Kupuhipa
Kia ora katoa! Ko Sasha toku ingoa, a kua neke atu i te ono tau ahau e whakamatautau ana i te backend (Ratonga Linux me te API). Ko te whakaaro mo te tuhinga i tae mai ki ahau i muri i tetahi tono mai i tetahi hoa whakamatautau ki te korero ki a ia he aha tana korero mo nga whakahau Linux i mua i te uiui. Ko te tikanga, me mohio tetahi kaitono mo te tuunga miihini QA ki te mohio ki nga whakahau taketake (mehemea, ko te tikanga, he mahi tahi me Linux), engari me pehea e mohio ai koe ko nga whakahau e pai ana ki te panui i a koe e whakarite ana mo te uiui mena he iti koe kaore ranei he wheako ki a Linux?
No reira, ahakoa kua maha nga wa kua tuhia tenei, ka whakatau tonu ahau ki te tuhi i tetahi atu tuhinga "Linux mo nga tiimata" ka whakarārangihia i konei nga whakahau taketake e hiahia ana koe ki te mohio i mua i tetahi uiuinga i roto i tetahi tari (he kamupene ranei) e whakamahi ana i te Linux. I whakaaro ahau ko wai nga whakahau me nga taputapu me nga tawhā ka whakamahia e au i te nuinga o nga wa, i kohia nga urupare mai i aku hoa mahi, ka whakahiato katoa ki te tuhinga kotahi. Kua wehea te tuhinga ki nga wahanga 3: tuatahi, nga korero poto mo nga kaupapa o I/O i roto i te tauranga Linux, katahi ko te tirohanga o nga whakahau tino nui, me te tuatoru o nga waahanga e whakaatu ana me pehea te whakaoti rapanga noa i Linux.
He maha nga whiringa mo ia whakahau, kaore katoa e raarangi ki konei. Ka taea e koe te whakauru i nga wa katoa `tangata <whakahau>` ranei`<whakahau> --awhina` ki te ako atu mo te kapa.
Hei tauira:
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir --help Usage: mkdir [OPTION]... DIRECTORY... Create the DIRECTORY(ies), if they do not already exist. Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -m, --mode=MODE set file mode (as in chmod), not a=rwx - umask -p, --parents no error if existing, make parent directories as needed -v, --verbose print a message for each created directory -Z set SELinux security context of each created directory to the default type --context[=CTX] like -Z, or if CTX is specified then set the SELinux or SMACK security context to CTX --help display this help and exit --version output version information and exit GNU coreutils online help: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/> For complete documentation, run: info coreutils 'mkdir invocation'
Mena he roa rawa te whakaotinga o te whakahau, ka taea e koe te whakamutu ma te panui i te papatohu Ctrl + C (Ka tukuna he tohu ki te mahi HE WHAKAHAGA).
He iti mo te putanga whakahau
Ina timata te mahi i roto i te Linux, e 3 nga awa raraunga paerewa ka hangaia mo taua mahi: stdin, stdout и stderr. He 0, 1 me te 2. Inaianei kei te pirangi matou stdout a, ki te iti ake, stderr. Mai i nga ingoa he ngawari te whakaaro stdout ka whakamahia ki te whakaputa raraunga, a stderr — ki te whakaatu i nga karere hapa. Ma te taunoa i te wa e whakahaere ana i te whakahau i runga i te Linux stdout и stderr whakaputa i nga korero katoa ki te papatohu, heoi, ki te nui te whakaputanga whakahau, he pai pea te tuku atu ki tetahi konae. Ka taea tenei, hei tauira, penei:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal > man_signal
Mena ka whakaputahia e matou nga ihirangi o te konae tohu_tangata, ka kite tatou he rite tonu ki te aha mena ka whakahaere noa tatou i te whakahau `tohu tangata`.
Anga whakamua `>` taunoa ki stdout. Ka taea e koe te tautuhi i te anga whakamua stdout tino marama: `1>`. Waihoki, ka taea e koe te tautuhi i te ahunga whakamua stderr:`2>`. Ka taea e koe te whakakotahi i enei mahi me te wehe i te putanga whakahau noa me te putanga karere hapa:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal 1> man_signal 2> man_signal_error_log
Anga whakamua me te stdouta stderr ki te kōnae kotahi e whai ake nei:
[user@testhost ~]$ man signal > man_signal 2>&1
Anga whakamua `2> & 1` tikanga anga whakamua stderr ki te wahi ano i whakahaua stdout.
Ko tetahi atu taputapu watea mo te mahi me te I/O (he pai ranei, he taputapu watea mo te whakawhitiwhiti whakawhiti) he pipe (ranei whitiki kawe). He maha nga wa ka whakamahia nga paipa ki te whakawhiti i nga whakahau maha: stdout ka tukuna atu nga whakahau ki stdin i muri mai, me era atu i roto i te mekameka:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps aux | grep docker | tail -n 2
root 1045894 0.0 0.0 7512 3704 ? Sl 16:04 0:00 docker-containerd-shim -namespace moby -workdir /var/lib/docker/containerd/daemon/io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux/moby/2fbfddaf91c1bb7b9a0a6f788f3505dd7266f1139ad381d5b51ec1f47e1e7b28 -address /var/run/docker/containerd/docker-containerd.sock -containerd-binary /usr/bin/docker-containerd -runtime-root /var/run/docker/runtime-runc
531 1048313 0.0 0.0 110520 2084 pts/2 S+ 16:12 0:00 grep --color=auto docker
Nga Whakahau Linux Basic
pwd
Whakaatuhia te whaiaronga (mahi) o naianei.
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
rā
Whakaatuhia te ra me te wa o te punaha o naianei.
[user@testhost ~]$ date
Mon Dec 16 13:37:07 UTC 2019
[user@testhost ~]$ date +%s
1576503430
w
Ko tenei whakahau e whakaatu ana ko wai kua takiuru ki te punaha. I tua atu, ka whakaatuhia ano te wa mahi me te LA (te utu toharite) ki te mata.
[user@testhost ~]$ w
05:47:17 up 377 days, 17:57, 1 user, load average: 0,00, 0,01, 0,05
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
user pts/0 32.175.94.241 05:47 2.00s 0.01s 0.00s w
ls
Tāngia ngā ihirangi o tētahi whaiaronga. Ki te kore koe e puta i te ara, ka whakaatuhia nga ihirangi o te raarangi o naianei.
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls /home/user
qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls /
bin boot cgroup dev etc home lib lib64 local lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin selinux srv swap sys tmp usr var
Ko ahau, he maha nga wa ka whakamahia e au nga whiringa -l (hōputu whakarārangi roa - whakaputa ki tētahi tīwae me ētahi atu pārongo mō ngā kōnae), -t (whakaritea ma te wa whakarereke konae/whaiaronga) me -r (whakamuri kōmaka - me te -t ko nga kōnae hou kei raro):
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr /
total 4194416
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 srv
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 selinux
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 mnt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Jan 6 2012 media
drwx------ 2 root root 16384 Oct 1 2017 lost+found
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 1 2017 local
drwxr-xr-x 13 root root 4096 Oct 1 2017 usr
drwxr-xr-x 11 root root 4096 Apr 10 2018 cgroup
drwxr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 10 2018 run
-rw------- 1 root root 4294967296 Sep 10 2018 swap
dr-xr-xr-x 10 root root 4096 Dec 13 2018 lib
drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 Mar 7 2019 opt
drwxr-xr-x 20 root root 4096 Mar 19 2019 var
dr-xr-xr-x 10 root root 12288 Apr 9 2019 lib64
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 9 2019 bin
dr-xr-xr-x 4 root root 4096 Apr 9 2019 boot
dr-xr-xr-x 2 root root 12288 Apr 9 2019 sbin
dr-xr-xr-x 3229 root root 0 Jul 2 10:19 proc
drwxr-xr-x 34 root root 4096 Oct 28 13:27 home
drwxr-xr-x 93 root root 4096 Oct 30 16:00 etc
dr-xr-x--- 11 root root 4096 Nov 1 13:02 root
dr-xr-xr-x 13 root root 0 Nov 13 20:28 sys
drwxr-xr-x 16 root root 2740 Nov 26 08:55 dev
drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 4096 Nov 26 08:57 tmp
E rua nga ingoa whaiaronga motuhake: ".»Na«..". Ko te mea tuatahi ko te raarangi o naianei, ko te tuarua ko te raarangi matua. Ka taea e ratou te watea ki te whakamahi i roto i nga roopu rereke, ina koa ls:
[user@testhost home]$ pwd
/home
[user@testhost home]$ ls ..
bin boot cgroup dev etc home lib lib64 local lost+found media mnt opt proc root run sbin selinux srv swap sys tmp usr var
[user@testhost home]$ ls ../home/user/
qqq
He whiringa pai ano hei whakaatu i nga konae huna (timata mai i te ".") — -a:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -a
. .. 1 .bash_history .bash_logout .bash_profile .bashrc .lesshst man_signal man_signal_error_log .mongorc.js .ssh temp test .viminfo
Ka taea hoki e koe te whakamahi i te whiringa -h — putanga i roto i te whakatakotoranga ka taea te panui e te tangata (kia aro ki te rahi o nga konae):
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltrh
total 16K
-rwxrwx--x 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 6.0K Dec 3 16:02 1
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4.0K Dec 4 10:39 test
cd
Hurihia te whaiaronga o naianei.
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ cd /home/
[user@testhost home]$ pwd
/home
Ki te kore koe e tuku i te ingoa whaiaronga hei tohenga, ka whakamahia te taurangi taiao $ HOME, ara, te whaiaronga kainga. He watea hoki te whakamahi `~` he tohu tohu motuhake $ HOME:
[user@testhost etc]$ pwd
/etc
[user@testhost etc]$ cd ~/test/
[user@testhost test]$ pwd
/home/user/test
mkdir
Waihangahia he whaiaronga.
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr
total 38184
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 39091284 Nov 22 14:14 qqq
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:29 test
I etahi wa ka hiahia koe ki te hanga i tetahi hanganga whaiaronga motuhake: hei tauira, he whaiaronga kei roto i te raarangi karekau. Hei karo i te kuhu kia maha nga wa i te rarangi mkdir, ka taea e koe te whakamahi i te whiringa -p — ka taea e koe te hanga i nga raarangi ngaro katoa i roto i te hierarchy. Me tenei whiringa hoki mkdir e kore e whakahoki he hapa mena kei te noho te whaiaronga.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test2/subtest
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘test2/subtest’: No such file or directory
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir -p test2/subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test2/
subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir test2/subtest
mkdir: cannot create directory ‘test2/subtest’: File exists
[user@testhost ~]$ mkdir -p test2/subtest
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test2/
subtest
rm
Mukua he kōnae.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
qqq test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ rm qqq
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test test2
Kōwhiringa -r ka taea e koe ki te muku recursively whaiaronga me o ratou ihirangi katoa, kōwhiringa -f ka taea e koe te wareware i nga hapa i te wa e mukua ana (hei tauira, mo te konae kore). Ka taea e enei whiringa te whakakore i te katoa o nga rarangi o nga konae me nga raarangi whaiaronga (mehemea ka whai mana te kaiwhakamahi ki te mahi pera), na reira, me whakamahi ma te tupato (he tauira katakata matarohia ko "rm-rf /", i raro i etahi ahuatanga, ka mukua koe, ki te kore te punaha katoa, he maha nga konae nui mo tana mahi).
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr test2/
total 4
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:40 temp
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:40 temp_dir
[user@testhost ~]$ rm -rf test2
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
test
cp
Tārua he kōnae, whaiaronga rānei.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test
[user@testhost ~]$ cp temp temp_clone
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp temp_clone test
He whiringa ano tenei whakahau -r и -f, ka taea te whakamahi ki te whakarite kia kapehia te raupapa o nga whaiaronga me nga kōpaki ki tetahi atu waahi.
mv
Nukuhia, whakaingoa ano ranei he konae, he whaiaronga ranei.
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr
total 4
drwxrwxr-x 2 user user 4096 Nov 26 10:29 test
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:45 temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:46 temp_clone
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test
[user@testhost ~]$ mv test test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ mv temp_clone test_renamed/
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ ls test_renamed/
temp_clone
ngeru
Tāngia ngā ihirangi o tētahi kōnae (kōnae rānei).
[user@testhost ~]$ cat temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
He pai hoki te aro ki nga whakahau upoko (putanga n rarangi tuatahi, paita ranei o te konae) me hiku (he korero mo ia i muri mai).
hiku
Tango n rarangi whakamutunga, paita ranei o te konae.
[user@testhost ~]$ tail -1 temp
Lalalala...
He tino whai hua te whiringa -f — ka taea e koe te whakaatu i nga raraunga hou i roto i te konae i te waa tuuturu.
iti
I etahi wa he nui rawa te konae tuhinga, a, kaore e pai ki te whakaatu me te whakahau ngeru. Na ka taea e koe te whakatuwhera ma te whakamahi i te whakahau iti: ka whakaputahia te konae ki etahi waahanga; te whakatere ma enei waahanga, rapu me etahi atu mahi ngawari e waatea ana.
[user@testhost ~]$ less temp
He watea hoki te whakamahi iti me te kaikawe (pipe):
[user@testhost ~]$ grep "ERROR" /tmp/some.log | less
ps
Whakarārangihia ngā tukanga.
[user@testhost ~]$ ps
PID TTY TIME CMD
761020 pts/2 00:00:00 bash
809720 pts/2 00:00:00 ps
Ko ahau tonu te whakamahi i nga whiringa BSD "aux" - whakaatu i nga tukanga katoa i roto i te punaha (i te mea he maha nga tukanga, ka whakaatu ahau i nga mea tuatahi e 5 ma te whakamahi i te paipa (pipe) me te kapa upoko):
[user@testhost ~]$ ps aux | head -5
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
root 1 0.0 0.0 19692 2600 ? Ss Jul02 0:10 /sbin/init
root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S Jul02 0:03 [kthreadd]
root 4 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< Jul02 0:00 [kworker/0:0H]
root 6 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< Jul02 0:00 [mm_percpu_wq]
He maha hoki e whakamahi ana i nga whiringa BSD "axjf", ka taea e koe te whakaatu i te rakau tukanga (i konei i tangohia e ahau tetahi waahanga o te putanga hei whakaaturanga):
[user@testhost ~]$ ps axjf
PPID PID PGID SID TTY TPGID STAT UID TIME COMMAND
0 2 0 0 ? -1 S 0 0:03 [kthreadd]
2 4 0 0 ? -1 I< 0 0:00 _ [kworker/0:0H]
2 6 0 0 ? -1 I< 0 0:00 _ [mm_percpu_wq]
2 7 0 0 ? -1 S 0 4:08 _ [ksoftirqd/0]
...
...
...
1 4293 4293 4293 tty6 4293 Ss+ 0 0:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty6
1 532967 532964 532964 ? -1 Sl 495 0:00 /opt/td-agent/embedded/bin/ruby /usr/sbin/td-agent --log /var/log/td-agent/td-agent.log --use-v1-config --group td-agent --daemon /var/run/td-agent/td-agent.pid
532967 532970 532964 532964 ? -1 Sl 495 803:06 _ /opt/td-agent/embedded/bin/ruby /usr/sbin/td-agent --log /var/log/td-agent/td-agent.log --use-v1-config --group td-agent --daemon /var/run/td-agent/td-agent.pid
1 537162 533357 532322 ? -1 Sl 0 5067:43 /usr/bin/dockerd --default-ulimit nofile=262144:262144 --dns=172.17.0.1
537162 537177 537177 537177 ? -1 Ssl 0 4649:28 _ docker-containerd --config /var/run/docker/containerd/containerd.toml
537177 537579 537579 537177 ? -1 Sl 0 4:48 | _ docker-containerd-shim -namespace moby -workdir /var/lib/docker/containerd/daemon/io.containerd.runtime.v1.linux/moby/0ee89b20deb3cf08648cd92e1f3e3c661ccffef7a0971
537579 537642 537642 537642 ? -1 Ss 1000 32:11 | | _ /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/supervisord -c /etc/supervisord/api.conf
537642 539764 539764 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | _ sh -c echo "READY"; while read -r line; do echo "$line"; supervisorctl shutdown; done
537642 539767 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 5:09 | | _ php-fpm: master process (/etc/php73/php-fpm.conf)
539767 783097 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
539767 783131 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
539767 783185 539767 537642 ? -1 S 1000 0:00 | | | _ php-fpm: pool test
...
...
...
He maha nga whiringa rereke o tenei whakahau, na mena ka kaha koe ki te whakamahi, ka tūtohu ahau kia panui koe i nga tuhinga. Mo te nuinga o nga wa, he nui noa te mohio "ps aux".
patua
Tukua he tohu ki tetahi tukanga. Ma te taunoa ka tukuna te tohu Waitohu, ka mutu te tukanga.
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
531 1027147 0.0 0.0 119956 4260 ? S 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/1
531 1027149 0.0 0.0 115408 3396 pts/1 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1027170 0.0 0.0 119956 4136 ? R 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/2
531 1027180 0.0 0.0 115408 3564 pts/2 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1033727 0.0 0.0 107960 708 pts/1 S+ 15:17 0:00 sleep 300
531 1033752 0.0 0.0 117264 2604 pts/2 R+ 15:17 0:00 ps ux
[user@testhost ~]$ kill 1033727
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
531 1027147 0.0 0.0 119956 4260 ? S 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/1
531 1027149 0.0 0.0 115408 3396 pts/1 Ss+ 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1027170 0.0 0.0 119956 4136 ? R 14:51 0:00 sshd: user@pts/2
531 1027180 0.0 0.0 115408 3564 pts/2 Ss 14:51 0:00 -bash
531 1033808 0.0 0.0 117268 2492 pts/2 R+ 15:17 0:00 ps ux
I te mea ka taea e te tukanga te whai kaikawe tohu, patua e kore e arahi i nga wa katoa ki te hua e tumanakohia ana - ka oti tonu te mahi. Ki te "patu" i te tukanga mo te tino, me tuku he tohu ki te tukanga SIGKILL. Heoi, ka taea e tenei te ngaro nga raraunga (hei tauira, mena me tiaki e te tukanga etahi korero ki te kōpae i mua i te whakamutu), na me tupato koe ki te whakamahi i tenei whakahau. Tau tohu SIGKILL - 9, na te ahua poto o te whakahau penei:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | grep sleep
531 1034930 0.0 0.0 107960 636 pts/1 S+ 15:21 0:00 sleep 300
531 1034953 0.0 0.0 110516 2104 pts/2 S+ 15:21 0:00 grep --color=auto sleep
[user@testhost ~]$ kill -9 1034930
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | grep sleep
531 1035004 0.0 0.0 110516 2092 pts/2 S+ 15:22 0:00 grep --color=auto sleep
I tua atu i era kua whakahuahia Waitohu и SIGKILL He maha atu nga tohu rereke; he rarangi o aua tohu ka kitea ngawari ki runga ipurangi. A kaua e wareware ko nga tohu SIGKILL и KAUPAPA e kore e taea te haukoti, te wareware ranei.
ping
Tukuna he putea ICMP ki te kaihautu ECHO_REQUEST.
[user@testhost ~]$ ping google.com
PING google.com (172.217.15.78) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=1.85 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=1.48 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=1.45 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=4 ttl=47 time=1.46 ms
64 bytes from iad23s63-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.15.78): icmp_seq=5 ttl=47 time=1.45 ms
^C
--- google.com ping statistics ---
5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4006ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.453/1.541/1.850/0.156 ms
i te taunoa ping ka mahi tae noa ki te whakamutu a-ringa. Na reira ka whai hua pea te whiringa -c — te maha o nga kete i muri i te tuku ping ka oti i a ia ano. Ko tetahi atu whiringa ka whakamahia e au i etahi wa -i, te waahi i waenga i te tuku paatete.
[user@testhost ~]$ ping -c 3 -i 5 google.com
PING google.com (172.217.5.238) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f238.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=1.55 ms
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=1.17 ms
64 bytes from iad30s07-in-f14.1e100.net (172.217.5.238): icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=1.16 ms
--- google.com ping statistics ---
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 10006ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.162/1.295/1.551/0.181 ms
SSH
Ka taea e te kiritaki OpenSSH SSH te hono atu ki tetahi kaihautu mamao.
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ssh [email protected]
Last login: Tue Nov 26 11:27:39 2019 from another_host
[user@testhost ~]$ hostname
testhost
He maha nga ahuatanga o te whakamahi i te SSH, a he maha ano nga mana o tenei kaihoko, na ki te hiahia koe (me te hiahia ranei) ka taea e koe te panui mo taua mea. .
Tuhinga
Tāruahia nga konae i waenga i nga kaihautu (mo tenei whakamahinga SSH).
[user@testhost ~]$ pwd
/home/user
[user@testhost ~]$ ls
temp test_renamed
[user@testhost ~]$ exit
logout
Connection to 11.11.22.22 closed.
MacBook-Pro-Aleksandr:~ user$ scp [email protected]:/home/user/temp Downloads/
temp 100% 31 0.2KB/s 00:00
MacBook-Pro-Aleksandr:~ user$ cat Downloads/temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
rsync
Ka taea hoki e koe te whakamahi ki te tukutahi whaiaronga i waenga i nga kaihautu rsync (-a — aratau purongo, ka taea e koe te kape i nga mea katoa o te raarangi "penei", -v — putanga ki te papatohu o nga korero taapiri):
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ls Downloads/user
ls: Downloads/user: No such file or directory
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ rsync -av user@testhost:/home/user Downloads
receiving file list ... done
user/
user/.bash_history
user/.bash_logout
user/.bash_profile
user/.bashrc
user/.lesshst
user/.mongorc.js
user/.viminfo
user/1
user/man_signal
user/man_signal_error_log
user/temp
user/.ssh/
user/.ssh/authorized_keys
user/test/
user/test/created_today
user/test/temp_clone
sent 346 bytes received 29210 bytes 11822.40 bytes/sec
total size is 28079 speedup is 0.95
MacBook-Pro-User:~ user$ ls -a Downloads/user
. .bash_history .bash_profile .lesshst .ssh 1 man_signal_error_log test
.. .bash_logout .bashrc .mongorc.js .viminfo man_signal temp
paoro
Whakaatuhia he rarangi kuputuhi.
[user@testhost ~]$ echo "Hello"
Hello
Ko nga whiringa e tika ana kia whakaarohia i konei -n - kaua e taapirihia te raina me te wehenga raina i te mutunga, a -e — whakaahei te whakamaoritanga mawhiti ma te whakamahi "".
[user@testhost ~]$ echo "tHellon"
tHellon
[user@testhost ~]$ echo -n "tHellon"
tHellon[user@testhost ~]$
[user@testhost ~]$ echo -ne "tHellon"
Hello
Ka taea hoki e koe te whakaatu i nga uara o nga taurangi ma te whakamahi i tenei whakahau. Hei tauira, i roto i te Linux ko te waehere putanga o te whakahau kua oti kua oti te rongoa ki tetahi taurangi motuhake $?, a ma tenei ka taea e koe te mohio he aha te hapa i puta i te tono whakahaere whakamutunga:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls # ошибки не будет
1 man_signal man_signal_error_log temp test
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # получим 0 — ошибки не было
0
[user@testhost ~]$ ls qwerty # будет ошибка
ls: cannot access qwerty: No such file or directory
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # получим 2 — Misuse of shell builtins (according to Bash documentation)
2
[user@testhost ~]$ echo $? # последний echo отработал без ошибок, получим 0
0
telnet
Kiritaki mo te kawa TELNET. I whakamahia ki te whakawhitiwhiti korero ki tetahi atu kaihautu.
[user@testhost ~]$ telnet example.com 80
Trying 93.184.216.34...
Connected to example.com.
Escape character is '^]'.
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: max-age=604800
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2019 11:59:18 GMT
Etag: "3147526947+gzip+ident"
Expires: Tue, 03 Dec 2019 11:59:18 GMT
Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT
Server: ECS (dcb/7F3B)
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-Cache: HIT
Content-Length: 1256
... здесь было тело ответа, которое я вырезал руками ...
Mena ka hiahia koe ki te whakamahi i te kawa TLS (me whakamahara ahau ki a koe kua roa kua tawhito te SSL), na telnet kaore e pai mo enei kaupapa. Engari ka haere mai te kaihoko openssl:
He tauira mo te whakamahi openssl me te whakaputa whakautu ki te tono GET
[user@testhost ~]$ openssl s_client -connect example.com:443
CONNECTED(00000003)
depth=2 C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, OU = www.digicert.com, CN = DigiCert Global Root CA
verify return:1
depth=1 C = US, O = DigiCert Inc, CN = DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
verify return:1
depth=0 C = US, ST = California, L = Los Angeles, O = Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, OU = Technology, CN = www.example.org
verify return:1
---
Certificate chain
0 s:/C=US/ST=California/L=Los Angeles/O=Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers/OU=Technology/CN=www.example.org
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
1 s:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
2 s:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
i:/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/OU=www.digicert.com/CN=DigiCert Global Root CA
---
Server certificate
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
subject=/C=US/ST=California/L=Los Angeles/O=Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers/OU=Technology/CN=www.example.org
issuer=/C=US/O=DigiCert Inc/CN=DigiCert SHA2 Secure Server CA
---
No client certificate CA names sent
Peer signing digest: SHA256
Server Temp Key: ECDH, P-256, 256 bits
---
SSL handshake has read 4643 bytes and written 415 bytes
---
New, TLSv1/SSLv3, Cipher is ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
Server public key is 2048 bit
Secure Renegotiation IS supported
Compression: NONE
Expansion: NONE
No ALPN negotiated
SSL-Session:
Protocol : TLSv1.2
Cipher : ECDHE-RSA-AES128-GCM-SHA256
Session-ID: 91950DC50FADB57BF026D2661E6CFAA1F522E5CA60D2310E106EE0E0FD6E70BD
Session-ID-ctx:
Master-Key: 704E9145253EEB4E9DC47E3DC6725D296D4A470EA296D54F71D65E74EAC09EB096EA1305CBEDD9E7020B8F72FD2B68A5
Key-Arg : None
Krb5 Principal: None
PSK identity: None
PSK identity hint: None
TLS session ticket lifetime hint: 7200 (seconds)
TLS session ticket:
0000 - 68 84 4e 77 be e3 f5 00-49 c5 44 40 53 4d b9 61 [email protected]
0010 - c9 fe df e4 05 51 d0 53-ae cf 89 4c b6 ef 6c 9e .....Q.S...L..l.
0020 - fe 12 9a f0 e8 e5 4e 87-42 89 ac af ca e5 4a 85 ......N.B.....J.
0030 - 38 08 26 e3 22 89 08 b5-62 c0 8b 7e b8 05 d3 54 8.&."...b..~...T
0040 - 8c 24 91 a7 b4 4f 79 ad-36 59 7c 69 2d e5 7f 62 .$...Oy.6Y|i-..b
0050 - f6 73 a3 8b 92 63 c1 e3-df 78 ba 8c 5a cc 82 50 .s...c...x..Z..P
0060 - 33 4e 13 4b 10 e4 97 31-cc b4 13 65 45 60 3e 13 3N.K...1...eE`>.
0070 - ac 9e b1 bb 4b 18 d9 16-ea ce f0 9b 5b 0c 8b bf ....K.......[...
0080 - fd 78 74 a0 1a ef c2 15-2a 0a 14 8d d1 3f 52 7a .xt.....*....?Rz
0090 - 12 6b c7 81 15 c4 c4 af-7e df c2 20 a8 dd 4b 93 .k......~.. ..K.
Start Time: 1574769867
Timeout : 300 (sec)
Verify return code: 0 (ok)
---
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: example.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: max-age=604800
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Date: Tue, 26 Nov 2019 12:04:38 GMT
Etag: "3147526947+ident"
Expires: Tue, 03 Dec 2019 12:04:38 GMT
Last-Modified: Thu, 17 Oct 2019 07:18:26 GMT
Server: ECS (dcb/7EC8)
Vary: Accept-Encoding
X-Cache: HIT
Content-Length: 1256
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Example Domain</title>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<style type="text/css">
body {
background-color: #f0f0f2;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
font-family: -apple-system, system-ui, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
}
div {
width: 600px;
margin: 5em auto;
padding: 2em;
background-color: #fdfdff;
border-radius: 0.5em;
box-shadow: 2px 3px 7px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.02);
}
a:link, a:visited {
color: #38488f;
text-decoration: none;
}
@media (max-width: 700px) {
div {
margin: 0 auto;
width: auto;
}
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<h1>Example Domain</h1>
<p>This domain is for use in illustrative examples in documents. You may use this
domain in literature without prior coordination or asking for permission.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.iana.org/domains/example">More information...</a></p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Te whakaoti rapanga noa i Linux
Hurihia te kaipupuri kōnae
Ka taea e koe te huri i te rangatira o tetahi konae, whaiaronga ranei ma te whakamahi i te whakahau ka tohua:
[user@testhost ~]$ chown user:user temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
Ko te tawhā ki tenei tono me hoatu ki te rangatira hou me te roopu (he kowhiria), ka wehea e te kopirua. Ano, ka huri i te rangatira o te raarangi, ka whai hua te whiringa -R - ka huri nga rangatira mo nga mea katoa o te whaiaronga.
Hurihia nga whakaaetanga konae
Ka taea te whakatau i tenei raru ma te whakamahi i te whakahau chmod. Hei tauira, ka hoatu e ahau te tautuhinga whakaaetanga "ka whakaaetia te rangatira ki te panui, ki te tuhi me te mahi, ka whakaaehia te roopu ki te panui me te tuhi, kaore nga tangata katoa e whakaaetia":
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod 760 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
Ko te 7 tuatahi (koinei te 0b111 i roto i te tohu moka) i roto i te tawhā ko te tikanga "nga mana katoa mo te rangatira", te tuarua 6 (ko 0b110 tenei i roto i te tohu moka) ko te tikanga "panui me te tuhi", ko te 0 te tikanga mo te toenga. . E toru nga moka o te moka moka: ko te moka iti rawa (“matau”) te kawenga mo te mahi, ko te moka (“waenganui”) e whai ake nei mo te tuhi, ko te moka tino hira (“maui”) mo te panui.
Ka taea hoki te whakarite whakaaetanga ma te whakamahi i nga tohu motuhake (te wetereo mnemonic). Hei tauira, ko te tauira e whai ake nei ka tango tuatahi mo nga mana whakahaere mo te kaiwhakamahi o naianei ka huri ano:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod -x temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rw-rw---- 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
[user@testhost ~]$ chmod +x temp
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -l temp
-rwxrwx--x 1 user user 31 Nov 26 11:09 temp
He maha nga whakamahinga o tenei whakahau, no reira ka tohutohu atu ahau ki a koe kia nui ake te panui mo taua mea (ina koa mo te syntax mnemonic, hei tauira, ).
Tāngia ngā ihirangi o tētahi kōnae ā-rua
Ka taea tenei ma te whakamahi i te taputapu hexdump. Kei raro nei nga tauira o tona whakamahinga.
[user@testhost ~]$ cat temp
Content of a file.
Lalalala...
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -c temp
0000000 C o n t e n t o f a f i l
0000010 e . n L a l a l a l a . . . n
000001f
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -x temp
0000000 6f43 746e 6e65 2074 666f 6120 6620 6c69
0000010 2e65 4c0a 6c61 6c61 6c61 2e61 2e2e 000a
000001f
[user@testhost ~]$ hexdump -C temp
00000000 43 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 20 6f 66 20 61 20 66 69 6c |Content of a fil|
00000010 65 2e 0a 4c 61 6c 61 6c 61 6c 61 2e 2e 2e 0a |e..Lalalala....|
0000001f
Ma te whakamahi i tenei whaipainga, ka taea e koe te whakaputa raraunga ki etahi atu whakatakotoranga, engari koinei nga waahanga tino whai hua mo te whakamahi.
Rapu kōnae
Ka kitea e koe tetahi konae ma tetahi waahanga o tona ingoa i roto i te rakau whaiaronga ma te whakamahi i te whakahau kitea:
[user@testhost ~]$ find test_dir/ -name "*le*"
test_dir/file_1
test_dir/file_2
test_dir/subdir/file_3
Kei te waatea ano etahi atu whiringa rapu me nga whiriwhiringa. Hei tauira, koinei te huarahi e kitea ai e koe nga konae kei roto i te kōpaki whakamātautaui hanga neke atu i te 5 ra ki muri:
[user@testhost ~]$ ls -ltr test
total 0
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Nov 26 10:46 temp_clone
-rw-rw-r-- 1 user user 0 Dec 4 10:39 created_today
[user@testhost ~]$ find test/ -type f -ctime +5
test/temp_clone
Rapu kuputuhi i roto i nga konae
Ma te roopu koe e awhina ki te whakatutuki i tenei mahi Tuhinga o mua. He maha nga whakamahinga, ko te mea ngawari ka hoatu ki konei hei tauira.
[user@testhost ~]$ grep -nr "content" test_dir/
test_dir/file_1:1:test content for file_1
test_dir/file_2:1:test content for file_2
test_dir/subdir/file_3:1:test content for file_3
Ko tetahi o nga huarahi rongonui ki te whakamahi i te whakahau Tuhinga o mua - te whakamahi i roto i te paipa (pipe):
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tail -f /var/log/test.log | grep "ERROR"
Kōwhiringa -v ka taea e koe te whai hua Tuhinga o mua'me te whakamuri - ko nga rarangi anake kaore i roto te tauira i tukuna ki Tuhinga o mua.
Tirohia nga kohinga kua whakauruhia
Kaore he whakahau mo te ao katoa, na te mea ka whakawhirinaki nga mea katoa ki te tohatoha Linux me te kaiwhakahaere kete i whakamahia. Ko tetahi o nga whakahau e whai ake nei ka awhina koe:
yum list installed
apt list --installed
zypper se —installed-only
pacman -Qqe
dpkg -l
rpm -qa
Tirohia te nui o te waahi ka pau i te rakau whaiaronga
Ko tetahi o nga whiringa mo te whakamahi i te whakahau du:
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/
8,0K test_dir/subdir
20K test_dir/
Ka taea e koe te huri i te uara tawhā -dkia nui ake nga korero mo te rakau whaiaronga. Ka taea hoki e koe te whakamahi i te whakahau me te whakakotahi ahua:
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/ | sort -h
8,0K test_dir/subdir
16K test_dir/subdir_2
36K test_dir/
[user@testhost ~]$ du -h -d 1 test_dir/ | sort -h -r
36K test_dir/
16K test_dir/subdir_2
8,0K test_dir/subdir
Kōwhiringa -h te kapa ahua ka taea e koe te whakariterite i nga rahi kua tuhia ki te whakatakotoranga panui tangata (hei tauira, 1K, 2G), te whiringa -r ka taea e koe te kōmaka raraunga i roto i te raupapa whakamuri.
"Kimihia ka whakakapi" i roto i te konae, i nga konae kei roto i te whaiaronga
Ka mahia tenei mahi ma te whakamahi i te taputapu sed (kaore he haki g i te mutunga, ko te puta tuatahi o "kuputuhi-tawhito" i roto i te raina ka whakakapihia):
sed -i 's/old-text/new-text/g' input.txt
Ka taea e koe te whakamahi mo nga konae maha i te wa kotahi:
[user@testhost ~]$ cat test_dir/file_*
test content for file_1
test content for file_2
[user@testhost ~]$ sed -i 's/test/edited/g' test_dir/file_*
[user@testhost ~]$ cat test_dir/file_*
edited content for file_1
edited content for file_2
Tuhia he pou mai i te putanga
Ka awhina koe ki te whakatutuki i tenei mahi pouri. Ka whakaatu tenei tauira i te pou tuarua o te putanga whakahau `ps ux`:
[user@testhost ~]$ ps ux | awk '{print $2}'
PID
11023
25870
25871
25908
25909
I te wa ano, me mahara ki tera pouri he nui ake nga mahi, na, ki te hiahia koe ki te mahi me te tuhinga i runga i te raina whakahau, me panui koe mo tenei whakahau.
Rapua he wahitau IP ma te ingoa kaihautu
Ko tetahi o nga whakahau e whai ake nei ka awhina i tenei:
[user@testhost ~]$ host ya.ru
ya.ru has address 87.250.250.242
ya.ru has IPv6 address 2a02:6b8::2:242
ya.ru mail is handled by 10 mx.yandex.ru.
[user@testhost ~]$ dig +short ya.ru
87.250.250.242
[user@testhost ~]$ nslookup ya.ru
Server: 8.8.8.8
Address: 8.8.8.8#53
Non-authoritative answer:
Name: ya.ru
Address: 87.250.250.242
Nga korero Whatunga
Ka taea te whakamahi ki te hiahia:
[user@testhost ~]$ ifconfig
eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST> mtu 1500
inet 47.89.93.67 netmask 255.255.224.0 broadcast 47.89.95.255
inet6 fd90::302:57ff:fe79:1 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x20<link>
ether 04:01:57:79:00:01 txqueuelen 1000 (Ethernet)
RX packets 11912135 bytes 9307046034 (8.6 GiB)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 14696632 bytes 2809191835 (2.6 GiB)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 255.0.0.0
inet6 ::1 prefixlen 128 scopeid 0x10<host>
loop txqueuelen 0 (Local Loopback)
RX packets 10 bytes 866 (866.0 B)
RX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 frame 0
TX packets 10 bytes 866 (866.0 B)
TX errors 0 dropped 0 overruns 0 carrier 0 collisions 0
Ranei pea ip:
[user@testhost ~]$ ip a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
link/ether 04:01:57:79:00:01 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 47.89.93.67/19 brd 47.89.95.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fd90::302:57ff:fe79:1/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
3: ip_vti0: <NOARP> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN group default
link/ipip 0.0.0.0 brd 0.0.0.0
Ano, ki te mea, hei tauira, kei te aro noa koe ki te IPv4, ka taea e koe te taapiri i te whiringa -4:
[user@testhost ~]$ ip -4 a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
2: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP group default qlen 1000
inet 47.89.93.67/19 brd 47.89.95.255 scope global eth0
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
Tirohia nga tauranga tuwhera
Ki te mahi i tenei, whakamahia te taputapu netstat. Hei tauira, ki te tiro i nga tauranga whakarongo TCP me te UDP katoa me te whakaaturanga o te PID o te tukanga whakarongo ki te tauranga me te tohu tau o te tauranga, me whakamahi e koe me nga whiringa e whai ake nei:
[user@testhost ~]$ netstat -lptnu
Nga korero a te punaha
Ka taea e koe te tiki i enei korero ma te whakamahi i te whakahau uname.
[user@testhost ~]$ uname -a
Linux alexander 3.10.0-123.8.1.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Mon Sep 22 19:06:58 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
Kia mohio ai koe ki te whakatakotoranga i puta ai te putanga, ka taea e koe te korero ki tauturu i'mo tenei whakahau:
[user@testhost ~]$ uname --help
Использование: uname [КЛЮЧ]…
Печатает определенные сведения о системе. Если КЛЮЧ не задан,
подразумевается -s.
-a, --all напечатать всю информацию, в следующем порядке,
кроме -p и -i, если они неизвестны:
-s, --kernel-name напечатать имя ядра
-n, --nodename напечатать имя машины в сети
-r, --release напечатать номер выпуска операционной системы
-v, --kernel-version напечатать версию ядра
-m, --machine напечатать тип оборудования машины
-p, --processor напечатать тип процессора или «неизвестно»
-i, --hardware-platform напечатать тип аппаратной платформы или «неизвестно»
-o, --operating-system напечатать имя операционной системы
--help показать эту справку и выйти
--version показать информацию о версии и выйти
Nga korero mahara
Kia mohio ai koe ki te nui o te RAM e noho ana, he kore utu ranei, ka taea e koe te whakamahi i te whakahau free.
[user@testhost ~]$ free -h
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3,9G 555M 143M 56M 3,2G 3,0G
Swap: 0B 0B 0B
Nga korero mo nga punaha konae (mokowā kōpae koreutu)
rōpū df ka taea e koe te kite i te nui o te waahi kei te waatea me te noho i runga i nga punaha konae kua whakairihia.
[user@testhost ~]$ df -hT
Файловая система Тип Размер Использовано Дост Использовано% Cмонтировано в
/dev/vda1 ext4 79G 21G 55G 27% /
devtmpfs devtmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /dev
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 57M 1,9G 3% /run
tmpfs tmpfs 2,0G 0 2,0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs tmpfs 396M 0 396M 0% /run/user/1001
Kōwhiringa -T e tohu ana me whakatauhia te momo punaha konae.
Nga korero mo nga mahi me nga momo tatauranga mo te punaha
Ki te mahi i tenei, whakamahia te whakahau runga. Ka taea e ia te whakaatu i nga korero rereke: hei tauira, nga mahinga o runga ma te whakamahi RAM, nga mahinga runga ranei ma te whakamahi wa CPU. Ka whakaatu hoki i nga korero mo te mahara, te PTM, te wa mahi me te LA (te utu toharite).
[user@testhost ~]$ top | head -10
top - 17:19:13 up 154 days, 6:59, 3 users, load average: 0.21, 0.21, 0.27
Tasks: 2169 total, 2 running, 2080 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 1.7%us, 0.7%sy, 0.0%ni, 97.5%id, 0.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.1%si, 0.0%st
Mem: 125889960k total, 82423048k used, 43466912k free, 16026020k buffers
Swap: 0k total, 0k used, 0k free, 31094516k cached
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
25282 user 20 0 16988 3936 1964 R 7.3 0.0 0:00.04 top
4264 telegraf 20 0 2740m 240m 22m S 1.8 0.2 23409:39 telegraf
6718 root 20 0 35404 4768 3024 S 1.8 0.0 0:01.49 redis-server
He nui nga mahi a tenei taputapu, na mena ka hiahia koe ki te whakamahi i nga wa katoa, he pai ake te panui i ana tuhinga.
Putunga hokohoko whatunga
Hei haukoti i nga hokohoko whatunga i Linux, ka whakamahia he taputapu tcpdump. Hei tuku waka ki runga i te tauranga 12345, ka taea e koe te whakamahi i te whakahau e whai ake nei:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -A port 12345
Kōwhiringa -A e kii ana kei te pirangi matou ki te kite i te putanga i roto i te ASCII (no reira he pai mo nga kawa tuhinga), -i tetahi e tohu ana kaore matou e aro ki te atanga whatunga, tauranga — ko tehea tauranga waka ka tukuna. Engari o tauranga Ka taea e koe te whakamahi ope, he huinga ranei ope и tauranga (kaihautu A me te tauranga X). Ko tetahi atu whiringa whai hua pea -n — kaua e huri i nga wahitau ki nga ingoa kaihautu i te putanga.
He aha mena he rua nga waka? Na ko te whiringa ka awhina i a maatau -X — raraunga whakaputa i roto i te hex me te ASCII:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -X port 12345
Me whai whakaaro kei roto i nga keehi e rua ka puta nga paatete IP, na i te timatanga o ia waahanga ka puta nga pane IP rua me te TCP. Anei he tauira putanga mo te patai "123" i tukuna ki te tūmau e whakarongo ana ki te tauranga 12345:
[user@testhost ~]$ sudo tcpdump -i any -X port 12345
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on any, link-type LINUX_SLL (Linux cooked), capture size 262144 bytes
14:27:13.224762 IP localhost.49794 > localhost.italk: Flags [P.], seq 2262177478:2262177483, ack 3317210845, win 342, options [nop,nop,TS val 3196604972 ecr 3196590131], length 5
0x0000: 4510 0039 dfb6 4000 4006 5cf6 7f00 0001 E..9..@.@......
0x0010: 7f00 0001 c282 3039 86d6 16c6 c5b8 9edd ......09........
0x0020: 8018 0156 fe2d 0000 0101 080a be88 522c ...V.-........R,
0x0030: be88 1833 3132 330d 0a00 0000 0000 0000 ...3123.........
0x0040: 0000 0000 0000 0000 00 .........
Engari i te putanga
Ae ra, he maha atu nga mea whakamere i roto i te Linux ka taea e koe te panui i runga i te Habré, StackOverflow me etahi atu waahi (Ka hoatu e ahau he tauira ki a koe. , he mea ano hoki ). Ka whakamahia e nga kaiwhakahaere o te punaha me nga DevOps te maha atu o nga whakahau me nga taputapu hei whirihora i nga kaitoro, engari karekau pea e ranea nga whakahau kua whakarārangihia. Ka hiahia pea koe ki te tirotiro i te tika o etahi waahi uaua i waenga i te kiritaki me te tūmau, te mahi ranei o te tūmau ina kore he mokowā kōpae wātea. Kaore au i te korero mo, hei tauira, Docker, e kaha whakamahia ana inaianei e nga kamupene maha. He mea pai, hei waahanga o te haere tonu o tenei tuhinga tohutoro, ki te titiro ki nga tauira maha o te whakamahi i nga momo taputapu papatohu Linux i roto i nga mahi whakamatautau? Tohaina hoki o roopu rangatira ki nga korero :)
Source: will.com