{"id":96211,"date":"2020-10-09T07:42:43","date_gmt":"2020-10-09T05:42:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/pochemu-v-ebcdic-bukvy-idut-ne-podryad"},"modified":"2020-10-09T07:42:43","modified_gmt":"2020-10-09T05:42:43","slug":"pochemu-v-ebcdic-bukvy-idut-ne-podryad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/administrirovanie\/pochemu-v-ebcdic-bukvy-idut-ne-podryad","title":{"rendered":"K\u0101p\u0113c EBCDIC burti nav sec\u012bgi?","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

ASCII standarts tika pie\u0146emts 1963. gad\u0101, un \u0161obr\u012bd ir maz cilv\u0113ku, kuri izmantotu kod\u0113jumu, kuru pirmaji 128 simboli at\u0161\u0137irtos no ASCII. Tom\u0113r l\u012bdz pag\u0101ju\u0161\u0101 gadsimta beig\u0101m akt\u012bvi tika izmantota EBCDIC \u2014 standarta kod\u0113jums IBM galvenajiem datoriem un to padomju kloniem ES EVM. EBCDIC joproj\u0101m ir galvenais kod\u0113jums z\/OS \u2014 standarta OS m\u016bsdienu IBM Z galvenajiem datoriem.<\/p>\n

Tas, kas uzreiz iesit ac\u012bs, skatoties uz EBCDIC, ir tas, ka burti nav sec\u012bgi: starp I<\/code> un J<\/code> un starp R<\/code> un S<\/code> paliku\u0161as neizmantotas poz\u012bcijas (ES EVM \u0161aj\u0101s viet\u0101s bija sadal\u012bti<\/a><\/noindex> kirilicas simboli). Kam var\u0113ja ien\u0101kt pr\u0101t\u0101 kod\u0113t burtus ar nevien\u0101d\u0101m atstarp\u0113m starp blakus eso\u0161ajiem burtiem?<\/p>\n

\"K\u0101p\u0113c<\/p>\n

V\u0101rds EBCDIC (\"Extended BCDIC\") nor\u0101da, ka \u0161is kod\u0113jums, at\u0161\u0137ir\u012bb\u0101 no ASCII, tika izstr\u0101d\u0101ts nevis uz tuk\u0161a pamata, bet gan, balstoties uz se\u0161u bitu kod\u0113jumu BCDIC, kas tika izmantots kop\u0161 IBM 704<\/a><\/noindex> (1954):<\/p>\n

\"K\u0101p\u0113c<\/p>\n

Apm\u0113ram tie\u0161as atpaka\u013csader\u012bbas nav: \u0113rta BCDIC iez\u012bme, kas tika zaud\u0113ta p\u0101rejot uz EBCDIC, bija t\u0101, ka cipariem 0<\/code>—9<\/code> atbilst kodi 0-9. Tom\u0113r jau past\u0101v\u0113ja starp\u012bbas septi\u0146u kodu starp I<\/code> un J<\/code> un asto\u0146u kodu starp R<\/code> un S<\/code> BCDIC. No kurienes tie radu\u0161ies?<\/p>\n

EBCDIC (E) v\u0113sture s\u0101kas vienlaikus ar IBM v\u0113sturi \u2014 ilgi pirms elektroniskajiem datoriem. IBM tika izveidota, apvienojot \u010detras komp\u0101nijas, no kur\u0101m tehnolo\u0123iski visatt\u012bst\u012bt\u0101k\u0101 bija \"Tabulating Machine Company\", kuru 1896. gad\u0101 dibin\u0101ja Hermans Holer\u012bts \u2014 izgudrot\u0101js tabulators<\/a><\/noindex>. Pirmie tabulatori vienk\u0101r\u0161i saskait\u012bja perfor\u0113to kart\u012b\u0161u skaitu, kas tika izsist\u0101s noteikt\u0101 viet\u0101; bet 1905. gad\u0101 Holerits s\u0101ka ra\u017eot desmitnieka<\/em> tabulatorus. Katru karti desmitnieka tabulatoram veidoja lauki ar main\u012bgu garumu, un skait\u013ci, kas ierakst\u012bti \u0161ajos laukos ierastaj\u0101 desmitnieka form\u0101, tika summ\u0113ti vis\u0101 k\u0101rt\u0101. Kartes sadal\u012bjumu laukos noteica vadi, kas tika savienoti tabulatora komut\u0101cijas panel\u012b. Piem\u0113ram, \u0161aj\u0101 Holerita perfor\u0113taj\u0101 kart\u0113, kas ir glab\u0101ta<\/a><\/noindex> Amerikas Kongres\u0101, ac\u012bmredzami ir iegrav\u0113ts skaitlis 23456789012345678, nezin\u0101ms, k\u0101 dal\u012bts laukos:<\/p>\n

\"K\u0101p\u0113c<\/p>\n

Visvair\u0101k uzman\u012bgie var\u0113ja paman\u012bt, ka Holerita kart\u0113 ir 12 rindas caurumiem, lai gan cipariem pietiek ar desmit; bet BCDIC attiec\u012bb\u0101 uz katru v\u0113rt\u012bbu aug\u0161\u0113jiem diviem biti tiek izmantoti tikai 12 kodi no 16 iesp\u0113jamiem.<\/p>\n

Protams, tas nav nejau\u0161s sakrit\u012bba. S\u0101kotn\u0113ji Holer\u012bts paredz\u0113ja papildus rindas \"\u012bpa\u0161\u0101m atz\u012bm\u0113m\", kas netika summ\u0113tas, bet vienk\u0101r\u0161i skait\u012btas \u2014 k\u0101 pirmajos tabulatoros. (M\u016bsdien\u0101s m\u0113s t\u0101s sauktu par \"bitu laukiem\".) Turkl\u0101t starp \"\u012bpa\u0161aj\u0101m atz\u012bm\u0113m\" var\u0113ja iestat\u012bt grupu indikatorus: ja pie tabul\u0101cijas bija nepiecie\u0161amas ne tikai gal\u012bg\u0101s summas, bet ar\u012b starpsumma, tabulators apst\u0101j\u0101s, kad tika konstat\u0113ta jebkura grupas indikatora izmai\u0146a, un operators bija j\u0101ieraksta starpsumma no digit\u0101lajiem displejiem uz pap\u012bra, j\u0101null\u0113 displejs un j\u0101atjauno tabul\u0101cija. Piem\u0113ram, gr\u0101matved\u012bbas bilances skait\u012b\u0161an\u0101 grupas karti var\u0113ja piesaist\u012bt vienai datumam vai vienam pretendentam.<\/p>\n

1920. gad\u0101, kad Holer\u012bts jau bija devies pensij\u0101, tika ieviesti \"druk\u0101jo\u0161ie tabulatori\", kas bija savienoti ar telegr\u0101fu un var\u0113ja pa\u0161i druk\u0101t starpsummas, neprasot operatora iejauk\u0161anos. Tagad pras\u012bba bija defin\u0113t, kam katra no druk\u0101taj\u0101m numuriem pieder. 1931. gad\u0101 IBM nol\u0113ma ar \"\u012bpa\u0161aj\u0101m atz\u012bm\u0113m\" apz\u012bm\u0113t burtus: atz\u012bme 12. rind\u0101 apz\u012bm\u0113ja burtu no A<\/code> l\u012bdz I<\/code>, 11. rindi\u0146\u0101 \u2014 no J<\/code> l\u012bdz R<\/code>, 0. rindi\u0146\u0101 \u2014 no S<\/code> l\u012bdz Z<\/code>. Jaunais \"alfab\u0113tiskais tabulators\" var\u0113ja druk\u0101t katras kartes grupas nosaukumu kop\u0101 ar starpsum\u0101m; taj\u0101 pa\u0161\u0101 laik\u0101 neizdruk\u0101t\u0101 kolonna p\u0101rv\u0113rt\u0101s par atstarpi starp simboliem. Piev\u0113rsiet uzman\u012bbu, ka S<\/code> tiek apz\u012bm\u0113ts ar kombin\u0101ciju caurumiem 0+2, bet kombin\u0101cija 0+1 s\u0101kotn\u0113ji netika izmantota, jo past\u0101v\u0113ja ba\u017eas, ka divi caurumi blakus vien\u0101 kolonn\u0101 var\u0113tu izrais\u012bt meh\u0101niskas probl\u0113mas las\u012bt\u0101j\u0101.<\/p>\n

\"K\u0101p\u0113c<\/p>\n

Tagad uz BCDIC tabulu var skat\u012bties nedaudz no cita le\u0146\u0137a:<\/p>\n

\"K\u0101p\u0113c<\/p>\n

Iz\u0146emot to, ka 0 un atstarpe ir apmain\u012bti viet\u0101m, augst\u0101kie divi biti nosaka \"\u012bpa\u0161o atz\u012bmi\", kuru no 1931. gada izsita perfor\u0113taj\u0101 kart\u0113 attiec\u012bgajam simbolam; kam\u0113r zem\u0101kie \u010detri biti nosaka ciparu, kas tiek izsists pamata kartes da\u013c\u0101. Atbalsts simboliem & - \/<\/code> tika iek\u013cauta IBM tabul\u0101s 1930. gados, un \u0161o simbolu kod\u0113jumu BCDIC atbilst caurumu kombin\u0101cij\u0101m, kas izveidotas taj\u0101s. Kad bija nepiecie\u0161ama papildu simbolu atbalsts, k\u0101 papildu \"\u012bpa\u0161s atz\u012bm\u0113jums\" tika izveidoti caurumi 8. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di vien\u0101 kolon\u0101 var\u0113ja b\u016bt l\u012bdz trijiem caurumiem. \u0160\u0101ds perfor\u0113to karti\u0146u form\u0101ts saglab\u0101j\u0101s praktiski nemain\u012bts l\u012bdz gadsimta beig\u0101m. Padomju Savien\u012bb\u0101 palika IBM kod\u0113jumi latinie\u0161u burtiem un pieturz\u012bm\u0113m, bet krievu alfab\u0113tam tika izveidoti vair\u0101ki \"\u012bpa\u0161i atz\u012bm\u0113jumi\" rind\u0101s 12, 11, 0 \u2013 neierobe\u017eojoties ar trim caurumiem vien\u0101 kolon\u0101.<\/p>\n

Kad tika rad\u012bts dators IBM 704, par simbolu kod\u0113jumu nebija ilgi j\u0101dom\u0101: tika izmantots kod\u0113jums, kas jau taj\u0101 laik\u0101 tika lietots perfor\u0113taj\u0101s kart\u0113s, un tikai 0 tika \"ievietots viet\u0101\". 1964. gad\u0101, p\u0101rejot no BCDIC uz EBCDIC, zem\u0101kie \u010detri biti katram simbolam palika nemain\u012bgi, lai gan aug\u0161\u0113jie biti tika nedaudz p\u0101rvietoti. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di perfor\u0113to karti\u0146u form\u0101ts, ko Hollerits izv\u0113l\u0113j\u0101s pag\u0101ju\u0161\u0101 gadsimta s\u0101kum\u0101, ietekm\u0113ja visu IBM datoru arhitekt\u016bru, tostarp IBM Z.<\/p>\n

Avots: habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442 ASCII \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u0432 1963, \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0432\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0442\u043e-\u043d\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 128 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044b \u043e\u0442 ASCII. \u0422\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0435, \u0434\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0446\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c EBCDIC \u2014 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0444\u0440\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043e\u0432 IBM \u0438 \u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0415\u0421 \u042d\u0412\u041c. 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| ProHoster","description":"ASCII standarts tika pie\u0146emts 1963. gad\u0101, un \u0161obr\u012bd reti k\u0101ds izmanto kod\u0113\u0161anu, kuru pirmajos 128 simbolos at\u0161\u0137irtos no ASCII.","canonical_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/administrirovanie\/pochemu-v-ebcdic-bukvy-idut-ne-podryad","robots":"max-image-preview:large","keywords":"","webmasterTools":{"miscellaneous":""},"schema":null,"og:locale":"lv_LV","og:site_name":"ProHoster | \u041a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u0442\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0435\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0445\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442 DDoS, VPS VDS \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b","og:type":"article","og:title":"\ud83e\udd47\u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432 EBCDIC \u0431\u0443\u043a\u0432\u044b \u0438\u0434\u0443\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434? | ProHoster","og:description":"\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442 ASCII \u0431\u044b\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442 \u0432 1963, \u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0439\u0447\u0430\u0441 \u0432\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043b\u0438 \u043a\u0442\u043e-\u043d\u0438\u0431\u0443\u0434\u044c \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0435 128 \u0441\u0438\u043c\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0431\u044b \u043e\u0442 ASCII.","og:url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/administrirovanie\/pochemu-v-ebcdic-bukvy-idut-ne-podryad","og:image":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:secure_url":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/logo-350.jpg","og:image:width":350,"og:image:height":350,"article:published_time":"2020-10-09T05:42:43+00:00","article:modified_time":"2020-10-09T05:42:43+00:00","article:publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster","article:author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/prohoster"},"aioseo_meta_data":{"post_id":"96211","title":null,"description":null,"keywords":null,"keyphrases":null,"primary_term":null,"canonical_url":null,"og_title":null,"og_description":null,"og_object_type":"default","og_image_type":"default","og_image_url":null,"og_image_width":null,"og_image_height":null,"og_image_custom_url":null,"og_image_custom_fields":null,"og_video":null,"og_custom_url":null,"og_article_section":null,"og_article_tags":null,"twitter_use_og":false,"twitter_card":"default","twitter_image_type":"default","twitter_image_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_url":null,"twitter_image_custom_fields":null,"twitter_title":null,"twitter_description":null,"schema":{"blockGraphs":[],"customGraphs":[],"default":{"data":{"Article":[],"Course":[],"Dataset":[],"FAQPage":[],"Movie":[],"Person":[],"Product":[],"ProductReview":[],"Car":[],"Recipe":[],"Service":[],"SoftwareApplication":[],"WebPage":[]},"graphName":"","isEnabled":true},"graphs":[]},"schema_type":null,"schema_type_options":null,"pillar_content":false,"robots_default":true,"robots_noindex":false,"robots_noarchive":false,"robots_nosnippet":false,"robots_nofollow":false,"robots_noimageindex":false,"robots_noodp":false,"robots_notranslate":false,"robots_max_snippet":null,"robots_max_videopreview":null,"robots_max_imagepreview":"large","priority":null,"frequency":null,"local_seo":null,"seo_analyzer_scan_date":null,"breadcrumb_settings":null,"limit_modified_date":false,"reviewed_by":null,"ai":null,"created":"2021-02-28 10:48:22","updated":"2022-10-03 07:13:05","focus_keyword":null,"additional_keywords":null,"truseo_locale":null},"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/96211","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=96211"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/96211\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/96212"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=96211"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=96211"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=96211"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}