{"id":95783,"date":"2020-10-03T13:42:02","date_gmt":"2020-10-03T11:42:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/nastrojka-yadra-linux-dlya-glusterfs"},"modified":"2020-10-03T13:42:02","modified_gmt":"2020-10-03T11:42:02","slug":"nastrojka-yadra-linux-dlya-glusterfs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/administrirovanie\/nastrojka-yadra-linux-dlya-glusterfs","title":{"rendered":"Linux kodola konfigur\u0101cija GlusterFS","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b><i>Raksta tulkojums sagatavots kursa uzs\u0101k\u0161anas priek\u0161vakar\u0101 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/otus.pw\/ODzb\/\">\u00abLinux Administrators. Professional\u00bb<\/a><\/noindex>.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Linux kodola konfigur\u0101cija GlusterFS\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/d44c40c5e21142bff6fc56f2478f5e3b.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Periodiski rodas jaut\u0101jumi par Gluster ieteikumiem saist\u012bb\u0101 ar kodola konfigur\u0101ciju un vai tas ir nepiecie\u0161ams.<\/p>\n<p>\u0160\u012b nepiecie\u0161am\u012bba rodas reti. Liel\u0101kaj\u0101 da\u013c\u0101 slod\u017eu kodols darbojas \u013coti labi. Tom\u0113r ir ar\u012b otra puse. V\u0113sturiski Linux kodols labpr\u0101t izmanto daudz atmi\u0146as, ja tam tiek dota \u0161\u0101da iesp\u0113ja, tostarp ke\u0161atmi\u0146as izmanto\u0161anai k\u0101 galvenajai veiktsp\u0113jas uzlabo\u0161anas metodei.<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" name=\"habracut\"><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<p>Liel\u0101kaj\u0101 da\u013c\u0101 gad\u012bjumu tas darbojas lieliski, ta\u010du pie lielas slodzes var rad\u012bt probl\u0113mas. <\/p>\n<p>Mums ir liela pieredze ar lielas atmi\u0146as pat\u0113ri\u0146a sist\u0113m\u0101m, piem\u0113ram, CAD, EDA un l\u012bdz\u012bg\u0101m, kas s\u0101ka pal\u0113nin\u0101ties pie augst\u0101m slodz\u0113m. Un da\u017ereiz m\u0113s sastap\u0101mies ar probl\u0113m\u0101m Gluster. R\u016bp\u012bgi nov\u0113rojot izmantoto atmi\u0146u un diska gaid\u012b\u0161anas laiku vair\u0101kas dienas, m\u0113s sask\u0101r\u0101mies ar to p\u0101rslodzi, milz\u012bgu iowait, kodola k\u013c\u016bd\u0101m (kernel oops), sasal\u0161anu u.t.t. <\/p>\n<p>\u0160is raksts ir daudzu eksperimentu rezult\u0101ts par parametru konfigur\u0101ciju da\u017e\u0101d\u0101s situ\u0101cij\u0101s. Pateicoties \u0161iem parametriem, ne tikai uzlaboj\u0101s visp\u0101r\u0113j\u0101 reakcija, bet ar\u012b iev\u0113rojami stabiliz\u0113j\u0101s klastera darb\u012bba.<\/p>\n<p>Run\u0101jot par atmi\u0146as konfigur\u0101ciju, vispirms j\u0101piev\u0113r\u0161 uzman\u012bba virtu\u0101l\u0101s atmi\u0146as (VM, virtual memory) apak\u0161sist\u0113mai, kurai ir daudzas opcijas, kas var j\u016bs mulsin\u0101t.<\/p>\n<h4>vm.swappiness<\/h4>\n<p>\nParametrs <code>vm.swappiness<\/code> nosaka, cik daudz kodols izmanto swap (swap, pagaidu atmi\u0146u) sal\u012bdzin\u0101jum\u0101 ar operat\u012bvo atmi\u0146u. Avota kod\u0101 tas ar\u012b ir defin\u0113ts k\u0101 \"tendency to steal mapped memory\" (tieksme zagt att\u0113loto atmi\u0146u). Augsta swappiness v\u0113rt\u012bba noz\u012bm\u0113, ka kodols b\u016bs vair\u0101k tend\u0113ts izsist att\u0113lot\u0101s lappuses. Zema swappiness v\u0113rt\u012bba noz\u012bm\u0113 pret\u0113jo: kodols maz\u0101k izsist lappuses no atmi\u0146as. Citiem v\u0101rdiem sakot, jo augst\u0101ka v\u0113rt\u012bba <code>vm.swappiness<\/code>, jo vair\u0101k sist\u0113ma izmantos swap.<\/p>\n<p>Liela swap izmanto\u0161ana ir nev\u0113lama, jo operat\u012bvaj\u0101 atmi\u0146\u0101 tiek iel\u0101d\u0113ti un izsist lieli datu bloki. Daudzi apgalvo, ka swapiness v\u0113rt\u012bbai j\u0101b\u016bt augstai, bet p\u0113c manas pieredzes veiktsp\u0113jas uzlabo\u0161anai j\u0101iestata \"0\".<\/p>\n<p>Vair\u0101k inform\u0101cijas var las\u012bt \u0161eit \u2014 <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/lwn.net\/Articles\/100978\/\">lwn.net\/Articles\/100978<\/a><\/noindex> <\/p>\n<p>Tom\u0113r, \u0161os iestat\u012bjumus j\u0101izmanto ar piesardz\u012bbu un tikai p\u0113c konkr\u0113t\u0101s lietojumprogrammas test\u0113\u0161anas. Augstas slodzes straum\u0113\u0161anas lietotn\u0113m \u0161o parametru ieteicams iestat\u012bt uz \u201e0\u201d. Mainot to uz \u201e0\u201d, sist\u0113mas rea\u0123\u0113tsp\u0113ja uzlabojas.<\/p>\n<h4>vm.vfs_cache_pressure<\/h4>\n<p>\n\u0160is parametrs kontrol\u0113 atmi\u0146u, ko kodols pat\u0113r\u0113, lai ke\u0161otu katalogu objektus un indeksu descriptorus (dentry un inode).<\/p>\n<p>Ar noklus\u0113juma v\u0113rt\u012bbu 100 kodols cent\u012bsies atbr\u012bvot dentry un inode ke\u0161us \u201etaisn\u012bgi\u201d attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz pagecache un swapcache. VFS_cache_pressure samazin\u0101\u0161ana noved pie t\u0101, ka kodols saglab\u0101 dentry un inode ke\u0161us. Kad v\u0113rt\u012bba ir \u201e0\u201d, kodols nekad neizt\u012br\u012bs dentry un inode ke\u0161us atmi\u0146as tr\u016bkuma d\u0113\u013c, kas var viegli izsist out-of-memory k\u013c\u016bdu. VFS_cache_pressure palielin\u0101\u0161ana virs 100 noved pie t\u0101, ka kodols dod priek\u0161roku dentry un inode iztuk\u0161o\u0161anai.<\/p>\n<p>Izmantojot GlusterFS, daudzi lietot\u0101ji ar lieliem datu apjomiem un daudziem maziem failiem viegli var izmantot b\u016btisku operat\u012bvo atmi\u0146u server\u012b d\u0113\u013c inode\/dentry ke\u0161\u0113\u0161anas, kas var samazin\u0101t veiktsp\u0113ju, jo kodolam j\u0101apstr\u0101d\u0101 datu strukt\u016bras sist\u0113m\u0101 ar 40 GB atmi\u0146as. \u0160\u012b parametra iestat\u012b\u0161ana virs 100 pal\u012bdz\u0113ja daudziem lietot\u0101jiem sasniegt taisn\u012bg\u0101ku ke\u0161\u0113\u0161anu un uzlabot kodola rea\u0123\u0113tsp\u0113ju.<\/p>\n<h4>vm.dirty_background_ratio un vm.dirty_ratio<\/h4>\n<p>\nPirmais parameters (<code>vm.dirty_background_ratio<\/code>) nosaka atmi\u0146as procentu ar net\u012br\u0101m lap\u0101m, sasniedzot kuru j\u0101s\u0101k fona net\u012bro lapu ieraksts disk\u0101. Kam\u0113r \u0161is procents netiek sasniegts, lapas netiek ierakst\u012btas disk\u0101. Un, kad ierakst\u012b\u0161ana s\u0101kas, t\u0101 notiek fon\u0101, nep\u0101rtraucot akt\u012bv\u0101s darb\u012bbas. <\/p>\n<p>Otrais parameters (<code>vm.dirty_ratio<\/code>) nosaka atmi\u0146as procentu, kuru var aizpild\u012bt net\u012braj\u0101m lap\u0101m, l\u012bdz s\u0101kas piespiedu izsvie\u0161ana (forced flash). Sasniedzot \u0161o slieksni, visi procesi k\u013c\u016bst sinhroni (blo\u0137\u0113ti), un tiem nav at\u013cauts turpin\u0101t darbu, l\u012bdz piepras\u012bt\u0101 ievades-izvades oper\u0101cija nav faktiski pabeigta un dati nav nok\u013cuvu\u0161i disk\u0101. Augstas slodzes ievades-izvades gad\u012bjum\u0101 tas rada probl\u0113mas, jo tr\u016bkst datu ke\u0161atmi\u0146as, un visi procesi, kas veic ievades-izvadi, tiek blo\u0137\u0113ti, gaidot ievadi-izvadi. Tas noved pie daudziem blo\u0137\u0113tiem procesiem, augstas slodzes, nestabilas sist\u0113mas darb\u012bbas un sliktas veiktsp\u0113jas.<\/p>\n<p>\u0160o parametru v\u0113rt\u012bbu samazin\u0101\u0161ana noved pie t\u0101, ka dati bie\u017e\u0101k tiek izsviesti uz disku un netiek glab\u0101ti RAM. Tas var b\u016bt noder\u012bgi sist\u0113m\u0101m ar lielu atmi\u0146as apjomu, kur\u0101m ir norm\u0101li izsvietot disk\u0101 lapu ke\u0161u l\u012bdz 45\u201390 GB, kas izraisa milz\u012bgas gaid\u012b\u0161anas laikus priek\u0161\u0113j\u0101m lietojumprogramm\u0101m, samazinot visp\u0101r\u0113jo atsauc\u012bbu un interaktivit\u0101ti.<\/p>\n<h4>\u00ab1\u00bb &gt; \/proc\/sys\/vm\/pagecache<\/h4>\n<p>\nLapu ke\u0161s (page cache) ir ke\u0161s, kur\u0101 tiek glab\u0101ti failu un izpild\u0101mo programmu dati, tas ir, lapas ar faktisku failu vai blo\u0137\u0113jo\u0161o ier\u012b\u010du saturu. \u0160is ke\u0161s tiek izmantots, lai samazin\u0101tu las\u012bjumu no diska skaitu. V\u0113rt\u012bba \u00ab1\u00bb noz\u012bm\u0113, ka ke\u0161am tiek izmantots 1% RAM, un las\u012bjumu oper\u0101cijas no diska b\u016bs vair\u0101k nek\u0101 no RAM. \u0160o parametru main\u012bt nav oblig\u0101ti, bet, ja j\u016bs paranoiski kontrol\u0113jat lapu ke\u0161u, varat to izmantot.<\/p>\n<h4>\u00abdeadline\u00bb &gt; \/sys\/block\/sdc\/queue\/scheduler<\/h4>\n<p>\nIevades-izvades pl\u0101not\u0101js (I\/O scheduler) ir Linux kodola komponents, kas apstr\u0101d\u0101 las\u012b\u0161anas un rakst\u012b\u0161anas rindas. Teor\u0113tiski gudram RAID kontrolierim lab\u0101k izmantot \u00abnoop\u00bb, jo Linux neko nezina par diska fizisko \u0123eometriju, t\u0101d\u0113\u013c efekt\u012bv\u0101k \u013caut kontrolierim, kuram labi paz\u012bstami diska \u0123eometrija, apstr\u0101d\u0101t piepras\u012bjumus p\u0113c iesp\u0113jas \u0101tr\u0101k. Bet izskat\u0101s, ka \u00abdeadline\u00bb uzlabo veiktsp\u0113ju. S\u012bk\u0101ku inform\u0101ciju par pl\u0101not\u0101jiem var las\u012bt Linux kodola avota dokument\u0101cij\u0101:<code> linux\/Documentation\/block\/*osched.txt<\/code>. Un ar\u012b es esmu nov\u0113rojis palielin\u0101tu las\u012b\u0161anas caurlaidsp\u0113ju, veicot jauktas oper\u0101cijas (daudz rakst\u012b\u0161anas oper\u0101ciju).<\/p>\n<h4>\u00ab256\u00bb &gt; \/sys\/block\/sdc\/queue\/nr_requests<\/h4>\n<p>\nIevades-izvades piepras\u012bjumu skaits bufer\u012b pirms p\u0101rejas pie pl\u0101not\u0101ja. Da\u017e\u0101du kontrolieru iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101s rindas lielums (queue_depth) ir liel\u0101ks nek\u0101 pl\u0101not\u0101ja ievades-izvades nr_requests, t\u0101p\u0113c ievades-izvades pl\u0101not\u0101jam ir maz izred\u017eu pareizi prioritiz\u0113t un veikt piepras\u012bjumu apvieno\u0161anu. Ar deadline un CFQ pl\u0101not\u0101jiem ir lab\u0101k, ja nr_requests ir divas reizes liel\u0101ks par kontroliera iek\u0161\u0113j\u0101s rindas lielumu. Piepras\u012bjumu apvieno\u0161ana un p\u0101rvieto\u0161ana pal\u012bdz pl\u0101not\u0101jam b\u016bt rea\u0123\u0113tsp\u0113j\u012bg\u0101kam, kad slodze ir liela.<\/p>\n<h4>echo \"16\" &gt; \/proc\/sys\/vm\/page-cluster<\/h4>\n<p>\nParametrs page-cluster kontrol\u0113 lapu skaitu, kas tiek rakst\u012bts swap atmi\u0146\u0101 vien\u0101 reiz\u0113. Iepriek\u0161 min\u0113taj\u0101 piem\u0113r\u0101 v\u0113rt\u012bba tiek noteikta k\u0101 \"16\" atbilsto\u0161i RAID sloksnes lielumam (stripe size) 64 KB. Tas nav j\u0113gas, ja swappiness = 0, bet ja j\u016bs esat iestat\u012bjis swappiness uz 10 vai 20, tad \u0161\u012b v\u0113rt\u012bbas izmanto\u0161ana pal\u012bdz\u0113s jums, kad RAID sloksnes lielums ir 64 KB.<\/p>\n<h4>blockdev \u2014setra 4096 \/dev\/<code>&lt;<\/code>devname<code>&gt;<\/code> (-sdb, hdc vai dev_mapper)<\/h4>\n<p>\nDaudzu RAID kontrolieru noklus\u0113juma iestat\u012bjumi bloku ier\u012bc\u0113m bie\u017ei izraisa \u0161ausm\u012bgu veiktsp\u0113ju. Augst\u0101k min\u0113t\u0101 opcija nosaka priek\u0161laic\u012bgu las\u012b\u0161anu 4096 * 512 baitiem sektoriem. Vismaz pl\u016bsto\u0161aj\u0101s oper\u0101cij\u0101s tiek palielin\u0101ts \u0101trums, piepildot diska ieb\u016bv\u0113to ke\u0161u, veicot priek\u0161laic\u012bgu las\u012b\u0161anu, kam\u0113r kodols sagatavo ievades-izvades oper\u0101cijas. Ke\u0161\u0101 var iek\u013caut datus, kas tiks piepras\u012bti n\u0101kamaj\u0101 las\u012b\u0161an\u0101. P\u0101r\u0101k liela priek\u0161laic\u012bga las\u012b\u0161ana var izn\u012bcin\u0101t nejau\u0161o ievades-izvadi liel\u0101m failiem, ja t\u0101 izmanto potenci\u0101li noder\u012bgu diska laiku vai iel\u0101d\u0113 datus \u0101rpus ke\u0161a.<\/p>\n<p>Zem\u0101k ir v\u0113l da\u017ei ieteikumi failu sist\u0113mas l\u012bmen\u012b. Bet tie v\u0113l nav p\u0101rbaud\u012bti. P\u0101rliecinieties, ka j\u016bsu failu sist\u0113ma zina sloksnes lielumu un diskus skaitu mas\u012bvs. Piem\u0113ram, tas ir raid5 mas\u012bvs ar sloksnes lielumu 64K no se\u0161iem diskiem (faktiski pieciem, jo viens disks tiek izmantots par parit\u0101ti). \u0160ie ieteikumi balst\u0101s uz teor\u0113tiskiem pie\u0146\u0113mumiem un ir sav\u0101kti no da\u017e\u0101diem RAID ekspertu blogiem\/rakstiem.<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"bash\">-&gt; ext4 fs, 5 diski, 64K sloksne, vien\u012bbas 4K blokos\nmkfs -text4 -E stride=$((64\/4))\n-&gt; xfs, 5 diski, 64K sloksne, vien\u012bbas 512 baitiem sektoriem\nmkfs -txfs -d sunit=$((64*2)) -d swidth=$((5*64*2))<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\nLieliem failiem var apsv\u0113rt iesp\u0113ju palielin\u0101t iepriek\u0161 min\u0113to str\u012bpu izm\u0113ru.<\/p>\n<p><b>UZMAN\u012aBU!<\/b> Visas iepriek\u0161 aprakst\u012bt\u0101s lietas ir \u0101rk\u0101rt\u012bgi subjekt\u012bvas da\u017eu veidu lietojumprogrammu gad\u012bjum\u0101. \u0160is raksts negarant\u0113 nevienu uzlabojumu bez iepriek\u0161\u0113jas attiec\u012bgo lietojumprogrammu test\u0113\u0161anas lietot\u0101ja pus\u0113. To vajadz\u0113tu izmantot tikai tad, ja nepiecie\u0161ams uzlabot sist\u0113mas visp\u0101r\u0113jo reakcijas \u0101trumu vai ja tas atrisina pa\u0161reiz\u0113j\u0101s probl\u0113mas.<\/p>\n<h4>Papildu materi\u0101li:<\/h4>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/dom.as\/2008\/02\/05\/linux-io-schedulers\/\">dom.as\/2008\/02\/05\/linux-io-schedulers<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nextre.it\/oracledocs\/oraclemyths.html\">www.nextre.it\/oracledocs\/oraclemyths.html<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/lkml.org\/lkml\/2006\/11\/15\/40\">lkml.org\/lkml\/2006\/11\/15\/40<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/misterd77.blogspot.com\/2007\/11\/3ware-hardware-raid-vs-linux-software.html\">misterd77.blogspot.com\/2007\/11\/3ware-hardware-raid-vs-linux-software.html<\/a><\/noindex> <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\n<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/otus.pw\/ODzb\/\"><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"Linux kodola konfigur\u0101cija GlusterFS\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/1dc8da8d6b7c70ca909365e26ccb9a48.png\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<h3>Las\u012bt vair\u0101k<\/h3>\n<p><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/otus\/blog\/511122\/\">Izmantojam nftables Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8<\/a><\/noindex><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Avots: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/otus\/blog\/521480\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441\u0430 \u00abAdministrator Linux. Professional\u00bb. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u043e \u0442\u0443\u0442, \u0442\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043e \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445 Gluster \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0438 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430 \u0438 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u043a\u043e. \u041d\u0430 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043e\u043a \u044f\u0434\u0440\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043e. \u0425\u043e\u0442\u044f \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0430. \u0418\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u043e Linux \u043e\u0445\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0430\u043c\u044f\u0442\u0438, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c 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