kvintesence hierarhiskajai failu sist\u0113mai, atsevi\u0161\u0137a saskarne un procesu vad\u012bba lietot\u0101ja l\u012bmen\u012b, ko Multics uz galddatoriem nevar\u0113ja realiz\u0113t p\u0113c simtiem cilv\u0113ku-gadu izstr\u0101des. Unix tr\u016bkumi (piem\u0113ram, ierakstu strukt\u016bra failu sist\u0113m\u0101) bija tikpat izgl\u012btojo\u0161i un atslogojo\u0161i, k\u0101 t\u0101s jaunievedumi (piem\u0113ram, ievades-izvades p\u0101radres\u0101cija saskarn\u0113).
\n<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n

dc<\/h1>\n

\nMatem\u0101tisk\u0101 bibliot\u0113ka galda kalkulatoram ar main\u012bgu precizit\u0101ti, ko izstr\u0101d\u0101jis Rob\u0113rt Moriss, izmantoja atpaka\u013canal\u012bzi k\u013c\u016bdu noteik\u0161anai, lai noteiktu nepiecie\u0161amo precizit\u0101ti katr\u0101 sol\u012b, lai sasniegtu lietot\u0101ja noteikto rezult\u0101tu precizit\u0101ti. NATO 1968. gada programmat\u016bras in\u017eenierijas konferenc\u0113 sav\u0101 zi\u0146ojum\u0101 par programmat\u016bras komponent\u0113m es ieteicu standarta proced\u016bras, kas var sniegt jebkuras v\u0113l\u0113tas precizit\u0101tes rezult\u0101tu, bet es nezin\u0101ju, k\u0101 t\u0101s \u012bstenot praks\u0113. dc joproj\u0101m ir vien\u012bg\u0101 zin\u0101m\u0101 programma, kas sp\u0113j to izdar\u012bt.<\/p>\n

typo<\/h1>\n

\nTypo organiz\u0113 v\u0101rdus tekst\u0101 atbilsto\u0161i to l\u012bdz\u012bbai ar p\u0101r\u0113jo tekstu. Kl\u012br\u012bgi, piem\u0113ram, ‘hte’, parasti par\u0101d\u0101s saraksta beig\u0101s. Roberts Moriss lepni teica, ka programma darbosies vien\u0101di labi jebkur\u0101 valod\u0101. Lai ar\u012b typo nepal\u012bdz atrast fon\u0113tisk\u0101s k\u013c\u016bdas, t\u0101 ir k\u013cuvusi par \u012bstu atradni visiem, kas raksta tekstu, un t\u0101 sniedza daudz labumu ilgi pirms par\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s daudz maz\u0101k interesanta, bet prec\u012bz\u0101ka ortogr\u0101fijas p\u0101rbaude, kas balst\u012bta uz v\u0101rdu kr\u0101jumu.<\/p>\n

Typo ir tikpat negaid\u012bti strukt\u016br\u0113ta iek\u0161\u0113ji, k\u0101 ar\u012b \u0101r\u0113ji. L\u012bdz\u012bbas m\u0113r\u012b\u0161anas algoritms balst\u0101s uz trigrammas bie\u017euma r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101jiem, kas tiek apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101ti 26\u00d726\u00d726 mas\u012bv\u0101. Maz\u0101 atmi\u0146\u0101 gr\u016bti pietika vietas vienbaitu skait\u012bt\u0101jiem, t\u0101d\u0113\u013c tika \u012bstenota liela skait\u013ca saspie\u0161anas sh\u0113ma mazos skait\u012bt\u0101jos. Lai izvair\u012btos no p\u0101rpild\u012b\u0161anas, skait\u012bt\u0101ji tika atjaunoti probabilit\u0101tes pamat\u0101, saglab\u0101jot skait\u012bt\u0101ja v\u0113rt\u012bbas logaritma nov\u0113rt\u0113jumu.<\/p>\n

eqn<\/h1>\n

\nAr fotonieku par\u0101d\u012b\u0161anos bija iesp\u0113jams, ta\u010du briesm\u012bgi nogurdino\u0161i uzrakst\u012bt klasisko matem\u0101tisko not\u0101ciju. Lorinda \u010ceri izl\u0113ma izstr\u0101d\u0101t augsta l\u012bme\u0146a apraksta valodu, un dr\u012bz pievienoj\u0101s Braians Kernigans. Vi\u0146u spo\u017e\u0101 g\u0101jiens bija izteikt mutisko trad\u012bciju rakstveid\u0101, t\u0101p\u0113c eqn izr\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s p\u0101rsteidzo\u0161i viegli apg\u016bstams. Pirmais sava veida matem\u0101tisko izteiksmju apraksta valodas priek\u0161apstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101js, eqn kop\u0161 t\u0101 laika ir gandr\u012bz nemain\u012bts.<\/p>\n

struct<\/h1>\n

\nBrenda Beikere uzs\u0101ka savas Fortan-to-Ratfor p\u0101rveidot\u0101ja izstr\u0101di pret\u0113ji sava priek\u0161nieka - manis - ieteikumam. Es dom\u0101ju, ka tas var\u0113tu novest pie \u012bpa\u0161as avota koda p\u0101rrakst\u012b\u0161anas. Tas b\u016btu br\u012bvs no operatoru numuriem, bet cit\u0101di ne las\u0101m\u0101ks k\u0101 pareizi struktur\u0113ts Fortran kods. Brenda pier\u0101d\u012bja, ka es k\u013c\u016bd\u012bjos. Vi\u0146a atkl\u0101ja, ka katrai Fortran programmai ir kanoniski struktur\u0113ta forma. Programm\u0113t\u0101ji dod priek\u0161roku kanoniskajai formai, nevis tam, ko vi\u0146i pa\u0161i s\u0101kotn\u0113ji uzrakst\u012bju\u0161i.<\/p>\n

pascal<\/h1>\n

\nSintakses diagnostika kompilator\u0101, ko izstr\u0101d\u0101ja Sju Grehema grupa Berklij\u0101, bija visnoder\u012bg\u0101k\u0101, k\u0101du es jebkad esmu redz\u0113jis - un t\u0101 tika veikta autom\u0101tiski. Sintakses k\u013c\u016bdas gad\u012bjum\u0101 kompilators pied\u0101v\u0101 ievietot leks\u0113mu, lai turpin\u0101tu sintaktisko anal\u012bzi. Nek\u0101das m\u0113\u0123in\u0101juma izskaidrot, kas nav k\u0101rt\u012bb\u0101. Ar \u0161o kompilatoru es iem\u0101c\u012bjos Paske\u013cu vien\u0101 vakar\u0101, neizmantojot nevienu rokasgr\u0101matu.<\/p>\n

parts<\/h1>\n

\nPasl\u0113pta WWB (Writer's Workbench) pakotn\u0113 ir modulis parts<\/code> Lorindas \u010ceri defin\u0113 v\u0101rda da\u013cas ang\u013cu valodas tekst\u0101, pamatojoties tikai uz nelielu v\u0101rdu kr\u0101jumu, ortogr\u0101fijas un gramatikas noteikumiem. Saska\u0146\u0101 ar \u0161o piez\u012bmi programma WWB izvada stilometriskos r\u0101d\u012bt\u0101jus tekst\u0101, piem\u0113ram, bie\u017euma attiec\u012bbas starp lietv\u0101rdiem, apak\u0161teikumiem un sare\u017e\u0123\u012btiem teikumiem. Kad Lorinda sniedza interviju telev\u012bzijas raid\u012bjum\u0101 Today NBC kan\u0101l\u0101 un st\u0101st\u012bja par inovat\u012bvo gramatikas p\u0101rbaudi tekstos WWB, tas bija pirmais Unix piemin\u0113jums telev\u012bzij\u0101.<\/p>\n

egrep<\/h1>\n

\nAl Aho cer\u0113ja, ka vi\u0146a deterministiskais regul\u0101ro izteiksmi atpaz\u012bt\u0101js apsteigs Kena klasisko nedeterministisko atpaz\u012bt\u0101ju. Diem\u017e\u0113l p\u0113d\u0113jais jau pabeidza p\u0101reju cauri sare\u017e\u0123\u012bt\u0101m regul\u0101r\u0101m izteiksm\u0113m, kam\u0113r egrep<\/code> vi\u0146\u0161 b\u016bv\u0113ja savu deterministisko autom\u0101tu. Lai tom\u0113r uzvar\u0113tu \u0161aj\u0101 sacens\u012bb\u0101, Al Aho apiet eksponenci\u0101l\u0101 pieauguma autom\u0101ta st\u0101vok\u013cu tabulas l\u0101stu, izdom\u0101jot veidu, k\u0101 izveidot uzreiz tikai t\u0101s tabulas ierakstus, kurus tie\u0161\u0101m apmekl\u0113 atpaz\u012b\u0161anas laik\u0101.<\/p>\n

krabji<\/h1>\n

\nLukas Kardelli apburo\u0161\u0101 meta-programma logu sist\u0113mai Blit \u0123ener\u0113ja virtu\u0101lus krabjus, kas kl\u012bda pa tuk\u0161o ekr\u0101na laukumu, aizvien vair\u0101k norijot akt\u012bvo logu malas.<\/p>\n

Da\u017eas kop\u012bgas domas<\/h1>\n

\nLai gan tas nav redzams no \u0101rpuses, teorija un algoritmi sp\u0113l\u0113ja iz\u0161\u0137iro\u0161u lomu vairuma \u0161o programmu rad\u012b\u0161an\u0101: typo, dc, struct, pascal, egrep. Paties\u012bb\u0101 visvair\u0101k p\u0101rsteidz tie\u0161i neparasta teorijas pielietojuma izmanto\u0161ana.<\/p>\n

Daudzu ori\u0123in\u0101lo autoru, kuri izveidoja gandr\u012bz pusi no saraksta - pascal, struct, parts, eqn - bija sievietes, kas iev\u0113rojami p\u0101rsniedz sievie\u0161u demogr\u0101fisko \u012bpatsvaru datorzin\u0101t\u0146u jom\u0101.<\/p>\n

Daglass Makilrojs
\n2020. gada marts<\/i>
\n
Avots: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u0414\u0443\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0441 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043b\u0440\u043e\u0439\u00a0\u2014 \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a, \u0438\u043d\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0442. \u041d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u0438\u0437\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0439\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0435 Unix, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0442\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0442: spell, diff, sort, join, speak, tr. \u0418\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u0430\u043c \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b. \u041f\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438, \u044f \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0441\u043f\u0438\u0441\u043e\u043a \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0436\u0435\u043c\u0447\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043d Unix \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u044b. \u0412 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c, \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043d\u0435 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-76903","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\n","aioseo_head_json":{"title":"\ud83e\udd47Visizcil\u0101k\u0101s Unix programmas | ProHoster","description":"Raksta autors Daglass Makilrojs \u2014 amerik\u0101\u0146u matem\u0101ti\u0137is, in\u017eenieris un 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