{"id":92270,"date":"2020-08-25T07:42:24","date_gmt":"2020-08-25T05:42:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/novosti-interneta\/yadru-linux-ispolnilos-29-let"},"modified":"2020-08-25T07:42:24","modified_gmt":"2020-08-25T05:42:24","slug":"yadru-linux-ispolnilos-29-let","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/news\/yadru-linux-ispolnilos-29-let","title":{"rendered":"Linux kods svin 29 gadiem.","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p>1991. gada 25. august\u0101, p\u0113c piecu m\u0113ne\u0161u att\u012bst\u012bbas, 21 gadu vecais students Linuss Torvalds <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cs.cmu.edu\/~awb\/linux.history.html\">pazi\u0146oja<\/a><\/noindex> pazi\u0146oja par jaunas oper\u0113t\u0101jsist\u0113mas Linux darba prototipa izveidi grupas comp.os.minix konferenc\u0113, kur tika pabeigts bash 1.08 un gcc 1.40 port\u0113\u0161ana. Pirmais publiskais Linux kods tika prezent\u0113ts 17. septembr\u012b. Kods <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.linuxgrill.com\/anonymous\/kernel\/Archive\/historic\/\">0.0.1<\/a><\/noindex> bija 62 Kb saspiest\u0101 form\u0101 un satur\u0113ja apm\u0113ram 10 t\u016bkst. koda rindi\u0146u. M\u016bsdienu Linux kods sast\u0101v no vair\u0101k nek\u0101 26 milj. koda rindi\u0146\u0101m. Saska\u0146\u0101 ar 2010. gad\u0101 Eiropas Savien\u012bbas pas\u016bt\u012bta p\u0113t\u012bjuma datiem aptuven\u0101 izmaksu summa, lai izstr\u0101d\u0101tu projektu no nulles, kas ir l\u012bdz\u012bgs m\u016bsdienu Linux kodam, b\u016btu <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=25560\">vair\u0101k nek\u0101 miljards<\/a><\/noindex> ASV dol\u0101ru (apr\u0113\u0137ins tika veikts, kad kod\u0101 bija 13 milj. rindi\u0146u), p\u0113c <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.dwheeler.com\/essays\/linux-kernel-cost.html\">citiem<\/a><\/noindex> v\u0113rt\u0113jumi &#8212; <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/linuxcost.blogspot.ru\/2011\/03\/cost-of-linux.html\">vair\u0101k nek\u0101 3 miljardi.<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/p>\n<p>Linux kods tika rad\u012bts, iedvesmojoties no oper\u0113t\u0101jsist\u0113mas MINIX, kuru Linuss neapmierin\u0101ja t\u0101s ierobe\u017eot\u0101 licence. V\u0113l\u0101k, kad Linux k\u013cuva par zin\u0101mu projektu, \u013caudis m\u0113\u0123in\u0101ja aps\u016bdz\u0113t Linusu par tie\u0161u koda kop\u0113\u0161anu no da\u017e\u0101m MINIX apak\u0161sistem\u0101m. Uzbrukumu atsp\u0113koja Endrj\u016b Tanenbaums, MINIX autors, kur\u0161 l\u016bdza vienam no studentiem veikt detaliz\u0113tu Minix un pirmaj\u0101m Linux versiju sal\u012bdzin\u0101\u0161anu. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cs.vu.nl\/~ast\/brown\/codecomparison\/alexey.html\">Rezult\u0101ti<\/a><\/noindex> p\u0113t\u012bjumi par\u0101d\u012bja, ka ir tikai \u010detri nenoz\u012bm\u012bgi koda bloku sakrit\u012bbas gad\u012bjumi, ko nosaka POSIX un ANSI C pras\u012bbas.<\/p>\n<p>S\u0101kotn\u0113ji Linuss pl\u0101noja nosaukt kodolu Freax, no v\u0101rdiem &#171;free&#187;, &#171;freak&#187; un X (Unix). Bet nosaukumu &#171;Linux&#187; kodols ieguva pateicoties Ari Lemke (Ari Lemmke), kur\u0161 Linusa l\u016bguma ievietoja kodolu uz <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"ftp:\/\/ftp.funet.fi\/pub\/linux\/\">universit\u0101tes FTP server\u012b, nosaucot arh\u012bva direktoriju nevis par \"freax\", k\u0101 l\u016bdza Torvalds, bet gan par \"linux\". Interesanti, ka uz\u0146\u0113m\u0113js Viljams Della Krok sp\u0113ja re\u0123istr\u0113t tirdzniec\u012bbas z\u012bmi Linux un v\u0113l\u0113j\u0101s laika gait\u0101 iekas\u0113t maksu, bet v\u0113l\u0101k attiec\u0101s un nodeva visus ties\u012bbas uz tirdzniec\u012bbas z\u012bmi Linusam. Ofici\u0101lais Linux kodu talismans, pingv\u012bns Tux, tika izv\u0113l\u0113ts rezult\u0101t\u0101<\/a><\/noindex> universit\u0101tes, nosaucot arh\u012bva direktoriju ne par &#171;freax&#187;, k\u0101 l\u016bdza Torvalds, bet par &#171;linux&#187;. Iev\u0113rojami, ka uz\u0146\u0113m\u012bgais tirgot\u0101js Viljams Dello Krok (William Della Croce) sp\u0113ja re\u0123istr\u0113t pre\u010du z\u012bmi Linux un v\u0113l\u0113j\u0101s laika gait\u0101 iekas\u0113t maks\u0101jumus, ta\u010du v\u0113l\u0101k to p\u0101rdom\u0101ja un nodeva visas ties\u012bbas uz pre\u010du z\u012bmi Linusam. Ofici\u0101lais Linux kodola talismans, pingv\u012bns Tux, tika izv\u0113l\u0113ts rezult\u0101t\u0101 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cs.earlham.edu\/%7Ejeremiah\/linux-pix\/linux-logo.html\">, kas notika 1996. gad\u0101. Nosaukums Tux ir at\u0161ifr\u0113ts k\u0101 Torvalds UniX.<\/a><\/noindex>Kode b\u0101zes izaugsmes dinamika (rindi\u0146u skaits kod\u0101):<\/p>\n<p>0.0.1 \u2014 1991. gada septembris, 10 t\u016bkst. rindi\u0146u;\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li> 0.0.1 \u2014 1991. gada septembris, 10 t\u016bksto\u0161i koda rindu;\n<\/li>\n<li> 1.0.0 \u2014 1994. gada marts, 176 t\u016bksto\u0161i koda rindu;\n<\/li>\n<li> 1.2.0 \u2014 1995. gada marts, 311 t\u016bksto\u0161i koda rindu;\n<\/li>\n<li> 2.0.0 \u2014 1996. gada j\u016bnijs, 778 t\u016bksto\u0161i koda rindu;\n<\/li>\n<li> 2.2.0 \u2014 1999. gada janv\u0101ris, 1.8 miljoni koda rindu;\n<\/li>\n<li> 2.4.0 \u2014 2001. gada janv\u0101ris, 3.4 miljoni koda rindu;\n<\/li>\n<li> 2.6.0 \u2014 2003. gada decembris, 5.9 miljoni koda rindu;\n<\/li>\n<li> 2.6.28 \u2014 2008. gada decembris, 10.2 miljoni koda rindu;\n<\/li>\n<li> 2.6.35 \u2014 2010. gada augusts, 13.4 miljoni koda rindu;\n<\/li>\n<li> 3.0 &#8212; 2011. gada augusts, 14.6 milj. koda rindkopas.\n<\/li>\n<li> 3.5 &#8212; 2012. gada j\u016blijs, 15.5 milj. koda rindkopas.\n<\/li>\n<li> 3.10 \u2014 2013. gada j\u016blijs, 15.8 miljoni koda rindu;\n<\/li>\n<li> 3.16 \u2014 2014. gada augusts, 17.5 miljoni koda rindu;\n<\/li>\n<li> 4.1 \u2014 2015. gada j\u016bnijs, 19.5 miljoni koda rindu;\n<\/li>\n<li> 4.7 \u2014 2016. gada j\u016blijs, 21.7 miljoni koda rindu;\n<\/li>\n<li> 4.12 \u2014 2017. gada j\u016blijs, 24.1 miljoni koda rindu;\n<\/li>\n<li> 4.18 &#8212; 2018. gada augusts, 25.3 milj. koda rindkopas.\n<\/li>\n<li> 5.2 &#8212; 2019. gada j\u016blijs, 26.55 milj. koda rindkopas.\n<\/li>\n<li> 5.8 &#8212; 2020. gada augusts, 28.36 milj. koda rindkopas.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Kernu att\u012bst\u012bbas progress:\n<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.0.1 \u2014 1991. gada septembris, pirmais publiskais izlaidums, kas atbalsta tikai CPU i386 un start\u0113jas no disketes;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.12 \u2014 1992. gada janv\u0101ris, kods s\u0101ka izplat\u012bties saska\u0146\u0101 ar GPLv2 licenci;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.95 \u2014 1992. gada marts, nodro\u0161in\u0101ta iesp\u0113ja darbin\u0101t X Window System, ieviesta atbalsta virtu\u0101lajai atmi\u0146ai un swap partition.\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 0.96-0.99 \u2014 1992-1993, uzs\u0101kta darba veik\u0161ana pie t\u012bkla steka. Ieviesta failu sist\u0113ma Ext2, pievienots atbalsts ELF failu form\u0101tam, ieviesti ska\u0146as kar\u0161u un SCSI kontrolieru draiveri, \u012bstenota kodola modu\u013cu un failu sist\u0113mas \/proc iel\u0101de.\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> 1992. gad\u0101 par\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s pirmie SLS un Yggdrasil izplat\u012bjumi. 1993. gada vasar\u0101 tika dibin\u0101ti projekti Slackware un Debian.\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 1.0 \u2014 1994. gada marts, pirmais ofici\u0101li stabils izlaidums;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 1.2 \u2014 marts 1995, iev\u0113rojams palielin\u0101jums vad\u012bt\u0101ju skaitam, atbalsts Alpha, MIPS un SPARC platform\u0101m, papla\u0161in\u0101tas t\u012bkla steka iesp\u0113jas, par\u0101d\u012bj\u0101s paket\u0113\u0161anas filtrs, atbalsts NFS;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.0 \u2014 1996. gada j\u016bnijs, atbalsts daudzprocesoru sist\u0113m\u0101m;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Marts 1997: dibin\u0101ts LKML, Linux kodola izstr\u0101d\u0101t\u0101ju saraksts;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> 1998. gads: uzs\u0101kts pirmais Linux b\u0101z\u0113 balst\u012bts klasteris, sast\u0101v no 68 mezgliem ar CPU Alpha;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.2 &#8212; 1999. gada janv\u0101ris, uzlabota atmi\u0146as p\u0101rvald\u012bbas efektivit\u0101te, pievienota atbalsts IPv6, \u012bstenots jauns ugunsm\u016bris, ieviesta jauna ska\u0146as apak\u0161sist\u0113ma;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.4 \u2014 2001. gada febru\u0101ris, nodro\u0161in\u0101ta atbalsts 8 procesoru sist\u0113m\u0101m un 64 GB RAM, Ext3 failu sist\u0113ma, atbalsts USB, ACPI;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> Linux 2.6 \u2014 2003. gada decembris, atbalsts SELinux, autom\u0101tisk\u0101 kodola parametru piel\u0101go\u0161anas r\u012bki, sysfs, p\u0101rstr\u0101d\u0101ta atmi\u0146as p\u0101rvald\u012bbas sist\u0113ma;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> 2005. gad\u0101 ieviests hipervizors Xen, kas atkl\u0101ja virtualiz\u0101cijas \u0113ru;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> 2008. gada septembr\u012b izveidots pirmais Android platformas izlaidums, kas balst\u0101s uz Linux kodolu;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> 2011. gada j\u016blij\u0101 p\u0113c 10 gadu att\u012bst\u012bbas 2.6.x versij\u0101 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=31259\">ir veikts<\/a><\/noindex> p\u0101reja uz numur\u0113\u0161anu 3.x. Git repozitorij\u0101 ir sasniegti 2 miljoni objektu;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> 2015. gad\u0101 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=42029\">notika<\/a><\/noindex> izn\u0101ca Linux 4.0 kodols. Git objektu skaits repozitorij\u0101 sasniedza 4 miljonus;\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> 2018. gada apr\u012bl\u012b <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=48447\">p\u0101rvar\u0113ts<\/a><\/noindex> slieksnis 6 miljoni git objektu repozitorij\u0101 kodolam.\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"l\"> 2019. gada janv\u0101r\u012b tika izveidota kodola <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=50201\">Linux 5.0<\/a><\/noindex>. Repozit\u0101rs sasniedza 6.5 miljonus git objektu.\n<li class=\"l\"> 2020. gada august\u0101 public\u0113tais 5.8 kodols <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=53479\">ir k\u013cuvis<\/a><\/noindex> ir visska\u013c\u0101kais p\u0101rmai\u0146u skaita zi\u0146\u0101 no visiem kodoliem projekta past\u0101v\u0113\u0161anas v\u0113stur\u0113.\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"link\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Avots: <a \ncontent=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opennet.ru\/opennews\/art.shtml?num=53593\">opennet.lv<\/a><\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>25 \u0430\u0432\u0433\u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430 1991 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u044f\u0446\u0435\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 21-\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u041b\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0441 \u0422\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0434\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0432 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 comp.os.minix \u043e \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b Linux, \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043e\u0442\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f bash 1.08 \u0438 gcc 1.40. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u044b\u043f\u0443\u0441\u043a \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 Linux \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d 17 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f. \u042f\u0434\u0440\u043e 0.0.1 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043b\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440 62 \u041a\u0431 \u0432 \u0441\u0436\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u043b\u043e [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[702],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-92270","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-news"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.4 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"25 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