{"id":97667,"date":"2020-10-20T08:42:25","date_gmt":"2020-10-20T06:42:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/blog\/administrirovanie\/shifrovanie-v-mysql-ispolzovanie-master-key"},"modified":"2020-10-20T08:42:25","modified_gmt":"2020-10-20T06:42:25","slug":"shifrovanie-v-mysql-ispolzovanie-master-key","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prohoster.info\/lv\/blog\/administrirovanie\/shifrovanie-v-mysql-ispolzovanie-master-key","title":{"rendered":"\u0160ifr\u0113\u0161ana MySQL: Master Key izmanto\u0161ana","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><\/h2>\n<p><strong><em>Pirms jaun\u0101 kursa uzs\u0101k\u0161anas&nbsp;<\/em><\/strong><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/otus.pw\/wMyj\/\"><strong><em>\u201eDatu b\u0101zes\u201d<\/em><\/strong><\/a><\/noindex><strong><em>&nbsp;turpin\u0101m public\u0113t rakstu s\u0113riju par \u0161ifr\u0113\u0161anu MySQL.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u0160ifr\u0113\u0161ana MySQL: Master Key izmanto\u0161ana\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/762866d2c321acd726e30606c9108122.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Iepriek\u0161\u0113j\u0101 \u0161\u012bs s\u0113rijas rakst\u0101 (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/otus\/blog\/522092\/\"><u>\u0160ifr\u0113\u0161ana MySQL: atsl\u0113gu kr\u0101tuve<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>) m\u0113s run\u0101j\u0101m par atsl\u0113gu kr\u0101tuv\u0113m. \u0160aj\u0101 rakst\u0101 m\u0113s apskat\u012bsim, k\u0101 tiek izmantots galvenais atsl\u0113ga (master key), k\u0101 ar\u012b p\u0101rrun\u0101sim \u0161ifr\u0113\u0161anas ar aploksn\u0113m (envelope encryption) priek\u0161roc\u012bbas un tr\u016bkumus.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Aploksnes \u0161ifr\u0113\u0161anas ideja ir t\u0101da, ka \u0161ifr\u0113\u0161anai izmantot\u0101s atsl\u0113gas (tabulu telpu atsl\u0113gas) tiek \u0161ifr\u0113tas ar citu atsl\u0113gu (galveno atsl\u0113gu, master key). Datu \u0161ifr\u0113\u0161anai faktiski tiek izmantotas tabulu telpu atsl\u0113gas. Grafiski to var att\u0113lot \u0161\u0101di:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u0160ifr\u0113\u0161ana MySQL: Master Key izmanto\u0161ana\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/385afda0eff739f4720f59799c35b51f.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Galven\u0101 atsl\u0113ga (master key) atrodas atsl\u0113gu glab\u0101tuv\u0113 (keyring), bet datu telpu atsl\u0113gas ir \u0161ifr\u0113tu datu telpu galven\u0113s (0. lap\u0101 datu telpas).&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Augst\u0101k redzamaj\u0101 att\u0113l\u0101:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p>Tabula A ir \u0161ifr\u0113ta ar atsl\u0113gu 1 (Key 1). Atsl\u0113ga 1 tiek \u0161ifr\u0113ta ar galveno atsl\u0113gu (master key) un tiek glab\u0101ta \u0161ifr\u0113t\u0101 veid\u0101 tabulas A virsrakst\u0101.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Tabula B ir \u0161ifr\u0113ta ar atsl\u0113gu 2 (Key 2). Atsl\u0113ga 2 tiek \u0161ifr\u0113ta ar galveno atsl\u0113gu (master key) un tiek glab\u0101ta \u0161ifr\u0113t\u0101 veid\u0101 tabulas B virsrakst\u0101.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p>Un t\u0101 t\u0101l\u0101k.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Kad serverim ir nepiecie\u0161ams at\u0161ifr\u0113t tabulu A, tas ieg\u016bst galveno atsl\u0113gu no kr\u0101tuves, izlasa \u0161ifr\u0113to atsl\u0113gu 1 no tabulas A virsraksta un at\u0161ifr\u0113 atsl\u0113gu 1. At\u0161ifr\u0113t\u0101 atsl\u0113ga 1 tiek ke\u0161ota servera atmi\u0146\u0101 un tiek izmantota tabulas A at\u0161ifr\u0113\u0161anai.<\/p>\n<h3>InnoDB<\/h3>\n<p>InnoDB faktisk\u0101 \u0161ifr\u0113\u0161ana un at\u0161ifr\u0113\u0161ana tiek veikta ievades-izvades l\u012bmen\u012b. Proti, lapa tiek \u0161ifr\u0113ta tie\u0161i pirms t\u0101s rakst\u012b\u0161anas uz diska un at\u0161ifr\u0113ta uzreiz p\u0113c nolas\u012b\u0161anas no diska.<\/p>\n<p>InnoDB \u0161ifr\u0113\u0161ana darbojas tikai tabulu telpu l\u012bmen\u012b. Un p\u0113c noklus\u0113juma visas tabulas tiek veidotas atsevi\u0161\u0137\u0101s tabulu telp\u0101s (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/dev.mysql.com\/doc\/refman\/8.0\/en\/innodb-file-per-table-tablespaces.html\"><u>file-per-table tablespace<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>). Citiem v\u0101rdiem sakot, tiek izveidota tabulu telpa, kas var satur\u0113t tikai vienu tabulu. Lai gan j\u016bs varat veidot tabulas ar\u012b prim\u0101raj\u0101 tabulu telp\u0101 (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/dev.mysql.com\/doc\/refman\/8.0\/en\/general-tablespaces.html\"><u>general tablespace<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>). Tom\u0113r tabula vienm\u0113r atrodas k\u0101d\u0101 tabul\u0101. Un, \u0146emot v\u0113r\u0101, ka \u0161ifr\u0113\u0161ana notiek tabulas l\u012bmen\u012b, t\u0101 vai nu ir piln\u012bb\u0101 \u0161ifr\u0113ta, vai nav. Proti, nav iesp\u0113jams pamattabl\u0113 \u0161ifr\u0113t tikai da\u013cu no tabul\u0101m.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Ja k\u0101da iemesla d\u0113\u013c jums ir atsl\u0113gta file-per-table, tad visas tabulas tiek izveidotas sist\u0113mas tabul\u0101 (system tablespace). Katram <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.percona.com\/software\/mysql-database\/percona-server\"><u>Percona Server for MySQL<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> var \u0161ifr\u0113t sist\u0113mas tabulu, izmantojot main\u012bgo innodb<em>sys<\/em>tablespace<em>encrypt vai izmantojot \u0161ifr\u0113\u0161anas pavedienus (encryption threads), ta\u010du t\u0101 joproj\u0101m ir eksperiment\u0101la funkcija. MySQL to nesniedz.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Pirms turpin\u0101m, mums ir j\u0101izskata galven\u0101 atsl\u0113gas identifikatora strukt\u016bra (master key ID). T\u0101 sast\u0101v no UUID, KEY<\/em>ID un prefikss \u00abINNODBKey\u00bb. Tas izskat\u0101s \u0161\u0101di: INNODBKey-UUID-KEY<em>ID.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>UUID \u2014 tas ir servera uuid ar \u0161ifr\u0113tu datu telpu. KEY<\/em>ID \u2014 tas ir vienk\u0101r\u0161i past\u0101v\u012bgi pieaugo\u0161a v\u0113rt\u012bba. Radot galveno atsl\u0113gu KEY<em>ID ir 1. Atsl\u0113gas rot\u0101cijas gad\u012bjum\u0101, kad tiek veidota jauna galven\u0101 atsl\u0113ga, KEY<\/em>ID = 2 un t\u0101 t\u0101l\u0101k. Par galven\u0101s atsl\u0113gas rot\u0101ciju m\u0113s run\u0101sim n\u0101kamajos \u0161\u012bs s\u0113rijas rakstos.<\/p>\n<p>Tagad, kad m\u0113s zin\u0101m, k\u0101 izskat\u0101s galven\u0101s atsl\u0113gas identifikators, apl\u016bkosim \u0161ifr\u0113t\u0101s tabulas telpas galveni. Kad tabulas telpa tiek \u0161ifr\u0113ta, inform\u0101cija par \u0161ifr\u0113\u0161anu tiek pievienota galvene. Tas izskat\u0101s \u0161\u0101di:<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\u0160ifr\u0113\u0161ana MySQL: Master Key izmanto\u0161ana\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/0703933a85f0a106c07c0dbd6b7f4186.jpg\" style=\"display:block;margin: 0 auto;\" \/><\/p>\n<p>KEY ID \u2014 tas ir KEY<em>ID no galven\u0101s atsl\u0113gas identific\u0113t\u0101ja, par kuru jau run\u0101j\u0101m. UUID \u2014 tas ir servera uuid, kas ar\u012b tiek izmantots galven\u0101s atsl\u0113gas identifikator\u0101. TABLESPACE KEY \u2014 datu telpas atsl\u0113ga, kas sast\u0101v no 256 bitiem, nejau\u0161i \u0123ener\u0113tiem servera. Inicializ\u0101cijas vektors (IV) ar\u012b sast\u0101v no 256 nejau\u0161i \u0123ener\u0113tiem biti (lai gan tam vajadz\u0113tu b\u016bt 128 biti). IV tiek izmantots AES \u0161ifr\u0113\u0161anas un at\u0161ifr\u0113\u0161anas inicializ\u0101cijai (no 256 biti tiek izmantoti tikai 128). Nosl\u0113gum\u0101 ir CRC32 kontrolpakotne TABLESPACE KEY un IV.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>Visu \u0161o laiku esmu nedaudz vienk\u0101r\u0161ojis, sakot, ka virsrakst\u0101 ir \u0161ifr\u0113ts tabulu telpas atsl\u0113ga. Paties\u012bb\u0101 tabulu telpas atsl\u0113ga un inicializ\u0101cijas vektors tiek glab\u0101ti un \u0161ifr\u0113ti kop\u0101 ar galveno atsl\u0113gu. Atcerieties, ka pirms tabulu telpas atsl\u0113gas un inicializ\u0101cijas vektora \u0161ifr\u0113\u0161anas tiem tiek apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101ta CRC32.<\/em><\/p>\n<h3>K\u0101p\u0113c ir vajadz\u012bga CRC32?<\/h3>\n<p><em>Ja run\u0101 divos v\u0101rdos, lai p\u0101rliecin\u0101tos par galven\u0101s atsl\u0113gas der\u012bgumu. P\u0113c tabulu telpas atsl\u0113gas un inicializ\u0101cijas vektora at\u0161ifr\u0113\u0161anas tiek apr\u0113\u0137in\u0101ta kontroles summa un sal\u012bdzin\u0101ta ar virsrakst\u0101 glab\u0101to CRC32. Ja kontroles summas sakr\u012bt, tad mums ir pareiza galven\u0101 atsl\u0113ga un tabulu telpas atsl\u0113ga. Pret\u0113j\u0101 gad\u012bjum\u0101 tabulu telpa tiek atz\u012bm\u0113ta k\u0101 tr\u016bksto\u0161a (m\u0113s t\u0101pat nevar\u0113sim to at\u0161ifr\u0113t).<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>J\u016bs varat jaut\u0101t: kad tiek veikta atsl\u0113gu p\u0101rbaude? Atbilde \u2014 servera palai\u0161anas laik\u0101. Serveris ar \u0161ifr\u0113t\u0101m tabul\u0101m \/ datu telp\u0101m s\u0101kum\u0101 lasa UUID, KEY<\/em>ID no galvenes un \u0123ener\u0113 galven\u0101s atsl\u0113gas identifikatoru. P\u0113c tam tas ieg\u016bst nepiecie\u0161amo galveno atsl\u0113gu no glab\u0101tuves (keyring), at\u0161ifr\u0113 datu telpas atsl\u0113gu un p\u0101rbauda kontrolpakotni. V\u0113lreiz, ja kontrolpakotne sakr\u012bt, viss ir k\u0101rt\u012bb\u0101, ja nav \u2014 datu telpa tiek atz\u012bta par tr\u016bksto\u0161u.<\/p>\n<p>Ja j\u016bs las\u012bj\u0101t iepriek\u0161\u0113jo \u0161\u012bs s\u0113rijas rakstu (<noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/otus\/blog\/522092\/\"><u>\u0160ifr\u0113\u0161ana MySQL: atsl\u0113gu kr\u0101tuve<\/u><\/a><\/noindex>), tad iesp\u0113jams, ka j\u016bs atceraties, ka, izmantojot servera atsl\u0113gu glab\u0101tuvi, serveris palai\u0161anas laik\u0101 sa\u0146em tikai atsl\u0113gu identifikatoru sarakstu, prec\u012bz\u0101k, key id un user id, jo \u0161\u012b p\u0101ris viennoz\u012bm\u012bgi identific\u0113 atsl\u0113gu. Un tagad es saku, ka serveris palai\u0161anas laik\u0101 sa\u0146em visas atsl\u0113gas, kas nepiecie\u0161amas, lai p\u0101rbaud\u012btu iesp\u0113ju at\u0161ifr\u0113t tabulu telpu atsl\u0113gas. T\u0101tad k\u0101p\u0113c, inicializ\u0101cijas laik\u0101, servera atsl\u0113gu glab\u0101tavas gad\u012bjum\u0101, tiek iel\u0101d\u0113ti tikai key<em>id un user<\/em>id, nevis visas atsl\u0113gas? Jo jums var neb\u016bt nepiecie\u0161amas visas atsl\u0113gas. Tas galvenok\u0101rt saist\u012bts ar galven\u0101s atsl\u0113gas rot\u0101ciju. Kad galven\u0101 atsl\u0113ga tiek rot\u0113ta, glab\u0101tav\u0101 tiek izveidota jauna galven\u0101 atsl\u0113ga, bet vec\u0101s atsl\u0113gas netiek dz\u0113stas. T\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di servera atsl\u0113gu glab\u0101tav\u0101 jums var b\u016bt daudz atsl\u0113gu, kas nav nepiecie\u0161amas serverim un t\u0101d\u0113j\u0101di netiek ieg\u016btas servera palai\u0161anas laik\u0101.<\/p>\n<p>Ir pien\u0101cis laiks nedaudz parun\u0101t par \u0161ifr\u0113\u0161anas ar galveno atsl\u0113gu priek\u0161roc\u012bb\u0101m un tr\u016bkumiem. Liel\u0101k\u0101 priek\u0161roc\u012bba ir t\u0101da, ka jums ir nepiecie\u0161ama tikai viena \u0161ifr\u0113\u0161anas atsl\u0113ga (galven\u0101 atsl\u0113ga), kuru glab\u0101jat atsevi\u0161\u0137i no saviem \u0161ifr\u0113tajiem datiem. Tas padara servera palai\u0161anu \u0101tru, un kr\u0101tuve ir neliela, kas atvieglo p\u0101rvald\u012bbu. Turkl\u0101t vienu galveno atsl\u0113gu ir viegli p\u0101rgener\u0113t.<\/p>\n<p>Tom\u0113r \u0161ifr\u0113\u0161ana ar galveno atsl\u0113gu ir ar vienu lielu tr\u016bkumu: p\u0113c tam, kad tabulu telpa ir \u0161ifr\u0113ta, izmantojot tablespace_key, t\u0101 vienm\u0113r paliek \u0161ifr\u0113ta ar to pa\u0161u atsl\u0113gu. \u0160eit galven\u0101s atsl\u0113gas rot\u0101cija nepal\u012bdz. K\u0101p\u0113c tas ir tr\u016bkums? M\u0113s zin\u0101m, ka MySQL ir k\u013c\u016bmes, kas var izrais\u012bt p\u0113k\u0161\u0146u sabrukumu un core faila izveidi. T\u0101 k\u0101 core fails satur servera atmi\u0146as dumpu, var gad\u012bties, ka dump\u0101 b\u016bs at\u0161ifr\u0113ta tabulu telpas atsl\u0113ga. V\u0113l slikt\u0101k, at\u0161ifr\u0113t\u0101s tabulu telpas atsl\u0113gas tiek glab\u0101tas atmi\u0146\u0101, kas var tikt apmain\u012bta uz disku. J\u016bs varat teikt, ka tas nav tr\u016bkums, jo nepiecie\u0161ama root piek\u013cuve, lai piek\u013c\u016btu \u0161iem failiem un swap nodal\u012bjumam. J\u0101. Bet root ir nepiecie\u0161ams tikai uz k\u0101du laiku. Kad k\u0101ds ieg\u016bst piek\u013cuvi at\u0161ifr\u0113tajai tabulu telpas atsl\u0113gai, vi\u0146\u0161 vai vi\u0146a var\u0113s turpin\u0101t to izmantot datu at\u0161ifr\u0113\u0161anai pat bez root piek\u013cuves. Turkl\u0101t disks var tikt nozagts, un swap nodal\u012bjums\/core faili var tikt nolas\u012bti ar tre\u0161o pu\u0161u r\u012bkiem. TDE m\u0113r\u0137is ir padar\u012bt tos neizlas\u0101mus, pat ja disks tiek nozags. <noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.percona.com\/software\/mysql-database\/percona-server\"><u>Percona Server for MySQL<\/u><\/a><\/noindex> tiek pied\u0101v\u0101ta iesp\u0113ja atk\u0101rtoti \u0161ifr\u0113t tabulu telpu ar jauniem \u0123ener\u0113tiem atsl\u0113g\u0101m. \u0160\u012b funkcija tiek saukta par \u0161ifr\u0113\u0161anas pavedieniem (encryption threads) un rakst\u012bbas br\u012bd\u012b joproj\u0101m ir eksperimant\u0101la.<\/p>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/otus.pw\/wMyj\/\"><strong>Teorija un prakse ClickHouse izmanto\u0161an\u0101 re\u0101l\u0101s lietojumprogramm\u0101s. Aleksandrs Zaitsevs (2018.g.)<\/strong><\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<h3>Las\u012bt v\u0113l:<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<p><noindex><a rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/otus\/blog\/522092\/\">\u0160ifr\u0113\u0161ana MySQL: atsl\u0113gu kr\u0101tuve<\/a><\/noindex><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Avots: <a content=\"nofollow\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"https:\/\/habr.com\/ru\/company\/otus\/blog\/524050\/\">habr.com<\/a> <\/p>","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0434\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u0441&nbsp;\u00ab\u0411\u0430\u0437\u044b \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445\u00bb&nbsp;\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u044e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 MySQL. \u0412 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044b\u0434\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0438 (\u0428\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432 MySQL: \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0435 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0439) \u043c\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043e \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0430\u0445 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u0439. \u0412 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0435 \u043c\u044b \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447 (master key), \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0438\u043c \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432 (envelope encryption).&nbsp; \u0418\u0434\u0435\u044f \u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":97668,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[688],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-97667","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-administrirovanie"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 5.0.5 - 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